MGT Final Exam
Which of the following are common criteria used when hiring new college graduates for their first job?
- internship or other work experience - college major - GPA
Job satisfaction has a positive association with which of the following behavioral outcomes?
- job performance - organizational citizenship behavior
Which of the following are desired outcomes of an organization's reward system?
Attract and motivate talented people Foster development Retain talented people
Reciprocity
Both good and bad deeds will be repaid in kind
Which of the following bases of power has a negative effect on the organizing framework?
Coercive
Servant leadership is the same thing as laissez-faire leadership.
False
True or false: You must be born with self-efficacy.
False
What are some of the reasons why feedback is not delivered?
Feedback is easy to put off because it takes time. Negative feedback can make someone feel bad. Feedback providers often lack confidence in issuing feedback.
Tracking goal achievement and progress toward goals can have which impacts on employees?
It improves performance. It increases motivation.
Daniel Kahneman describes two types of thinking in his book Thinking, Fast and Slow. Why is System 1 "fast"?
It is automatic. It relies on mental shortcuts. It is instinctive.
We all use shortcuts or ________ when making decisions.
Judgemental heuristics
Behavioral goals
Listen to others during meetings without interrupting
A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and its consequences is:
Locus of control
Nonperformance considerations
Nature of work
Reasonableness of the goals
Nobody has ever reached the goal and received the bonus
Which of the following are some of the tactics interviewers use to impress job candidates?
Nonverbal cues Administrative follow-up Appearance of promotional items
Which of the following is an example of a person factor?
Preference to work independently
Which of the following are examples of intrinsic rewards?
Providing donations to a food cupboard Completing quarterly financial statements without errors
Step 3 in the creation of an influence plan involves deciding what you want or need from the person you hope to influence. What are the two possible choices?
commitment compliance
Employees who are psychologically empowered feel a sense of:
competence self-determination meaning
Using the OB concepts and tools that best suit the situation is called a(n) ______________ ______________to management.
contingency approach
Feedback delivery tends to be which of the following?
critical direct
The first step in the goal-setting process is to:
define clear goals
Which two activities are included in the decision-making process?
determining alternative solutions choosing from among alternative solutions
Comparing actual performance to a previously set goal is the step in the performance management process called:
evaluating performance
The process of conscientiously using the best available data when making managerial decisions is ____________ __________ decision making.
evidence based
Michael wants to be president of his division. Everything he does is geared to that objective. He pushes his employees to to meet higher quotas, criticizes anyone who doesn't put in 10 to 12 hour days, and demands results before the due date. He is arrogant and dominant. Michael is
exhibiting narcissism.
Characteristics of the perceiver include
gender and emotional status. cognitive load. direction of gaze.
What type of political action is pursued at the individual level?
general self-interests
The phenomenon that occurs when people who are members of a cohesive in-group so strive for unanimity that they fail to realistically appraise alternative courses of action is called ___________.
groupthink
Punctuated equilibrium is concerned with:
how a group functions in the face of change
The two forms of locus of control are
internal and external.
A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?
loss of motivation inconsistent future performance
A cognitive process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings is called:
perception
When a manager monitors, evaluates, and creates consequences for an employee's work so that it meets defined performance expectations, it is an example of:
performance management
When there is a difference between a goal and the actual outcome, this is known as a(n)
problem
A set of shared expected behaviors for members of a group as a whole is called a group
role.
Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?
self-determination theory
How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as _____.
self-efficacy
Problem-____________ efforts can be adversely affected if the problem is incorrectly identified.
solving
Organizations compete more effectively when employees feel their managers are doing which of the following?
supporting them including them valuing them
What is one thing managers can do to improve their decision making?
Avoid decision-making biases by becoming aware of them.
Which of the following should managers do to deal with unethical behavior in the workplace?
- Determine likely causes of unethical behavior in managers and employees. - Set clear expectations when employees are confronted with unethical behavior.
Which of the following statements are true about emotions?
- Emotions communicate messages to others. - Emotions can motivate behavior. - Emotions can change psychological states.
Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?
- Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance. - People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal. - Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals.
Which of the following are benefits of high emotional intelligence?
- Increased creativity - Greater level of teamwork - Ability to apply positive emotions to work
Which of the following outcomes are associated with higher levels of emotional stability?
- Increased relaxation - Higher levels of job performance - Increased likelihood of doing work beyond required job responsibilities
Which of the following statements is true about team adaptive capacity?
- It is a critical element of effective, high-performing teams. - It is the ability to make needed changes in response to demands put on the team.
The ways managers can work to reduce stereotyping include:
- encouraging employees to increase their awareness of stereotypes - creating opportunities for diverse employees to work together as equals - educating employees about how stereotypes influence behavior
To solve problems effectively, it is important to consider necessary _____________, such as people who will provide support.
resources
Skinner defined automatic reactions to stimuli, or stimulus-response as _________ behavior
respondent
Skinner concluded that behavior is:
respondent and operant
Which stage of social perception involves turning mental perceptions into real-world judgments and decisions?
retrieval and response
Key components such as types of rewards, distribution criteria, and desired outcomes are part of an organization's:
reward systems
________ power tends to produce ________.
reward, compliance
Compensation, benefits, and growth opportunities are all part of an organization's options for total ________ for employees.
rewards
A set of expected behaviors for a particular position in a group is called a ___________.
role
A person's general belief about his or her own self-worth is:
self-esteem
Personality testing at the workplace
should be scientifically proven to work for its intended use.
When assessing good or bad behavior from employees, managers should consider both the person and the ____________.
situation
Reasons for managing diversity go beyond its _____, ____ or _____ dimensions.
social legal moral
Transactional leadership encompasses all of the following except
social interaction.
The tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases is known as ______.
social loafing
OB concepts can be applied to the problem-______________ process to overcome challenges and improve your performance.
solving
The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal __________
specificity
During which of the stages of Tuckman's group development process are people likely to test the leader's policies, form subgroups, and determine how they fit in the group's power structure?
storming
Subgroups may form and procrastination occur during the ___________ stage of group development.
storming
Research has shown that empowerment reduces what for individuals and teams?
stress
Which statement about managers assessing their own emotional intelligence is true?
Both personal and social competence are important for managers.
Expectation
Choice Interpreting people's behavior according to our expectations
Project goals
Complete the annual productivity reports of employees by the end of this week
Coaching is a customized process between two or more people with the intention of enhancing learning and motivating _______.
change
Ways that organizations can create structural empowerment include:
changing job design changing job responsibilities increasing the effectiveness of employee decision making
Which of the following takeaways will prove helpful to managers?
clearly linking rewards to expectations ensuring your direct reports set SMART goals setting clear expectations and providing regular feedback
A customized process between two or more people with the intention of enhancing learning and motivating change is __________
coaching
An individualized and customized form of performance management is known as __________
coaching
The sense of "we-ness" that overrides individual differences and motives in a group is _________.
cohesiveness
Self-determination theory assumes that three innate needs—autonomy, __________, and relatedness—drive our behavior.
competence
Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?
competence relatedness autonomy
If a target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs, then it is a(n):
continuous reinforcement schedule
Jordan sells on commission and is paid for every sale. This is an example of a:
continuous reinforcement schedule
Corporate ___________ is prevalent even though most leaders are dedicated to operating ethical organizations.
corruption
Behavior that harms other employees, the organization as whole or organizational stakeholders such as customer and shareholder is called ________ work behavior
counterproductive
Low employee engagement and low performance are examples of __________ work behavior
counterproductive
Low employee engagement and low performance are examples of ___________ work behaviors
counterproductive
The joint novelty and usefulness of a product or service as judged by others is:
creative outcome effectiveness
The process of producing new and useful ideas concerning products, services, processes, and procedures is:
creativity
The way an individual perceives stimuli and the general manner in which he or she responds to it is a(n) _________ ____________ style.
decision making
A(n) ________ is a graphical representation of the process underlying decisions.
decision tree
The way an individual perceives stimuli and the general manner in which he or she responds to it is a(n):
decision-making style
Marge is managing several new strategies. Her team knows that she is under pressure to bring all these projects in on schedule and within budget. Marge wants to empower Jason, her assistant project manager, to lead for self-determination or choice. She should
delegate important tasks to Jason.
The statistical measurements of populations and their qualities such as age, gender, race, and income over time are
demographics
The ____________ option in Thomas's framework means people refute that differences exist.
deny
The three blaming styles researchers found in people from a large variety of industries include
denying blame blaming others blaming oneself
Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job _____________
design
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Managers should hire and test for workers who posses traits that are relatively
fixed.
The _______ ____________ is an unseen barrier that stops women from advancing to higher-level positions.
glass ceiling
Collections of individuals with low dependency on one another are known as ______, whereas _____ are collectively responsible for their performance.
groups, teams
Many organizations, such as Google, Zappos, Salesforce.com, and Yahoo!, are designing the work environment to encourage casual conversations among employees who don't generally work together. They also are "installing playful prompts, like trivia games, to get workers talking in traditional conversational dead zones, such as elevators." It is thought that ________ demonstrate a form of social support for employees, leading them to put more effort into creative behaviors.
high-performance work systems
Clear goals and responsibilities with an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities are specifically associated with ______ teams.
high-performing
It is important to monitor progress toward goal achievement in order to:
identify problems while pursuing a goal
An individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called _____.
intelligence
Soft Skills
interpersonal skills and personal attributes
Components of the performance management process include:
overseeing performance defining expectations creating consequences
In the systems model of the organizing framework, what are the initial drivers of all outcomes?
person and situation factors
The various characteristics that make individuals unique are known as
person factors.
The combination of stable physical, behavioral and mental characteristics that give individuals their unique identities is called:
personality
Intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed or aligned with those of the organization are known as organizational ___________
politics
A role is a set of expected behaviors for a particular ___________, while a __________ role is a set of expected behaviors for members of the group as a whole.
position, group
Rewarding employees who have perfect attendance records with a check for $100.00 is an example of:
positive reinforcement
Characteristics of the rational decision-making model include the assumption that managers:
possess all information needed to make the best decision are objective
Extroversion has been found to ______.
predict job performance better than agreeableness
A person with a ___ personality is someone who is relatively unconstrained by situational forces and who affects environmental change.
proactive
The definition of a(n) _____________ is when our desired outcomes do not match the actual situation.
problem
The more dynamic theories that focus on explaining how internal and external factors motivate people are ____________ theories.
process
The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.
process
What elements need to be both monitored and evaluated when determining someone's performance?
progress toward the goal goal achievement
When all members of a group either agree with a decision or are able to support it, they have:
reached consensus
Which of the following statements regarding attribution theory are true?
- Ability is an internal factor. - The three dimensions of behavior vary independently in the creation of attributions. - Attribution theory says behavior can be caused by external or internal influences.
Select all the leaders who are perceived as introverts.
- Bill Gates - Mark Zuckerberg
Select the steps in the process of stereotyping.
- Categorization - Expectation - Inferences - Maintenance
Which of the following statements about cheating are true?
- Cheating takes many forms, including plagiarism and sharing answers via text messaging. - Over half of high schoolers report cheating on exams.
What are practical ways to build trust in interpersonal relationships within an organization?
- Keep team members informed by providing information on policies and giving accurate feedback. - Demonstrate good business sense, technical ability, and professionalism. - Be realistic about commitments and deliver quality work on time.
Which of the following are reasons for employees to have negative views of performance management systems?
- Limited guidance on how to improve performance - Failure of managers to understand the responsibilities of the jobs they are reviewing - Infrequent feedback
Which of the following behaviors have been shown by research to improve intelligence?
- Reasoning - Constructive thinking - Problem solving
Which of the following are true of personal values?
- They influence behavior across all situations. - They represent global beliefs.
Which of the following are the three levels that OB distinguishes among?
- organizational - group - individual
Herzberg's theory states that there are _______ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.
2
Inferences
Assuming people in a certain category possess the same traits
Which of the following is a recommended method of understanding which individual differences are valued by employers?
Create a profile of important managers and leaders in the organization.
When working in a virtual environment, how can people reduce ambiguity?
Create accountability. Provide examples. Share information.
Which of the following statements about leadership effectiveness is false?
Demographic characteristics such as gender have no effect on leadership behaviors.
Which of the following are practical and effective ways for managers to use their power?
Develop sources of personal power. Use your power only when necessary. Apply a larger variety of influence and political tactics.
Maintenance
Differentiating minority individuals from ourselves
People who have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented when making decisions have which decision-making style?
Directive
Sigrid is trying to determine why so many people in her department are transferring to a different department. Which of the following questions would Sigrid ask if she were focusing on person factors to determine the source of the problem?
Do the departing coworkers have a preference for working collaboratively versus independently?
Which of the following is not a question in Bagley's decision tree?
Does the proposed action affect any stakeholders?
Deciding whether behaviors are good or bad, right or wrong, is a concern in the field of:
Ethics
Consistency
Get a personal commitment
Categorization
Grouping criteria such as gender, age, race and occupation
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
Physiological Needs Esteem Needs
Which of the following are types of task interdependence?
Pooled Sequential Reciprocal
Select barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.
Poor career planning Negative diversity climate Unsupportive or hostile work environment
Results
Profit
Social proof
Role models and peer pressure build influence
3-Step Approach to Problem Solving
Step 1 - Identify the problem by reviewing desired outcomes Step 2 - Consider possible causes of the problem using OB knowledge Step 3- Make practical recommendations
Which of the following helps transfer authority and responsibilities from management to employees?
Structural empowerment
What type of thinking is described by Daniel Kahneman as intuitive and unconscious thought?
System 1
Tanya is the night supervisor for a data processing company. She supervises 26 workers who perform routine jobs that require minimal training. Which of the following statements would indicate that Tanya is following the transformational model of leadership?
Tanya seeks to motivate employees to pursue organizational goals above their own self-interests.
Behavior
Teamwork
Which statement best describes the results of research on the effectiveness of brain training games?
The evidence is inconclusive, but it suggests that the games are not effective.
Which statement is true of emotion display norms in an organization?
They determine which emotions members should show in various situations.
Exchange
Trading favors, making or implying promises
In which of the following situations, are apologies required?
When you need to influence the offended party in the future When it is important to restore trust When someone has been harmed by your actions
McGregor's Theory ______ is a pessimistic view of employees that includes the need to motivate them with carrots and sticks
X
Carol is a behind-the-scenes kind of person, but everyone wants her on their committee because those committees tend to meet their objectives. Which of the following statements might describe why people want Carol on their committee?
You do not need to have a formal position of authority to be a leader.
Which shape on a graph best represents the relationship between increasing emotional stability and outcomes?
an inverted-U
People who have a high tolerance for ambiguity and overanalyze a situation have the _____________ decision making style.
analytical
In the ________ bias, a decision maker is influenced by the first information received about a decision, even if it is irrelevant.
anchoring
Personal values exemplify global beliefs, while personal _____ are more specific to particular situations, persons, or objects.
attitudes
Which of the following is most likely to spark creativity?
being bored
A technique used for solving problems, generating creative ideas for new products, and removing performance roadblocks is:
brainstorming
A technique used to help groups generate ideas by silently and individually writing them down and then sharing them is:
brainstorming
How do virtual teams overcome the ambiguity created by a lack of face-to-face interaction?
by sharing information
A person's intelligence
can be increased.
Eradicating or getting rid of the situation that is causing the problem is known as ______ problems.
dissolving
What are results, behaviors, actions, and nonperformance factors examples of?
distribution criteria for rewards
represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people.
diversity
The ability to monitor your own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide your thinking and actions is:
emotional intelligence
The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is
equity
Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?
equity theory
True or false: Because of collaboration, teams are generally less effective than the individuals who make up the team.
false
True or false: Feedback only provides information about individual performance.
false
True or false: OB and problem solving are at odds and do not go together when studying OB.
false
True or false: Technical expertise is the only factor that matters in getting a new job or advancing one's career.
false
Workers who meet regularly to discuss ways to improve product quality are in a _____________ group.
formal
Viewing personality in terms of liking and fit
is not an effective perspective for management.
The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as _____________ __________________
job crafting
Which of the following are disadvantages of big data?
leaked private information cybersecurity breaches
Hard Skills
technical expertise and knowledge
A reciprocal belief that another person will consider the effects of his intentions and behaviors on you is ______.
trust
The Reina Model is used to restore ____ when it has been compromised.
trust
What are ill-defined decision processes likely to trigger in organizations?
uncertainty
Of the three potential outcomes from rewards, which one motivates the wrong behaviors?
undesired side effects
The extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns in making decisions is:
value orientation
What can employees do to avoid surprises during performance appraisals?
- Check in with managers periodically to see how things are going. - Ask managers informally for more frequent feedback.
What are practical ways to be an effective member of groups and teams?
- Communicate, be predictable, and treat others with respect to boost your trustworthiness. - Learn which of the group functions are important to you. - Develop teamwork competencies to increase your value to the organization.
Which of the following are outcomes of widespread corporate corruption?
- Destruction of the lives of many employees - Bankrupting of companies
Frederick Herzberg's theory states which of the following?
- Job dissatisfaction is associated with hygiene factors - Job satisfaction is associated with motivating factors. - Managers can improve motivation by improving both motivators that create satisfaction and hygiene factors that reduce dissatisfaction.
Which of the following are attitudinal outcomes of job satisfaction?
- Job involvement - Perceived stress - Motivation - Withdrawal cognitions
Which of the following are true considering managerial implications of attributional tendencies?
- The role of internal causes of behavior is usually exaggerated. - The way employees perform depends on the attributions they make for their performance. - Attributional biases can lead to inappropriate managerial action and, subsequently, decreased employee motivation and performance.
Which of the following are characteristics of high-performing teams?
- They have trust and communication. - They have clear goals and responsibilities. - They have an appropriate mix of knowledge, skills, and abilities.
What should managers do to help them build and lead more effective teams?
- They should identify important task and maintenance roles. - They should use the group development process to reduce frustrations when working in teams. - They should evaluate employees using the three Cs of team players (commitment, collaboration, and competency).
Which employee factors are important for managers to understand in order to create a productive and satisfying person-job fit?
- abilities - personality traits - potential
Which of the following ideas will help someone excel as an employee?
- discovering what the company says it values and what it actually rewards - finding a manager who uses performance management practices that align with your values and aspirations - seeking regular feedback
Which of the following are aspects of trust?
- letting your guard down with another person - believing that another person will keep the impact of his or her actions on you in mind
Select the components of core self-evaluations.
- locus of control - self esteem - emotional stability - generalized self-efficacy
Which of the following are methods that have been used by major corporations to respond to issues regarding sexual orientation and transgender rights?
- maintaining an inclusive culture - assisting with taxes imposed on same-sex couples in states that did not recognize same-sex marriage - offering transgender-inclusive health insurance
Displayed emotions
- may differ from felt emotions. - can affect other people's reactions. - convey messages to nearby people.
Which individual differences are universally considered undesirable?
- psychopathy - narcissism - Machiavellianism
High levels of job satisfaction lead to lower levels of which behavioral outcomes?
- turnover - counterproductive work behavior
Which of the following are important to consider when selecting alternative solutions?
- who will be resisters - necessary resources - who will be supporters
According to anonymous surveys, what percentage of high school students admitted to cheating on tests?
51%
When choosing measures of performance, which of the following criteria should be met?
accuracy relevancy
Research indicates that most managers have multiple decision-making styles and that those styles are based on:
age. gender. nationality.
Needs are defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that:
arouse behaviors
Which of the following is a goal of collaboration?
ensuring a collective outcome is completed
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of ______ theory
equity
Three years ago, the City of Recker committed to build a park and music venue by the river. It was expected to cost $2.5 million and be paid for from an additional meals tax in the community. The residents pushed back. Local restaurants suffered as people ate out less or patronized restaurants in neighboring communities. The project has stalled, but the town council kept pushing it on. This spring, a flood devastated the venue.The town council appears to have suffered from ________ bias.
escalation of commitment
The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is
expectancy theory
According to the Reina Model for rebuilding trust, it is important to discuss feelings and emotions constructively before reframing the ____ and taking _________ for what happened.
experience, responsibility
To have more effective meetings, managers should
experiment with the numbers and frequencies of meetings held.
Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?
experimentation reason systematic observation
During which stage of group development are people anxious about their roles, the people in charge, and the group's goals?
forming
The emotion of fear is usually _____.
forward-looking
A decision maker is influenced by the manner in which a problem or question is stated. This represents the ________ bias.
framing
What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?
idiosyncratic deals
Any attempt to control or manipulate the images related to a person, organization, or idea is:
impression management
Dressing for success is the political tactic also known as ______.
impression management
Evidence-based decision making holds the promise of:
improving performance avoiding decision-making biases
Which generic action option is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs and attempts to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people throughout an organization?
include/exclude
The term ______ is used to collectively describe people's traits and behaviors that are influenced by genetics and environment.
individual differences
Conscious efforts to affect and change a specific behavior in others are:
influence tactics
What are three practical things to consider in the decision-making process?
information and communication time constraints routine and frequency
The foundation of the Organizing Framework is a systems model wherein ____________ influence outcomes though ____ processes.
input, processes
In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:
inputs
The term _________ ____________ reflects the extent to which a person likes his or her job.
job satisfaction
There are four attitude and four behavior components found to correlate with ______.
job satisfaction
Cognitive shortcuts or biases that are used to simplify the process of making decisions are known as ____________ _____________.
judgmental heuristics
What are the cognitive shortcuts used to simplify the decision making process called?
judgmental heuristics
Which of the following factors have a tendency to demotivate employees?
layoffs extreme executive compensation across-the-board raises and cuts
Dewey, a manager at the Busy Bee Restaurant, gives Alice her schedule for the next week. Alice knows she must follow that schedule. What kind of power is Dewey exercising?
legitimate
People who have a directive decision style:
like to focus on facts are decisive and action oriented
Which two of the following are aspects of a performance management process function?
locating a need for employee development explaining the reason to terminate employment
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.
needs
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as
needs
What models of decision making explain how managers really come to decisions?
nonrational
Among the stages of group development in Tuckman's model are:
norming forming performing
An interdisciplinary field focused on understanding and managing people at work is _____.
organizational behavior
A person seeking to understand and manage people at work is likely to study _____________ ______________, which is an interdisciplinary field.
organizational behavior (ob)
Intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self-interest of individuals or groups that are not endorsed or aligned with those of the organization are known as:
organizational politics
Your personal and professional success most heavily depends on
others' perceptions of you.
What are the key elements of equity theory?
outputs inputs comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs
________ power is the type of influence a person exercises because of the job he or she holds.
position
The ability to marshal human, informational, and other resources to get something done is:
power
________ is the ability to marshal resources to get things done.
power
When employees feel a sense of meaning, competence, and impact at work, it is because they are ___________ empowered.
psychologically
In a complicated decision environment, a manager should use the ________ method of decision making.
rational
The decision-making model that assumes managers are fully objective and have all the data needed is the:
rational decision model
Katie is a very positive manager. She's optimistic about the company, the goals, and she rarely gets upset, even when things go wrong. Katie is a ________ leader.
relationship-oriented
ABC Company purchases new safety glasses for its machine operators. Unfortunately, the equipment makes the operators very uncomfortable on hot days. Davey removes the equipment when the foreman is not around. This is an example of
resistance
______ a problem means opting for a solution that is satisfactory but not the most ideal.
resolving
The step in the effective performance management system in which feedback and coaching are delivered is called _____.
reviewing performance
A desired outcome of a good ___________ system is to foster personal growth and development.
reward
A desired outcome of the __________ system is to retain talented people.
reward
In his annual performance review meeting with Eileen, who has been working at the company for two years, Ruben suggests that if she keeps up her good work she is likely to be offered a promotion within the next year. Ruben is exercising his ________ power.
reward
Which of the following bases of power have a positive effect on the organizing framework?
reward referent expert
Individuals or organizations that obtain compliance by promising or granting rewards use which base of power?
reward power
Causal attributions refer to
suspected causes of behavior.
What are some tips for sparking creativity?
taking a walk lying on the beach doing "nothing"
Collaboration includes which of the following aspects?
task coordination information sharing
The extent to which team members are dependent on each other to accomplish their work is called ______ ______________.
task interdependence
According to Fiedler's theory, a high-control situation favors a ________ leader.
task-motivated
The ability of a team to adapt to changes such as changing demands or the transition of members in or out of the group is:
team adaptive capacity
Using ________, Sensotix emphasizes using the chain of command to make sure the right people do the right things at the right time.
the hierarchy of authority
As part of the contingency approach to goal setting, what elements should fit the situation?
the policy the behavior the practice
Which of the following are key elements to punctuated equilibrium?
time change
What are the three ways managers use evidence or data in the decision-making process?
to make a decision to support a decision to inform a decision
The least effective way to use evidence-based decision making is to ___.
to support a decision that has already been made
The extent to which a person has a high need for structure and control in his or her life is known as:
tolerance for ambiguity
The model of decision-making styles is based on which of the following dimensions?
tolerance for ambiguity value orientation
Monitoring performance involves ___.
tracking the achievement of the goal measuring the progress toward the goals
The rational model of decision making explains how managers should make decisions.
true
True or false: The goal of decision making is to find a solution that leads to a desired state of affairs.
true
When a teacher uses pop quizzes and unannounced tests to determine students' grades, what type of reinforcement schedule is being used?
variable interval
A team that works together over time and distance using electronic media to combine effort and achieve goals is a(n) _________ team.
virtual
What practical consideration might result in an individual rather than the whole group making a decision?
when there is limited time to make the decision
According to Cialdini's research on influencing people, how should the six principles he found be used?
in combination
Which of the following describes a purpose of a formal work group?
discussing ways to improve product quality
Individuals with high levels of ____________ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.
emotional stability
When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating ___________ ____________.
employee engagement
Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:
employee engagement.
Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?
employee surveys one-on-one meetings
The management practice that enhances employee performance, well-being, and positive attitudes is ___________.
empowerment
List the creative performance behaviors in sequence with the first one at the top.
1. Problem formulation/definition 2. Preparation/information gathering 3. Idea generation 4. Idea evaluation/validation
Which of the following are characteristic of people with the conceptual decision making style?
A long-term perspective A broad perspective They rely on intuition
Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
People who are receptive to suggestions and focus strongly on people and the social aspects of a work situation have which of the following decision-making styles?
Behavioral
Which of the following statements are true of Thorndike's law of effect?
Behaviors with unfavorable consequences tend to disappear Behaviors with favorable consequences tend to be repeated
Which of the following are ways to increase the relative effectiveness of influence tactics?
Being credible Being trustworthy
Initiating structure and transformational leadership are both task-oriented leader behaviors.
False
Men were seen as displaying both more task and social leadership than women.
False
Open boundary structures depend on managers' ability to get results from people through the use of direct authority.
False
People who do what is required, exert no extra effort, and provide no extra input are said to be resisting.
False
The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:
Frederick Herzberg
Coalition tactics
Getting others to support your efforts to persuade
Robert Cialdini's research identified six principles for influencing people. What ideas were these principles based on?
If your efforts align with the fundamental responses, your influence increases. People have fundamental responses to influence attempts.
Objective goals
Increase sales by 10%
In which of the following situations, can punctuated equilibrium occur?
Innovation An inciting event
Accuracy
Measure the right things in the right way
In contrast to a group, what are characteristics of a team?
Members are accountable for their collective performance. Members depend on each other.
___________ ___________ means measuring, tracking, or otherwise verifying progress and ultimate outcomes
Monitoring performance
Commonly used influence tactics include which of the following?
Rational persuasion Inspirational appeals Consultation Ingratiation
The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:
Scientific management
In order to be successful decision makers, what should managers do?
Spark creativity among employees. Identify decision-making styles and build on strengths. Train employees to conduct effective brainstorming.
Legitimating tactics
Using one's authority or organizational rules or policies; support from superiors
The transfer of authority and responsibilities from management to employees is called structural _______________
empowerment
Douglas McGregor outlined managers' pessimistic assumptions toward employees as _____.
Theory X
Which of the following is true of stereotypes?
They are an individual's feelings about a group of people.
Which of the following statements are true about work teams?
They have a well-defined purpose. They have a common purpose. They are usually permanent.
When you use power or influence, how might others respond to your wishes?
They may comply. They may commit. They may resist.
In order to make groups and teams successful, what should managers do?
They should build and maintain trust with and among members. They should identify task and maintenance roles. They should use team charters to accomplish goals.
Which of the following are reasons why it is important to assign blame correctly?
To keep your influence intact To influence your behavior in the future
Legitimate power can be expressed either positively or negatively.
True
The base of power that most people think of as authority and that is anchored to one's formal position is known as legitimate power.
True
True or false: A person's scores on the Big Five reveal a personality as unique as that person's fingerprint.
True
True or false: Consensus does not require unanimous agreement.
True
True or false: Intelligence and mental abilities are related to performance.
True
A norm is a(n) ______ shared by two or more people that guides behavior.
attitude feeling opinion
Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal
attitudes
Managers should remember that ___________ biases may lead them to misinterpret employee behavior and take inappropriate actions
attribution
The fundamental _________________ bias leads people to disregard environmental influences on behavior.
attribution
How can artificial intelligence (AI) help managers enhance business operations?
automating processes gaining insight through data analysis managing customer communications
People who have the behavioral style of decision making can be characterized as:
avoiding conflict having a hard time saying no to others working well with others
Emotional intelligence has been shown to ______.
be associated with increased well-being and satisfaction
Which personality trait has the strongest and most positive effect on performance?
conscientiousness
Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing three dimensions of behavior called _______________, _______________ & ______________.
consensus, distinctiveness, consistency
The theories that focus on identifying internal factors that motivate people are _______ theories
content
The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ___ theories.
content
The general categories of motivation theories include:
content theories process theories
Instead of trying to rely on "one best way" to manage, a manager may want to use a(n) ______ approach, which calls for using situationally appropriate tools.
contingency
True or false: People's occupations and personality types influence their decision-making styles.
True
True or false: Perceptions of politics (POP) have been linked to undesirable outcomes such as increased stress and decreased job satisfaction.
True
Credibility of the source
Trust the person delivering the feedback to be honest
What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?
Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.
Liking
Use informal conversations to learn about others; offer sincere and timely praise and recognition
Pressure
Using intimidation or threats
What is a form of computing that allows machines to perform cognitive functions similar to the way humans do?
artificial intelligence (AI)
When meeting people for the first time, how can you project that you are interested?
ask them questions about themselves
McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three __________ needs
basic/acquired
Expectancy theory can be used to predict ________________ in situations where there is a choice between two or more alternatives.
behavior
Authority
People respect credible experts
Scarcity
People want information and opportunities that are hard to get
Bagley's ethical decision tree shows a series of questions with appropriate actions based on the user's response. Which of the following is the first question to be asked?
Is the proposed action legal?
The first question asked in Bagley's decision tree is:
Is the proposed action legal?
Fairness of the system
Only family members receive pay raises
Position power, which includes legitimate, reward, and coercive power, is power that is connected with what?
a job within an organization
Some examples of extrinsic rewards include:
a promotion a pay raise
An example of a pay for performance plan uses ______ to reward goal achievement.
bonuses
Individual differences are determined by
both genetics and environment.
How can an individual or group avoid making mistakes in the decision-making process?
by understanding judgmental heuristics by examining past decisions by reviewing past biases and influences
According to McGregor, Theory X assumes that employees:
can only be motivated with rewards and punishments dislike work must be monitored frequently
The assumptions behind nonrational models of decision making are that:
managers struggle to make the best decisions decision makers lack complete information decision making lacks certainty