CH 7 - Positive Organizational Behavior and Psychological Capital
Positive Organizational Behavior (POB)
The study and application of positive oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace.
T/F high efficacy is strongly related and very predictive of high performance.
True. Bandura's work plus hundresds of studies and meta-analyses support this
T/F Resiliency is state-like.
True. It is trainable and developable.
T/F Task specific self-efficacy is state like.
True. it is highly variable depending on the specific task and is cognitively processed by the individual before any effort is expended
Rick Snyder defined hope as...
a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful agency and pathways
Resilient people are characterized by
a staunch acceptance of reality, a deep belief, often buttressed by strongly held values, that if life is meaningful, and an uncanny ability to improvise
self-efficacy represents
a task and situation specific cognition
Subjective well-being
aka happiness, is defined by people's affective and cognitive evaluations of their lives
risk factors can be managed through
appropriate physical and psychological health care
External attributions
attribution to circumstances or luck and do not take personal responsibility for consequences of behavior
To be included as a POB construct, it must meet the following criteria
based on theory and research valid measures "state-like" and open to development managed for performance improvement
Internal attributions
behavior and its consequences (success/failure) believe they are in control of their own fate
E2
behavior outcome
Downside to optimism
can lead to meaningless or dysfunctional outcomes aimed at pointless pursuits unrealistic goals
positive individual traits
capacity for love and vocation, courage, interpersonal skill, aesthetic sensibility, perseverance, forgiveness, originality, future mindedness, spirituality, high talent, and wisdom
Self efficacy can directly affect
choice behaviors motivational effort perseverance facilitative thought patterns vulnerability to stress
A synonym for self-efficacy is...
confidence
explanatory style
depicts how an individual habitually attributes the causes of failure, misfortune, or bad events
adaptational process can be enhanced through
developing other psychological processes like self-efficacy, hope, and optimism and teaching people how to use effective coping, stress management, problem solving and goal-setting strategies and practical techniques
assets can be developed through
education, training, nurturing social relationships, improving quality resources available
E1
effort-performance
EI
emotional impulses - inner sub-cortex
negative primary emotions
fear sadness anger disgust shame
Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes that one's happiness is determined as follows...
fifty percent hard wired, ten percent life circumstance, and forty percent intentional activity
Self-efficacy vs. self-esteem
general self efficacy is similar to self esteem, specific self efficacy is different self efficacy is changing over time with new info/task experiences, is state like a current assessment of future success at a task self-esteem is stable and trait like aimed at any aspect of CURRENT self
classic emotional continuum
happiness surprise fear sadness anger disgust
Diener concludes
happiness is a process, not a place there is actually an optimal level of happiness happiness is related to health and longevity, relationships and effectiveness at work
profile of a high performer
highly efficacious gives whatever it takes perseveres positive self-talk resistant to stress
Emotion
how a person feels about something, more intense than mood, reactions to an object, not a trait
Psychological Capital (PSYCAP)
is characterized by having 1. confidence to succeed at challenging tasks 2. having optimism for present and future success 3. persevering toward goals and redirecting when necessary 4. having resiliency to attain success
PSYCAP information
is state-like and open to development, can be developed in short training interventions, training causes performance to improve
3 important optimism issues
little vs big optimism optimism vs pessimism learning and sustaining optimism
7 intelligences
logical/mathematical verbal/linguistic interpersonal intrapersonal visual/spacial musical bodily/kinesthetic
positive primary emotions
love/affection happiness/joy surprise
Optimists
make external, unstable, specific attributions
Pessimists
make internal, stable, and global attrubutions
3 new intelligences
naturalist existential emotional
Optimism as individual difference
people have varying degrees of optimism
Optimism has a positive impact on
physical and psychological health, attendant characteristics of perseverance, achievement, motivation leading to academic, athletic, political, and occupational success
Social cognitive theory (SCT) explains
psychological functioning in terms of environmental events, internal personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective, and biological variables, and behavioral patterns.
emotional feelings are in contrast to
rational thinking
resiliency in nature is
reactive rather than proactive
Stajkovic and Luthans self-efficacy
refers to an individual's conviction (or confidence) about his or her abilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to successfully execute a specific task within a given context
ability
refers to the aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully accomplish a task
Self-reflection as a theoretical basis for self-efficacy
reflecting back on actions/experience with a specific task/event to then cognitively process how strongly they believe they can successfully accomplish the task in the future
Generalized self-efficacy
reflects people's belief in successfully accomplishing tasks across a wide variety of achievement situations
Civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship
responsibility, nurturance, altruism, civility, moderation, tolerance, and work ethic
self-efficacy has implications for
selection of human resources training and development stress management self-managed teams job design goal setting (will be affected by self-efficacy, but achievement affects self-efficacy) leadership
self esteem vs self esteem - definitions
self esteem: global construct of one's evaluation of overall worthiness self-efficacy: one's belief about a task-specific capability
EI Dimensions
self-awareness self-management self-motivation empathy social skills
emotional labor
service personnel required to express false, unnatural expression, positive emotions/smiling
state-like
situationally based, open to learning, change, and development
self-efficacy is derived from which theory?
social coginitive theory (pioneered by Bandura)
Hope
sunny, optimistic advice by friends, relatives, and counselors in times of trouble
Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)
the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships
resiliency as a component of organizational behavior
the capacity to rebound or bounce back from adversity, conflict, failure or even positive events, progress and increased responsibility
Bandura emphasized that self-efficacy is
the most pervading and important of the psychological mechanisms of self-influence
Emotional Intelligence (Salovey & Mayer)
the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions
IQ
thinking brain - neocortex
T/F general efficacy is trait like.
true, it is relatively stable over time
Positive psychology
use scientific methodology to discover and promote the factors that allow individuals, groups, organizations, and communities to thrive.
3 levels of positive psychology
valued subjective experiences positive individual traits civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship
pathways
waypower, planning to meet goals
valued subjective experiences
well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (past) hope and optimism (future) flow and happiness (present)
learned helplessness
when continually experiencing uncontrollable, punishing, aversive events eventually learn to be helpless
Seligman states
whether or not we have hope depends on two dimensions of our explanatory style: pervasiveness and performance finding temporary and specific causes for misfortune is the art of hope
efficacy can be applied to 6 areas
1. promotion of health and recovery from setbacks 2. control of eating 3. resistance to addictive substances 4. educational achievement 5. athletic performance 6. study and application of OB and performance in work settings
Self-efficacy vs attribution/locus of control
Bandura argued that Locus of control attributions are causal beliefs about action-outcome contingencies self-efficacy is individual belief about his abilities and cognitive resources that can be use to successfully execute a specific task
Self-efficacy vs expectancy concepts - E2
Process is different, efficacy judges one's abilty to execute a certain behavior pattern, outcome expectancy judges the probably consequence such behavior will produce self efficacy evaluation will usually come before nay behavior outcome
4 sources of information for self-efficacy
1. mastery experiences of performance attainments (most powerful for forming efficacy beliefs) 2. vicarious experiences or modeling (important for those with little direct experience) 3. Social persuasions (not as powerful a source, positive and negative feedback has more of an impact) 4. physiological and psychological arousal (relying on how they feel physically and emotionally when assessing capabilities) *each source is changeable, specific self-efficacy is a state and can be enhanced through development and training targeted at these 4 sournces
Howard Gardner's intelligence criteria (3 must be met)
1. measurable 2. valued by culture 3. a strength taht the person defaulted to when challenged to be creative or solve a problem
Howard Gardner
7 multiple intelligences
Daniel Goleman
Emotional intelligence expert
Seligman
Met Life studies, ASQ as hiring agent, more optimistic people were more successful than experienced with less optimism
Power of positive thinking popularized by
Norman Vincent Peale & Dale Carnegie Tony Robbins & Steven Covey Franklin Roosevelt, Ronald Reagan, Barack Obama
Evidence based facets of PSYCAP
1. positively related to organizational citizenship and negatively to undesired cynicism, intentions to quit, and counterproductive work behaviors 2. held across cultures 3. help facilitate positive organizational change 4. leader's level of PSYCAP impacted followers perceied trust and evaluations of leader effectiveness
Guidelines for developing and sustaining happiness
1. practice gratitude and positive thinking 2. invest in social connections 3. manage stress, hardship, and trauma 4. live in the present 5. commit to your goals 6. take care of your body and soul
resiliency
a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk
Self-efficacy vs expectancy concepts - EI
E1 and self-efficacy both say effort leads to performance self-efficacy adds perceptions of ability, skill, knowledge, experience with specific task, complexity of the task also involves psychomotor reactions (stress, emotions, physical fatigue)
Psychology treats optimism as...
a cognitive characteristic in generalized positive outcome expectancy and/or positive causal attribution
Ann Masten says resiliency is influenced by
assets, risks, and adaptational processes
Alfred Binet
created the IQ test
trait-like
dispositional, relatively fixed across situations and time
Optimism is significantly linked to
happiness, perseverance, achievement, and health
The impact of resiliency
has the most potential impact on development and sustainable performance in current difficult times
Optimism as human nature
inherent in the make up of people, part of their basic human nature
HRW well-being
interactive, reciprocal determination between one's health, relationships, and work
Optimism in the workplace
is both motivated and motivating makes external, unstable, and specific attributions of personal bad events linked with positive outcomes - occupational success
agency
willpower, goal directed energy