TEST 1 Review

In his book, The Cosmopolitan Canopy, Elijah Anderson maintains that the city of Philadelphia is divided into two types of human beings: open-minded people and close-minded people. Anderson refers to these types as

cosmos and ethnos

In an effort to understand the problem of sexual assault on college campuses, a sociologist might gather data and then

construct an abstract interpretation, or theory, to explain the situation

In your caregiver role for the eighty-year-old retired kindergarten teacher, you come to understand her better over time. Seeking ways to help her be a happier person, you now suggest that she consider teaching a short class on cooking to the other residents. For sociologists, this is a good example of __________ theory.

continuity

When your friend returns from study abroad, she reports back to you the different foods people in the host country ate. She explains that to them it's normal, but she found their foods and traditions appalling. This is known as

ethnocentrism

________ usually generates richer and more in-depth information than other data collection methods.

ethnographies

You are a sociologist interested in studying human behavior that focuses on how people produce and maintain a mutually shared social order. You might adopt Harold Garfinkel's approach, called

ethnomethodology

Why is it likely that future generations of older people will suffer from social isolation more than older people today?

family structure patterns are changing

Childhood has been an important part of human society in all cultures

for about a hundred years

a 2017 survey by the Pew Research Center found that .... in ten internet users have experienced online harassment, and roughly .... of internet users between the ages of 18 and 29 have been the target of online harassment

four; two-thirds

When Coy Mathis, a transgender girl, was six years old, she was not allowed to use the girls' bathroom in her school. Instead, she was allowed to use the gender-neutral restroom in the teacher's lounge. In 2013, Coy's parents successfully sued the school district to allow Coy to use the main girls' bathroom in the school. This example illustrates the idea that

gender is socially constructed and is part of a complex process of socialization

Use of "emojis" has become commonplace in electronic communications. However, according to Goffman, it may not always be obvious what the intention of their inclusion is and they may make it difficult to distinguish between the expressions individuals __________ and those they __________.

give; give off

Sociology challenges us to question the things we often feel are given, inevitable, or natural, and to consider that these things are subject to

historical and social forces

Charles Darwin, one of the originators of evolutionary theory, claimed that basic emotional expression is __________ in all human beings and across __________ cultures

identical; all

According to George Herbert Mead, children develop a sense of self by

imitating the actions of other people

After school, Sandra often has to go help her grandparents with chores and grocery shopping. On these days, Sandra always brings a change of clothes to avoid appearing at her grandparents' house in the goth outfits she likes to wear to school. This is an example of

impression management

Due to discrimination against transgender men and women, some trans men may not emphasize their trans identity for fear of being marginalized in the workplace. This kind of audience segregation implicitly encourages

impression management

Midlife, or "middle age," is a generally recognized part of our life course, and its recognition is due to

increases in overall life expectancy

The process by which potential members of a study are given the opportunity to either participate in or opt out of the research upon reading a broad description of the study beforehand is called

informed consent

Through the research developed with the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), Paul Ekman and his colleagues found that, as opposed to bodily postures and gestures, facial expressions of emotion and how others interpret them are __________ in human beings

innate

Babies a few minutes old will turn their heads in response to patterns that resemble human faces but not in response to other patterns. This is an example of _________.

instincts

What was one of the general conclusions reached by Elijah Anderson in his book, Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community?

interactional tensions derive from outside statuses as race, class, and gender

The concept of "trolling" on the Internet shares many aspects of

interactional vandalism

Which statement can be applied to the concept of "clock time"?

it is necessary for the smooth functioning of all industrialized societies

In Western, industrialized societies, older people (ages sixty-five and older) tend to

lack authority within the family and society as a whole

A recent spate of suicides by teenagers subjected to bullying has raised awareness that bullying is no longer ________.

"kid stuff"

Which statement about individualism BEST exemplifies the relationship between norms and values?

Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for people ages eighteen and older to move out of their parents house

Laud Humphreys 1970 study on the secret lives of gay men was unethical for which of the following reasons?

He wrote down license plate numbers of the subjects he studies

Which question would be BEST answered by ethnographic methods?

How do people with strong anti-immigrant views come to form those opinions?

Studies generally show that...teens are more likely to be verbally and sexually harassed, including being bullied, than...teens

LGBTQ+; heterosexual

Which statement might be derived from the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Learning a different language can be a very good way of understanding the culture and experiences of the group by which that language was developed

What describes how online communication may prevent prejudice and discrimination in social interactions?

The race, age, and gender of participants is not discernible to others, which increases opportunity to those whose views are often devalued elsewhere

What is an example of a response cry?

Yikes!

What is the BEST definition of a nation-state?

a political community with clearly defined geographical borders and a shared culture

What is colonialism?

a process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

Suppose you have a part-time job working with residents of an assisted-living facility. One of the people you help care for is an eighty-year-old retired kindergarten teacher, whose morale is very low following the death of her husband. You suggest that she consider going out for walks with the other residents in hopes it will lift her spirits. For sociologists, this is a good example of __________ theory

activity

People creatively interpret and react to their environment, thus enabling them to make subtle changes to social structures or resist the encompassing effect of social structures. This is an example of

agency

Which statement BEST summarizes the general sociological approach to the "nature/nurture" debate?

although genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1983) found that many workers in modern industrial countries

are required to display socially acceptable emotions at work

You have learned that a close friend invited a number of your mutual friends to a party, but he did not invite you. You are hurt by your friend's actions and want to convey your unhappiness. Considering what you've read about social interaction and the importance of nonverbal communication in conveying meaning and shared understanding, the best way to do this might be to

ask your friend to sit down with you so you can share your feelings

In modern societies, the transition from teenager to young adult is most easily recognized by

common benchmarks of adulthood

When people fly across the country to attend a meeting or make plans to meet an online friend in person, they are displaying what sociologists call

compulsion of proximity

According to Jean Piaget, the ability to understand things from a different perspective does not take place until the

concrete operational stage, between ages seven and eleven

Before riding up the elevator to her job interview, Marisol stops in the restroom in the lobby to check her appearance and straighten her clothing. In this situation, the restroom functions as a(n) __________ for her performance at the interview.

back region

Norms are to _____ as values are to _____

behaviors; attitudes

Stan believes that boys are naturally better at math than girls are. Stan's attitude is an example of ___________.

biological determinism

According to Herbert Spencer, privileged members of society enjoy a higher quality of life because they have earned this status through hard work and because of their natural ability. Spencer bases this belief, in part, to his analogy of society as a

biological organism

Avoiding eye contact with fellow passengers on a crowded subway is an example of

civil inattention

Many sports organizations are now banning Native American mascots because of the demeaning stereotypes they portray. Several campuses have banned students from wearing certain Halloween costumes. Sociologist refer to the phenomenon of one group borrowing from another group's culture as

cultural appropriation

A common argument made against bans on face-covering veils, such as the Islamic burqa, is that each culture has different values. This argument is an example of

cultural relativism

What might be considered a cultural universal?

decorating one's body

In many cultures, a rite of passage designed to mark a transition from childhood to adolescence or adulthood exists as a formalized event or series of events. Such rituals are designed to

designate the transition into adulthood

In conducting research on a very large population, it is usually necessary to

develop a careful representative sample of the population

W. E. B. DuBois argued that American society only lets African Americans see themselves through the eyes of others. He called this concept

double consciousness

Older adults who are embarrassed, ashamed, or fearful of retaliation by their abusers may be reluctant to report such experiences. This makes the official prevalence rates of _____ quite low.

elder abuse

Although the majority of countries in the Global South lag well behind societies of the West, some are now undergoing the process of industrialization. These countries are referred to as

emerging economies

Reports and accounts of what are termed "feral children" have existed for hundreds of years. A child is discovered living with animals, in the wild or, in some cases, deliberately hidden away, isolated from all contact with other human beings. These children, when reintegrated with the larger society, experience difficulty. What is missing from their experience that is an essential contributor to their socialization?

language

The Internet, computers, iPhones, and McDonald's are examples of the globalization of

material culture

__________ consist(s) of the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live.

material goods

According to Jean Baudrillard, the proliferation of content on such sites as YouTube on the World Wide Web is a powerful way in which .... is created

meaning

Erving Goffman's emphasis on social interaction (how we act and react to those around us) is part of a much broader subfield in sociology called

microsociology

An example of material culture is _______.

money

Expressions "given off" are most likely to be composed of

nonverbal expressions

Young women are much more likely than their male counterparts to experience certain forms of ________ harassment, including ________ harassment.

online; sexual

One of the strengths of a hypothesis in a research project is that it is subject to revision as the research progresses, which reflects on the larger idea that scientific ideas are

open to criticism and revision

What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?

pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, whereas agrarian societies relied on agriculture

Romantic love is an example of a very ... experience that can be examined as a very .... process

personal; public

There are two types of questions used in surveys: fixed-choice questions and open- ended questions. Open-ended questions typically provide more detailed information because respondents can express their views in their own words as opposed to a fixed set of answers. As a result, open-ended questions are considered

qualitative

.... methods can be broadly thought of as approaches that explore the deeper meaning of a particular situation; in contrast, .... methods use data that are objective and statistical

qualitative; quantitative

One of the more powerful factors contributing to the difficulties of aging for African Americans in the United States is

race

In the modern West, we associate death with later life because we have

relatively long life spans

This exchange demonstrates the importance of

shared understanding

Edward T. Hall distinguishes four zones of personal space. The zone usually maintained in formal settings, such as for interviews, is called __________ distance.

social

Passersby may be confused by the exchange because they lack an understanding of the __________ that makes the conversation intelligible.

social context

Auguste Comte, the founder of sociology, originally described the discipline as ________

social physics

During socialization, especially in earlier years, children learn the ways of their parents and ancestors, thereby carrying on their values, norms, and social practices across generations. This is an example of

social reproduction

Toys and other products for children are overwhelmingly gender-typed and tend to emphasize differences between male and female attributes. Target stores recently stopped dividing up departments by gender, such as toys and bedding. This example demonstrates that

society is changing and stark gender divides are beginning to fade

In Japan, teen suicide rates spike each year on September 1, the nation's first day of school. Some sociologists have argued that the combination of peer pressure (bullying) and the intense academic pressure of going back to school contribute to the increased suicide rates among depressed teens in that country. These findings would suggest that

sociology can help us understand how the patterns of large numbers of individuals reflect "public issues"

Unlike child abuse, most elder abuse is perpetrated by ________.

someone other than a family member

Goths, Rastafarians, and fans of hip-hop are examples of ________

subcultures

According to George Herbert Mead, what is it that allows humans to develop self-consciousness?

the capacity for symbolic thought

C.Wright Mills suggested that sociology allows us to translate private troubles into public issues. He called this

the sociological imagination

What is the relationship between colonialism and global inequalities in industrial development?

the wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back to the home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of colonized areas

With life spans increasing, we now divide older persons into _____, _____, and _____.

the young old, the old, the oldest old

Sociologists use several lines of questioning. The question "Why are more women waiting longer to get married and/or have children?" is an example of

theoretical question

Which statement applies to hunting-and-gathering societies?

there is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed in the text

What is true of the majority of countries that constitute the Global South?

they were formerly under colonial rule

If _____ are abstract cultural beliefs, then _____ are how they are put into play.

values; norms

According to researchers Tony Brown and Chase Lesane-Brown, race socialization

will become increasingly important for future cohorts of young people

Once a researcher chooses the method (or methods) that are best suited for data collection, she is in the .... step of the research process

working out a design

We would expect to associate sexual exploration with what segment of the life course?

young adulthood

In a Western culture, what agent of socialization is MOST likely to be an increasing influence in your life as you get older?

your career