CH 7 - Positive Organizational Behavior and Psychological Capital

Positive Organizational Behavior (POB)

The study and application of positive oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in today's workplace.

T/F high efficacy is strongly related and very predictive of high performance.

True. Bandura's work plus hundresds of studies and meta-analyses support this

T/F Resiliency is state-like.

True. It is trainable and developable.

T/F Task specific self-efficacy is state like.

True. it is highly variable depending on the specific task and is cognitively processed by the individual before any effort is expended

Rick Snyder defined hope as...

a positive motivational state that is based on an interactively derived sense of successful agency and pathways

Resilient people are characterized by

a staunch acceptance of reality, a deep belief, often buttressed by strongly held values, that if life is meaningful, and an uncanny ability to improvise

self-efficacy represents

a task and situation specific cognition

Subjective well-being

aka happiness, is defined by people's affective and cognitive evaluations of their lives

risk factors can be managed through

appropriate physical and psychological health care

External attributions

attribution to circumstances or luck and do not take personal responsibility for consequences of behavior

To be included as a POB construct, it must meet the following criteria

based on theory and research valid measures "state-like" and open to development managed for performance improvement

Internal attributions

behavior and its consequences (success/failure) believe they are in control of their own fate

E2

behavior outcome

Downside to optimism

can lead to meaningless or dysfunctional outcomes aimed at pointless pursuits unrealistic goals

positive individual traits

capacity for love and vocation, courage, interpersonal skill, aesthetic sensibility, perseverance, forgiveness, originality, future mindedness, spirituality, high talent, and wisdom

Self efficacy can directly affect

choice behaviors motivational effort perseverance facilitative thought patterns vulnerability to stress

A synonym for self-efficacy is...

confidence

explanatory style

depicts how an individual habitually attributes the causes of failure, misfortune, or bad events

adaptational process can be enhanced through

developing other psychological processes like self-efficacy, hope, and optimism and teaching people how to use effective coping, stress management, problem solving and goal-setting strategies and practical techniques

assets can be developed through

education, training, nurturing social relationships, improving quality resources available

E1

effort-performance

EI

emotional impulses - inner sub-cortex

negative primary emotions

fear sadness anger disgust shame

Sonja Lyubomirsky concludes that one's happiness is determined as follows...

fifty percent hard wired, ten percent life circumstance, and forty percent intentional activity

Self-efficacy vs. self-esteem

general self efficacy is similar to self esteem, specific self efficacy is different self efficacy is changing over time with new info/task experiences, is state like a current assessment of future success at a task self-esteem is stable and trait like aimed at any aspect of CURRENT self

classic emotional continuum

happiness surprise fear sadness anger disgust

Diener concludes

happiness is a process, not a place there is actually an optimal level of happiness happiness is related to health and longevity, relationships and effectiveness at work

profile of a high performer

highly efficacious gives whatever it takes perseveres positive self-talk resistant to stress

Emotion

how a person feels about something, more intense than mood, reactions to an object, not a trait

Psychological Capital (PSYCAP)

is characterized by having 1. confidence to succeed at challenging tasks 2. having optimism for present and future success 3. persevering toward goals and redirecting when necessary 4. having resiliency to attain success

PSYCAP information

is state-like and open to development, can be developed in short training interventions, training causes performance to improve

3 important optimism issues

little vs big optimism optimism vs pessimism learning and sustaining optimism

7 intelligences

logical/mathematical verbal/linguistic interpersonal intrapersonal visual/spacial musical bodily/kinesthetic

positive primary emotions

love/affection happiness/joy surprise

Optimists

make external, unstable, specific attributions

Pessimists

make internal, stable, and global attrubutions

3 new intelligences

naturalist existential emotional

Optimism as individual difference

people have varying degrees of optimism

Optimism has a positive impact on

physical and psychological health, attendant characteristics of perseverance, achievement, motivation leading to academic, athletic, political, and occupational success

Social cognitive theory (SCT) explains

psychological functioning in terms of environmental events, internal personal factors in the form of cognitive, affective, and biological variables, and behavioral patterns.

emotional feelings are in contrast to

rational thinking

resiliency in nature is

reactive rather than proactive

Stajkovic and Luthans self-efficacy

refers to an individual's conviction (or confidence) about his or her abilities to mobilize the motivation, cognitive resources, and courses of action needed to successfully execute a specific task within a given context

ability

refers to the aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to successfully accomplish a task

Self-reflection as a theoretical basis for self-efficacy

reflecting back on actions/experience with a specific task/event to then cognitively process how strongly they believe they can successfully accomplish the task in the future

Generalized self-efficacy

reflects people's belief in successfully accomplishing tasks across a wide variety of achievement situations

Civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship

responsibility, nurturance, altruism, civility, moderation, tolerance, and work ethic

self-efficacy has implications for

selection of human resources training and development stress management self-managed teams job design goal setting (will be affected by self-efficacy, but achievement affects self-efficacy) leadership

self esteem vs self esteem - definitions

self esteem: global construct of one's evaluation of overall worthiness self-efficacy: one's belief about a task-specific capability

EI Dimensions

self-awareness self-management self-motivation empathy social skills

emotional labor

service personnel required to express false, unnatural expression, positive emotions/smiling

state-like

situationally based, open to learning, change, and development

self-efficacy is derived from which theory?

social coginitive theory (pioneered by Bandura)

Hope

sunny, optimistic advice by friends, relatives, and counselors in times of trouble

Emotional Intelligence (Goleman)

the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships

resiliency as a component of organizational behavior

the capacity to rebound or bounce back from adversity, conflict, failure or even positive events, progress and increased responsibility

Bandura emphasized that self-efficacy is

the most pervading and important of the psychological mechanisms of self-influence

Emotional Intelligence (Salovey & Mayer)

the subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions

IQ

thinking brain - neocortex

T/F general efficacy is trait like.

true, it is relatively stable over time

Positive psychology

use scientific methodology to discover and promote the factors that allow individuals, groups, organizations, and communities to thrive.

3 levels of positive psychology

valued subjective experiences positive individual traits civic virtues and the institutions that move individuals toward better citizenship

pathways

waypower, planning to meet goals

valued subjective experiences

well-being, contentment, and satisfaction (past) hope and optimism (future) flow and happiness (present)

learned helplessness

when continually experiencing uncontrollable, punishing, aversive events eventually learn to be helpless

Seligman states

whether or not we have hope depends on two dimensions of our explanatory style: pervasiveness and performance finding temporary and specific causes for misfortune is the art of hope

efficacy can be applied to 6 areas

1. promotion of health and recovery from setbacks 2. control of eating 3. resistance to addictive substances 4. educational achievement 5. athletic performance 6. study and application of OB and performance in work settings

Self-efficacy vs attribution/locus of control

Bandura argued that Locus of control attributions are causal beliefs about action-outcome contingencies self-efficacy is individual belief about his abilities and cognitive resources that can be use to successfully execute a specific task

Self-efficacy vs expectancy concepts - E2

Process is different, efficacy judges one's abilty to execute a certain behavior pattern, outcome expectancy judges the probably consequence such behavior will produce self efficacy evaluation will usually come before nay behavior outcome

4 sources of information for self-efficacy

1. mastery experiences of performance attainments (most powerful for forming efficacy beliefs) 2. vicarious experiences or modeling (important for those with little direct experience) 3. Social persuasions (not as powerful a source, positive and negative feedback has more of an impact) 4. physiological and psychological arousal (relying on how they feel physically and emotionally when assessing capabilities) *each source is changeable, specific self-efficacy is a state and can be enhanced through development and training targeted at these 4 sournces

Howard Gardner's intelligence criteria (3 must be met)

1. measurable 2. valued by culture 3. a strength taht the person defaulted to when challenged to be creative or solve a problem

Howard Gardner

7 multiple intelligences

Daniel Goleman

Emotional intelligence expert

Seligman

Met Life studies, ASQ as hiring agent, more optimistic people were more successful than experienced with less optimism

Power of positive thinking popularized by

Norman Vincent Peale & Dale Carnegie Tony Robbins & Steven Covey Franklin Roosevelt, Ronald Reagan, Barack Obama

Evidence based facets of PSYCAP

1. positively related to organizational citizenship and negatively to undesired cynicism, intentions to quit, and counterproductive work behaviors 2. held across cultures 3. help facilitate positive organizational change 4. leader's level of PSYCAP impacted followers perceied trust and evaluations of leader effectiveness

Guidelines for developing and sustaining happiness

1. practice gratitude and positive thinking 2. invest in social connections 3. manage stress, hardship, and trauma 4. live in the present 5. commit to your goals 6. take care of your body and soul

resiliency

a class of phenomena characterized by patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk

Self-efficacy vs expectancy concepts - EI

E1 and self-efficacy both say effort leads to performance self-efficacy adds perceptions of ability, skill, knowledge, experience with specific task, complexity of the task also involves psychomotor reactions (stress, emotions, physical fatigue)

Psychology treats optimism as...

a cognitive characteristic in generalized positive outcome expectancy and/or positive causal attribution

Ann Masten says resiliency is influenced by

assets, risks, and adaptational processes

Alfred Binet

created the IQ test

trait-like

dispositional, relatively fixed across situations and time

Optimism is significantly linked to

happiness, perseverance, achievement, and health

The impact of resiliency

has the most potential impact on development and sustainable performance in current difficult times

Optimism as human nature

inherent in the make up of people, part of their basic human nature

HRW well-being

interactive, reciprocal determination between one's health, relationships, and work

Optimism in the workplace

is both motivated and motivating makes external, unstable, and specific attributions of personal bad events linked with positive outcomes - occupational success

agency

willpower, goal directed energy