MIC 205A EXAM 3 Prep

Anoxic

Lacking O2

Chemolithotrophs

Organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing inorganic chemicals.

Chlamydophila psittaci

Psittacosis

Aerobic Chemoorganotrophs

oxidize organic compounds to obtain energy, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor

The motile cells found in sheathed bacteria are called _________ cells that exit through the end of the sheath.

swarmer

Clostridium tetani

tetanus; a disease characterized by painful muscle spasms.

Bioluminescent bacteria are characterized by____?

the ability to emit light

Beneficial characteristics of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria include?

-providing an important source of usable nitrogen and carbon in nutrient poor environments. -Limiting atmospheric CO2 build up.

Chemoorganotrophs

Organisms that obtain energy by oxidizing organic compounds such as glucose

Which is easier for a phagocyte to engulf?

cross-linked large immune complexes

Prosthecate bacteria

diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria that have projections called prosthecae, which are extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall. These extensions provide increased surface area to facilitate absorption of nutrients. Some prosthecae allow the organisms to attach to solid surfaces.

Haemophilus species

gram-negative coccobacilli that require hematin and and/or NAD for growth

After Bdellvibrio has penetrated into the bacterial prey's periplasm, it __________?

increases in length then divides to form motile progeny cells

IgM

is the first class of antibody produced during a primary response to an antigen.

Lymphatic vessels carry ______ to the lymph nodes.

lymph, the extracellular fluid that might carry antigens into the lymph nodes

environments that would most likely support the growth of methanogens

marine sediment, sewage, human digestive tract, swamp.

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) takes place when......

natural killer cells bind the Fc region of antibodies coating an infected self-cell or tumor cell, and then induces that cell to undergo apoptosis

Aerobic Chemolithotrophs

obtain energy by oxidizing reduced inorganic chemicals, using O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.

oxygenic phototrophs use ______ as a source of electrons for reducing power, generating oxygen

water

Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria such as Aquifex and Hydrogenbacter are?

-Obligate chemolithotrophs -Gram negative -thermophilic

Based on their defining characteristics, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae

-are facultative anaerobes -ferment glucose -posses peritrichous flagella if motile

Species of Pseudomonas

-use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor -possess polar flagella

acid fast

describes an organism that retains the primary stain in the acid fast staining procedure

On blood agar, streptococcus pyogenes produces B-______, a characteristic used to differentiate this organism from normal oral microbiota.

hemolytic

Members of the gram-negative genera Aquifex and Hydrogenobacter are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria. An example of their metabolism includes using _____?

hydrogen as a source of electrons and oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor forming H2O

Chemotrophs

organisms that harvest energy by oxidizing chemicals

The Luciferase gene in bioluminescent bacteria is only expressed when the density of the organisms is high enough. This phenomenon is an example of ________ sensing.

quorum

obligate aerobes obtain energy using

respiration only

Lactococcus species

species used to make cheese

A prime example of the protective actions of cytotoxic T cells can be found in attacks against

virally infected self cells, including apoptosis

Neutralization prevents ______.

viruses and toxins from attaching to target cells and damaging them.

Caulobacter species divide

by binary fission, forming a swamer cell at once and a stalked cell at the other end

A secondary adaptive immune response___?

occurs when an antigen that has already been encountered is encountered again

Peyer's patches in the intestines ________.

facilitate contact between lymphocytes and antigens so that an effective adaptive response can occur

nitrogen fixation is an exclusive ability of?

prokaryotes

Enterococcus species

commonly referred to as enterococci, typically inhabit the intestinal tract of humans and other animals

S. pyogenes

which causes pharyngitis (strep throat) and other diseases.

1. BCR 2. TCR

1. -has 2 peptide sites - composed of 4 polypeptide chains - light chains have a single variable and single constant region domain, while heavy chains have a single variable and multiple constant region domains 2. - Composed of 2 polypeptide chains - each chain in the receptor has a single variable and single constant region domain - has only peptide binding site

1. B Cells 2. T Cells

1. Antibody response 2. Interact with target cells and then cause changes in those cells

A B cell receptor (BCR) is?

A membrane-bound version of the specific antibody that the particular B cell is programmed to produce

A plasma cell is ?

An antibody-producing descendant of a B cell

Chemlithotrophs are mostly members of what Domain?

Archaea

What species are gram negative curved rods that a highly motile and prey on other gram negative rods by boring a hole in their cell wall?

Bdellovibiro

anoxygenic phototrophs typically live in which environments?

Bogs, upper layers of mud, and lakes

Clostridium botulinum

Botulism, a disease characterized by flaccid paralysis

Mycoplasma pneumoniae cases

"walking pneumoniae", an organism that cannot reproduce outside of a host cell is termed an obligate intracellular parasite

T cell events that occur after activation?

- Migration of effector cells out of the secondary lymphoid organ and to the site of infection - Formation of memory cells - Proliferation of the newly activated cells -Differentiation of the activated cells into effector cell forms.

Describe the symbiotic relationship between certain types of squid and Allovibrio (vibrio) fischeri?

- The light produced by the bacteria allows the squid to be camouflaged. - The squid provides bacteria with nutrients - The bacteria reside in a light organ in their sac

Clostridium difficile

Antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease

Clostridium perfringens

Gas gangrene, a disease characterized by necrotic tissue and the production of gas.

sulfur-oxidizing bacteria

Gram-negative rods or spirals, which sometimes grow in filaments. They obtain energy by oxidizing elemental sulfur and reduced sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate. O2 serves as a terminal electron acceptor, generating sulfuric acid.

Bacteroids species

Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic, make up about a third of the bacteria in fecal matter in humans, and one associated with abscesses and blood stream infections

lactic acid bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria that generate lactic acid as a major end product of their fermentative metabolism.

micrococcus genus

Gram-positive cocci found in soil and on dust particles, inanimate objects, and skin. Because they are often airborne, they can easily contaminate bacteriological media. There, they typically form pigmented colonies, a characteristic that helps identify them

Members of the genus cornynebacterium are gram-positive rods that exhibit a variety of shapes. This difference in shape is referred to as being ______?

Pleomorphic

The main function of T(h) cells is

Production of cytokines that direct and support other immune system cells.

Legionella Species typically live in aquatic environments, where they often live with____?

Protozoa

If regulatory T cells were absent or impaired, a person might be more likely to_____?

Suffer from autoimmune diseases from failing to shut down anti-"self" responses

A _______ cell provides the second signal confirming that an antigen-activated B cell needs to start proliferation and differentiation into a plasma cell.

T cell

What distinguishes members of Hyphomicrobium species from Caulobacter species?

Their distinct method of reproduction

Chlamydia trachomatis

a common sexually transmitted disease

Chlamydophila pneumoniae

a typical pneumonia

Early Chemotrophs may have used anaerobic fermentation and fermentation to harvest energy EXCEPT...

aerobic respiration

Bifidobacterium species

anaerobic gram-positive rods that are commonly found as intestinal microbiota, particularly in breast fed infants

Cyanobacteria

are a diverse group of photosynthetic Gram-negative bacteria that inhabit a wide range of environments, including freshwater and marine habitats, soils, and the surfaces of rocks.

nitrogen fixation

conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia

What characteristics describe members of the genus Vibrio?

- Typically found in marine environments - Gram-negative straight or curved rods

Magnetotactic bacteria

- have a string of magnetic crystals inside them - are able to align themselves with the earth's magnetism

Spirochetes, a group of gram negative bacteria with a spiral shaped, are distinguished by

- motility by means of endoflagella - a flexible cell wall

characteristics of Hyphomicrobium species?

- single polar prostheca - Division by budding

To differentiate species in the family Entrobacteriaceae, a microbiologist could use which method

-Biochemical tests -Serological tests

Bordetella species

-Nutritionally fastidious -small aerobic gram negative coccobacilli

What characteristics are of Caulobacter Species?

- They have a single polar protheca (stalk) - Their life cycle serve as a model of cellular differentiation -Binary fission results in a swarmer cell and stalked cell

A good analogy for the function of the secondary lymphoid organs is_________?

a busy coffee shop where many cellular meetings take place

Epulopiscium species

are Gram-positive cigar-shaped bacteria that live in the intestinal tract of surgeonfish. They are much larger than most prokaryotes (600 μm × 80 μm), and each cell has thousands of copies of the chromosome scattered throughout the cell. This means that the cell has thousands of copies of each gene, allowing the necessary proteins to be synthesized even in the far reaches of the large cell.

Methanogens

are a group of archaea that generate ATP by oxidizing hydrogen gas, using CO2 as a terminal electron acceptor and generate methane.

The main function of the lymphatic system is to _______?

bring antigens into contact with lymphocytes, allowing activation, proliferation, and differentiation of specific B and T cells into effector cells

Cyanobacteria have photosystems that function very similarly to those found in?

chloroplasts

The term opsonization refers to ......

coating a bacterial cell with antibodies, so that the "red flag" regions alter other components of the immune system

Methaogens, a group of archaea that generate methane, can be found in environments that

contain H2, lack O2, and contain CO2

An important trait of species of the thermophoilic Thermus is their

heat-stable enzymes

facultative anaerobes preferentially use aerobic respiration if _____ is present

oxygen