Micro CH 3 self study
the functions of the cell wall include ___
-maintaining the shape of the bacterium -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure
what is the primary function of the cell membrane
a barrier between the internal contents and and external contents of the cell
what are some functions of fimbriae found covering bacterial cells
colonization of epithelial cells, formation of biofilms
the transfer of genetic material through pili is termed ___
conjugation
the intracellular gelatinous solution is referred to as ___
cytoplasm
nanotubes/wire are long extensions of the ___ that bacteria use as channels to transfer nutrients or electrons
cytoplasmic membrane
the prefix ___ means in "pairs"
diplo
The lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also known as _____
endotoxin
Archaea are more closely related to _____ than _____.
eukaryotes, bacteria
Archaea are often found in _________ environments.
extreme
the cellular structure in which bacteria produce branches off a basic rod structure is called a __
filament
small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria
fimbriae
which appendage provides the ability to attach to surfaces and other cells
fimbriae
an extra-cellular coating that provides protection for the cell.
glycocalyx
the __ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is either called an s layer or capsule depending on its structure.
glycocalyx
the colonization of non living materials like catheters, intrauterine devices, and metal pace makers are the result of which bacterial structure?
glycocalyx
the two structures that are possessed by the major, but not all, bacteria are ___
glycocalyx, cell wall
list the layers of the cell envelope form outside to inside
glycocalyx, outer membrane, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane
gracillicutes
gram negative
firmicutes
gram positive
what determines the arrangement of bacterial cells
how the cells remain attached after division, the pattern of cell division
______ are able to flourish at high temperatures such as those found in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters
hyperthermophiles
Tenericutes
lacking a cell wall
which two macromolecules are major components of the cell membrane
lipids, proteins
the outer membrane of gram negative cell wall contains
lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins
the outer membrane of a gram negative cell contains ___
lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins
cell breaking or rupturing is known as __
lysis
an enzyme found in tears and saliva termed ___ acts to hydrolyze the glycan chains in peptide glycan
lysozyme
all bacteria posses a cell __ but not all bacteria possess a cell ___
membrane, wall
the ___ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterold
mycoplasma
the ___ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols
mycoplasmas
only gram __ bacteria possess and outer membrane
negative
Gram-______ cell walls are thinner than Gram-______ cell walls, providing them with relatively greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis.
negative, positive
nanotubes/nanowires are long extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels to transfer ___
nutrients/electrons
The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.
outer membrane
cells oriented in a __ arrangement result from having a hinge region between cells so that they fold back on each other
palisades
antibiotics of the penecilian class act on ___, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse
peptidoglycan
bacterial cells are protected from rupturing in a hypotonic environment by the rigidy of ___
peptidoglycan in the cell wall
capsules protect bacteria from immune cells generally referred to as ___
phagocytes
the appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation is called ___
pilus
strepococci in the mouth can produce a surface slime that permits attachment to the teeth and results in the formation of ___
plaque
a __ is an extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes that are not essential for cell growth
plasmid
what term means that a cell can have many shapes
pleomorphic
achaea cell walls may be made of __ or __
polysaccharide or protein
archaea cell walls may be made of ___ or ___
polysaccharides or proteins
chains of ribosomes are termed ___
polysomes
___ are special channels located on the outer membrane of gram negative cells
porins
because endospores are resistant to ordinary methods of food preparation, food must be exposed to ___ to ensure sterility
pressurized steam
the two main functions of the glycocalyx are ___
protection, adherence
what are the functions of the glycocalyx
protection, adherence
a pilus is composed of __
protein
which group of bacteria grow at very low tempuratures
psychrophiles
what is found in ribosomes
rRNA, proteins
the thick cortex and protein coats in bacterial endospores confers ___ and ___ on them
radiation & chemical resistance,
the site of protein synthesis, known as the ___, is composed of rRNA and protein.
ribosome
a cellular arrangement in which cells form a cubical package of 8 or 16 cells is termed ___
sarcina
__ refers to a specific member of a species based on the hosts antibody response
serotype
bacteria function as organisms comprised of ___
single cells
two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are
slime layer and capsules
a "type" is a term given to a subgroup of bacterial organisms belonging to the same ___
species
process of endospore formation
sporulation
cocci that are in irregular clusters are referred to as ___
staphylococci
Cocci that associate in chains are referred to as
streptococci
which structural differences are found in gram positive cells but not gram negative
teichoic acid, single lipid based membrane
the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are ___
cell wall/membrane
During _____, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals
chemotaxis
what three structures are in all bacterial cells
chromosomes, ribosomes, cell membrane
the bacterial ribosome is a __ S ribosome
70
what are some things that bacteria and archaea are different from eukaryotes
cell wall composition, presence of organelles
the ___ stain technique would be used to discover mycobacterium tuberculosis in a sputum sample
acid fast
plasmids typically care __ and __ genes
antibiotic resistant, nonessential
medosicutes
archaea
appendages that propel bacterial cells through aqueous environments include ___ and ___
axial filaments, flagella
peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall in ___
bacteria
the bacterial chromosome is compacted to fit into the cell by coming around ___
basic protein molecules
the bacterial chromosome is compacted to fit into the cell my coiling around ___
basic protein molecules
the __ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity to the organism
capsule
true or false: bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants that vegetative cells
true
what is the difference in a true nucleus and a nucleoid
true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane, nucleoid is not
the two cell types found in organisms such as bacillus, clostridium, and sporosarcina are called
vegetative cells, endospores
the gram stain differentiates bacteria based upon structural differences of the bacterial cell ___
wall
endospores break dormancy in the presence of a germination agent and ___
water