Micro CH 3 self study

the functions of the cell wall include ___

-maintaining the shape of the bacterium -preventing destruction with changes in osmotic pressure

what is the primary function of the cell membrane

a barrier between the internal contents and and external contents of the cell

what are some functions of fimbriae found covering bacterial cells

colonization of epithelial cells, formation of biofilms

the transfer of genetic material through pili is termed ___

conjugation

the intracellular gelatinous solution is referred to as ___

cytoplasm

nanotubes/wire are long extensions of the ___ that bacteria use as channels to transfer nutrients or electrons

cytoplasmic membrane

the prefix ___ means in "pairs"

diplo

The lipid portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is also known as _____

endotoxin

Archaea are more closely related to _____ than _____.

eukaryotes, bacteria

Archaea are often found in _________ environments.

extreme

the cellular structure in which bacteria produce branches off a basic rod structure is called a __

filament

small, bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface of certain species of bacteria

fimbriae

which appendage provides the ability to attach to surfaces and other cells

fimbriae

an extra-cellular coating that provides protection for the cell.

glycocalyx

the __ is a polysaccharide protective coating outside of the bacterial cell wall that is either called an s layer or capsule depending on its structure.

glycocalyx

the colonization of non living materials like catheters, intrauterine devices, and metal pace makers are the result of which bacterial structure?

glycocalyx

the two structures that are possessed by the major, but not all, bacteria are ___

glycocalyx, cell wall

list the layers of the cell envelope form outside to inside

glycocalyx, outer membrane, cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane

gracillicutes

gram negative

firmicutes

gram positive

what determines the arrangement of bacterial cells

how the cells remain attached after division, the pattern of cell division

______ are able to flourish at high temperatures such as those found in thermal heat vents and volcanic waters

hyperthermophiles

Tenericutes

lacking a cell wall

which two macromolecules are major components of the cell membrane

lipids, proteins

the outer membrane of gram negative cell wall contains

lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins

the outer membrane of a gram negative cell contains ___

lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins

cell breaking or rupturing is known as __

lysis

an enzyme found in tears and saliva termed ___ acts to hydrolyze the glycan chains in peptide glycan

lysozyme

all bacteria posses a cell __ but not all bacteria possess a cell ___

membrane, wall

the ___ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterold

mycoplasma

the ___ bacteria naturally have no cell wall, but have a cytoplasmic membrane that is stabilized by sterols

mycoplasmas

only gram __ bacteria possess and outer membrane

negative

Gram-______ cell walls are thinner than Gram-______ cell walls, providing them with relatively greater flexibility and sensitivity to lysis.

negative, positive

nanotubes/nanowires are long extensions of the cytoplasmic membrane that bacteria use as channels to transfer ___

nutrients/electrons

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _____ membrane.

outer membrane

cells oriented in a __ arrangement result from having a hinge region between cells so that they fold back on each other

palisades

antibiotics of the penecilian class act on ___, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse

peptidoglycan

bacterial cells are protected from rupturing in a hypotonic environment by the rigidy of ___

peptidoglycan in the cell wall

capsules protect bacteria from immune cells generally referred to as ___

phagocytes

the appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation is called ___

pilus

strepococci in the mouth can produce a surface slime that permits attachment to the teeth and results in the formation of ___

plaque

a __ is an extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes that are not essential for cell growth

plasmid

what term means that a cell can have many shapes

pleomorphic

achaea cell walls may be made of __ or __

polysaccharide or protein

archaea cell walls may be made of ___ or ___

polysaccharides or proteins

chains of ribosomes are termed ___

polysomes

___ are special channels located on the outer membrane of gram negative cells

porins

because endospores are resistant to ordinary methods of food preparation, food must be exposed to ___ to ensure sterility

pressurized steam

the two main functions of the glycocalyx are ___

protection, adherence

what are the functions of the glycocalyx

protection, adherence

a pilus is composed of __

protein

which group of bacteria grow at very low tempuratures

psychrophiles

what is found in ribosomes

rRNA, proteins

the thick cortex and protein coats in bacterial endospores confers ___ and ___ on them

radiation & chemical resistance,

the site of protein synthesis, known as the ___, is composed of rRNA and protein.

ribosome

a cellular arrangement in which cells form a cubical package of 8 or 16 cells is termed ___

sarcina

__ refers to a specific member of a species based on the hosts antibody response

serotype

bacteria function as organisms comprised of ___

single cells

two types of glycocalyx in bacteria are

slime layer and capsules

a "type" is a term given to a subgroup of bacterial organisms belonging to the same ___

species

process of endospore formation

sporulation

cocci that are in irregular clusters are referred to as ___

staphylococci

Cocci that associate in chains are referred to as

streptococci

which structural differences are found in gram positive cells but not gram negative

teichoic acid, single lipid based membrane

the two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are ___

cell wall/membrane

During _____, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals

chemotaxis

what three structures are in all bacterial cells

chromosomes, ribosomes, cell membrane

the bacterial ribosome is a __ S ribosome

70

what are some things that bacteria and archaea are different from eukaryotes

cell wall composition, presence of organelles

the ___ stain technique would be used to discover mycobacterium tuberculosis in a sputum sample

acid fast

plasmids typically care __ and __ genes

antibiotic resistant, nonessential

medosicutes

archaea

appendages that propel bacterial cells through aqueous environments include ___ and ___

axial filaments, flagella

peptidoglycan is a component of the cell wall in ___

bacteria

the bacterial chromosome is compacted to fit into the cell by coming around ___

basic protein molecules

the bacterial chromosome is compacted to fit into the cell my coiling around ___

basic protein molecules

the __ is the name given to a structure external to and bound tightly to the cell wall that is made of polysaccharides and proteins and contributes to the pathogenicity to the organism

capsule

true or false: bacterial endospores are more resistant to disinfectants that vegetative cells

true

what is the difference in a true nucleus and a nucleoid

true nucleus is surrounded by a membrane, nucleoid is not

the two cell types found in organisms such as bacillus, clostridium, and sporosarcina are called

vegetative cells, endospores

the gram stain differentiates bacteria based upon structural differences of the bacterial cell ___

wall

endospores break dormancy in the presence of a germination agent and ___

water