Micro -ch8

True or false: Vertical gene transfer is the transfer of genes from one organism to another in a population, while horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes from parent cell to progeny.

false

Transduction exists in two kinds. What are they?

generalized and specialized

Which of the following terms describes the sequence of nucleotides (genetic makeup) of an organism or a cell?

genotype

if DNA acquired through horizontal gene transfer is not a replicon, then a process called ____________recombination must occur for that DNA to be passed on to daughter cells.

homologous

During horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, the transferred donor DNA may be integrated into the recipient's genome via a process called ______.

homologous recombination

Genetic change in bacteria occurs through which two mechanisms?

horizontal gene transfer mutation

The return of a gene from a mutated state to its original, non-mutated state is called a ______.

reversion

________________is the change of a mutated genetic sequence back to its original, non-mutated form.

reversion

The process of bacterial transformation__________ involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells.

transformation

Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells?

transformation

Which of the following are replicons?

chromosome and plasmid

Cells that have the ability to take up DNA from the environment are called ______ cells.

competent

When two bacterial strains that are His-/Trp- (require his and trp for growth) and Leu-/Thr- (require leu and thr for growth) are mixed together and plated on minimal media, any colonies that form are likely due to one strain acquiring genes from another strain. This is called __________gene transfer.

horizontal

microorganisms commonly acquire genes from other cells through

horizontal gene transfer(HGT)

The structure connecting these two cells is called an F plasmid_____________, and is formed during the mechanism of DNA transfer called_________

pilus, conjugation

In prokaryotes, genes can be transferred from a donor to a recipient via three different mechanisms:__________,___________ and ___________

bacterial transformaton, transduction and conjugation

_______ is the transfer of bacterial DNA from a donor to recipient via a bacteriophage.

Transduction

Two methods used to identify mutants in a culture are ______ and ______ selection.

direct and indirect

Spontaneous mutations are important because ______.

they allow populations of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment

Consider a population of bacteria susceptible to an antimicrobial. If a bacterium acquires a spontaneous mutation that gives resistance to the antimicrobial, this bacterium will ______ if the population is exposed to the antimicrobial.

grow without competition

Which of the following are the three main methods of gene transfer in bacteria?

transduction transformation conjugation

When horizontal gene transfer occurs between a donor and recipient cells, the resulting cells are called

recombinants

The _________________is the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell or an organism.

genotype or genome

In _________gene transfer, DNA moves from one organism to another, while in __________gene transfer, DNA is passed from a parent cell to its progeny.

horizontal,vertical

A(n) ______________is a virus that infects bacteria, and some can transfer bacterial genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell.

phages

The__________ is the observed characteristics of an organism.

phenotype

When describing conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria, a donor cell with an F ______ is considered F+, while that without this structure are termed F-.

plasmid

Mutations that arise naturally during cellular metabolism, and not as a result of exposure to mutation-causing agents, are called ___________mutations.

spontaneous

True or false: The native or wild type strain describes the typical phenotype of strains isolated from nature.

true The native or wild type strain describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA.

There are two types of transduction:_____________ , Correct Unavailable, which transfers any genes of the donor cell, and _____________ , which transfers only a few specific

generalized, specialized

Which term refers to an organism that has a mutation?

mutant

Which of the following describes an organism's observable characteristics?

phenotype

are mutations that have no noticeable effect on the cell or organism and can be spontaneous or induced.

synonymous mutations

A bacterial cell described as ____________can take up DNA from the surrounding environment.

competent

In bacteria,________refers to DNA transfer requiring cell to cell contact.

conjugation

A plasmid that can directs its own transfer from donor to recipient cells is called a(n)____________plasmid

conjugative plasmids

Conjugation in bacteria requires ______.

contact between donor and recipient cell

is a chemical or physical agent that leads to a mutant strain.

mutagen

An organism that has a mutation is called a

mutant

A(n) is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is passed on to daughter cells.

mutation

A replicon is a DNA molecule that contains a(n)__________of __________

origin of replication

A bacterial virus is known as a(n) _______.

phage

Neither strain A (His-/Trp-) nor strain B (Leu-/Thr-) can grow on minimal media on their own because they cannot synthesize the indicated amino acids. If the strains are mixed and then plated onto minimal media, any colonies that form ______.

should be a result of horizontal gene transfer

Random genetic changes that result from normal cellular processes are ______.

spontaneous mutation

Which of the following are characteristics of recombinants?

-The have properties of both donor and recipient cells. -They result from horizontal gene transfer.

Mutant cells in bacterial cultures can be isolated by__________ selection and ___________selection methods.

direct and indirect

The mechanism by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is called

transduction

If a scientist is working with bacteria that have the typical phenotype of those isolated from nature, the bacteria are considered to be ______ type.

wild

The native__________ or strain describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA.

wild type

carries the natural genotype prior to mutation

wild type