Micro -ch8
True or false: Vertical gene transfer is the transfer of genes from one organism to another in a population, while horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of genes from parent cell to progeny.
false
Transduction exists in two kinds. What are they?
generalized and specialized
Which of the following terms describes the sequence of nucleotides (genetic makeup) of an organism or a cell?
genotype
if DNA acquired through horizontal gene transfer is not a replicon, then a process called ____________recombination must occur for that DNA to be passed on to daughter cells.
homologous
During horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, the transferred donor DNA may be integrated into the recipient's genome via a process called ______.
homologous recombination
Genetic change in bacteria occurs through which two mechanisms?
horizontal gene transfer mutation
The return of a gene from a mutated state to its original, non-mutated state is called a ______.
reversion
________________is the change of a mutated genetic sequence back to its original, non-mutated form.
reversion
The process of bacterial transformation__________ involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells.
transformation
Which mechanism of gene transfer involves the uptake of "naked" DNA by competent bacterial recipient cells?
transformation
Which of the following are replicons?
chromosome and plasmid
Cells that have the ability to take up DNA from the environment are called ______ cells.
competent
When two bacterial strains that are His-/Trp- (require his and trp for growth) and Leu-/Thr- (require leu and thr for growth) are mixed together and plated on minimal media, any colonies that form are likely due to one strain acquiring genes from another strain. This is called __________gene transfer.
horizontal
microorganisms commonly acquire genes from other cells through
horizontal gene transfer(HGT)
The structure connecting these two cells is called an F plasmid_____________, and is formed during the mechanism of DNA transfer called_________
pilus, conjugation
In prokaryotes, genes can be transferred from a donor to a recipient via three different mechanisms:__________,___________ and ___________
bacterial transformaton, transduction and conjugation
_______ is the transfer of bacterial DNA from a donor to recipient via a bacteriophage.
Transduction
Two methods used to identify mutants in a culture are ______ and ______ selection.
direct and indirect
Spontaneous mutations are important because ______.
they allow populations of bacteria to adapt to a changing environment
Consider a population of bacteria susceptible to an antimicrobial. If a bacterium acquires a spontaneous mutation that gives resistance to the antimicrobial, this bacterium will ______ if the population is exposed to the antimicrobial.
grow without competition
Which of the following are the three main methods of gene transfer in bacteria?
transduction transformation conjugation
When horizontal gene transfer occurs between a donor and recipient cells, the resulting cells are called
recombinants
The _________________is the nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell or an organism.
genotype or genome
In _________gene transfer, DNA moves from one organism to another, while in __________gene transfer, DNA is passed from a parent cell to its progeny.
horizontal,vertical
A(n) ______________is a virus that infects bacteria, and some can transfer bacterial genes from a donor cell to a recipient cell.
phages
The__________ is the observed characteristics of an organism.
phenotype
When describing conjugation in Gram-negative bacteria, a donor cell with an F ______ is considered F+, while that without this structure are termed F-.
plasmid
Mutations that arise naturally during cellular metabolism, and not as a result of exposure to mutation-causing agents, are called ___________mutations.
spontaneous
True or false: The native or wild type strain describes the typical phenotype of strains isolated from nature.
true The native or wild type strain describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA.
There are two types of transduction:_____________ , Correct Unavailable, which transfers any genes of the donor cell, and _____________ , which transfers only a few specific
generalized, specialized
Which term refers to an organism that has a mutation?
mutant
Which of the following describes an organism's observable characteristics?
phenotype
are mutations that have no noticeable effect on the cell or organism and can be spontaneous or induced.
synonymous mutations
A bacterial cell described as ____________can take up DNA from the surrounding environment.
competent
In bacteria,________refers to DNA transfer requiring cell to cell contact.
conjugation
A plasmid that can directs its own transfer from donor to recipient cells is called a(n)____________plasmid
conjugative plasmids
Conjugation in bacteria requires ______.
contact between donor and recipient cell
is a chemical or physical agent that leads to a mutant strain.
mutagen
An organism that has a mutation is called a
mutant
A(n) is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that is passed on to daughter cells.
mutation
A replicon is a DNA molecule that contains a(n)__________of __________
origin of replication
A bacterial virus is known as a(n) _______.
phage
Neither strain A (His-/Trp-) nor strain B (Leu-/Thr-) can grow on minimal media on their own because they cannot synthesize the indicated amino acids. If the strains are mixed and then plated onto minimal media, any colonies that form ______.
should be a result of horizontal gene transfer
Random genetic changes that result from normal cellular processes are ______.
spontaneous mutation
Which of the following are characteristics of recombinants?
-The have properties of both donor and recipient cells. -They result from horizontal gene transfer.
Mutant cells in bacterial cultures can be isolated by__________ selection and ___________selection methods.
direct and indirect
The mechanism by which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage is called
transduction
If a scientist is working with bacteria that have the typical phenotype of those isolated from nature, the bacteria are considered to be ______ type.
wild
The native__________ or strain describes cells that carry non-mutated DNA.
wild type
carries the natural genotype prior to mutation
wild type
