Micro--Chapter 20 Study Questions

The use of different C region gene segments leads to different classes of antibodies

- antibody class switching

What is the number of antibody diversity?

10^6-10^9

involved with the cell mediated side of adaptive immunity

t cells

CD4+ T cells can be activated by binding soluble antigen.

False

What if innate immunity isn't enough to clear an infection?

adaptive immunity can assist

What is a common link between the two types of adaptive immunity?

cytokines

Immune mediated damage: Sometimes, immune responses can cause ____________ if they get too strongly stimulated.

damage

There are sets of gene segments that can be ____________ together to form different functional heavy and light chains. The different segments used creates some ____________, but the pairing of light and heavy chains creates even more.

recombined, immunoglobulins

secretion of large amounts of cytokine to enhance and direct actions of other immune cells

CD4

cytotoxic killing of infected cells by release of granzymes/perofrin near contacted target cell, initiating apoptosis (similar to NK cells)

CD8

In the endogenous pathway, presentation is restricted to ___________ T cells that can only bind to ___________.

CD8 cytotoxic, MHC class I molecules

initiated by binding of particles to cell surface receptor molecules

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Immune mediated damage: Cross reactivity can also be a problem. ____________ against bacterial structures bin to heart valve proteins, causing damage.

Cross reactivity

The adaptive immunity system has the ability to "________" previous exposures.

remember

Describe how an endogenous antigen is processed and displayed on an antigen presenting cell.

Endogenous antigens are those that originate on the inside of the cell, such as a virus infected cell. The antigens are processed in the cytoplasm by a structure called a proteasome. Small peptides (six to nine amino acids) are produced from proteasome degradation and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum. Inside the ER the peptides combine with MHC I molecules and are transported to the Golgi apparatus for transport to the cell membrane.

CD8+ T cells are activated through TCR-binding to a specific antigen presented by the MHC II molecules on the surface of a macrophage.

False

Lymph nodes are an example of primary lymphoid organs.

False

What is the bottom of IgG called?

Fc--fragment crystallizable

Humoral and cell mediated immune responses: response to extracellular pathogens

IL-10, IL-13, IL-4, IL-6-- proliferation of antigen activated B cells and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells and secretion of antibody repulse in secreted antibody binding to target antigen and (A) complement activation by classical pathway resulting in MAC formation and microbial lysis OR (B) opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of ingested pathogen

Humoral and cell mediated immune responses: response to intracellular pathogens

IL-2--proliferation of antigen activated CD8 t cells into Tc cells results in killing of infected target cells and release of any live intracellular pathogens TNF and IFN--increased phagocytosis and intracellular killings by macrophages and neutrophils results in killing of ingested pathogen

___________ recognize targets by their presentation of antigen epitope fragments on MHC class I molecules and killing is achieved by t cell release of ___________, inducing ___________ in target cells.

Killer cells, perforin/granzyme, apoptosis

B cells present ____ to CD4+ T cells.

MHC II:peptide

CD8 reacts with ___________

MHC class I

CD4 interacts with ___________

MHC class II

In the endocytic pathway, antigens are broken down and presented on ___________ molecules, which restricts presentation to Cd4 t cells that can bind to MHC class 2 structures.

MHC class II

___________ differentiate during initial adaptive immune response

Memory cells

How can you make a molecule more immunogenic (possible for vaccination purposes)?

Mixing with an adjuvant induces a stronger immune response

Adaptive immunity has a high degree of _________ for individual foreign molecules.

specificity

lymphocyte of the adaptive immunity system that matures in the thymus and expresses surface T-cell receptors

T cell

Most B cells need the help of ___________ to become fully activated and they can't get this help with out ___________.

T cell cytokines, presenting antigens

effector CD4+ T cell that secretes cytokines involved in directing immune responses

T helper cell (TH cell)

membrane-bound immune receptor molecule expressed by T cells that binds specific antigen associated with MHC molecules

T-cell receptor(TCR)

t cell activation requires the binding of _____ with a specific _______ presented on a major histocompatibility molecules (MCH) of APCs.

TCR, peptide

cell belonging to a subset of T helper cells that secretes cytokines, such as IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-beta, to produce cell-mediated immune response

TH1 cell

cell belonging to a subset of T helper cells that secretes cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13, to produce a humoral immune response

TH2 cell

________ possess the t cell receptors (TCRs)

t cells

Terminally differentiated means what ____________

that they cannot perform cell division

Describe how a CD8+ cell can recognize and kill a virus infected cell.

The first step is the activation of a naïve CD8+ cell through the specific binding of the TCR to the antigen displayed on MHC I of a dendritic cell or macrophage. In the presence of an interleukin-2 secreting TH cell, the effector CD8+ cell will undergo rapid division, producing additional effector cells and memory cells. When the TC effector cells contact virus-infected cells displaying bound antigen on the MHC I molecules, they will bind TCR to the antigen-MHC I complex by their TCR. This specific interaction will signal the TC to release toxic components that will cause the infected cell to enter apoptosis.

Describe the role of TH2 in antibody production.

The first steps in antibody production are the activation of naïve CD4+ and B cells. B cells become activated through the binding of soluble antigen via the BCR. The antigen is internalized and displayed on the MHC II molecule of the B cell. Naïve CD4+ cells are activated to become TH2 cells through the specific binding of the TCR to MHC II molecule on a dendritic cell. Cytokines released by activated B cells and mast cells will direct the activation and proliferation of CD4+ cells into TH2 cells and memory cells. When the activated TH2 cells bind by their TCR to antigen displayed on the MHC II of a B cell, they will release cytokines to stimulate the B cell to undergo rapid division for the production of memory B cells and plasma cells.

Antibodies produced by a single B cell are all identical to one another.

True

CD4+ T cells are activated through binding to specific antigen presented by the MHC II molecules on the surface of a dendritic cell.

True

Dendritic cells are able to activate both naïve CD4+ and naïve CD8+ T cells.

True

Every time an antigen is encountered the immune memory response increases.

True

Some B cells are able to be activated by certain antigens without the help of a T-helper cell.

True

TH1 cells play an important role in the cell-mediated immune response.

True

TH2 cells play an important role in the humoral immunity response.

True

The main effector function of activated CD4+ T cells is the secretion of cytokines.

True

The spleen is an example of a secondary lymphoid tissue.

True

Exposure to a new infectious agent produces _______.

a primary immune response

Mineral oil adjuvants cause ___________

a slower release of antigen

What is the function of interleukin-2? a) A growth factor for T-cells. b) An antigen presenting molecule on the surface of B cells. c) An activator of dendritic cells. d) A chemoattractant for PMNs. e. A trigger for degranulation of PMNs.

a) A growth factor for T-cells.

What are plasma cells? a) Antibody producing cells. b) The same as memory B cells. c) Any lymphocyte in the blood stream. d) The same as memory CD8+ T cells. e) T-helper cells.

a) Antibody producing cells.

Which of these could be accomplished with an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)? a) Detection of specific antibodies in serum. b) Separation of B cells from T cells. c) Identification of the classes of antibodies present in serum. d) Identification of antigens on various pathogens. e) Agglutination of red blood cells.

a) Detection of specific antibodies in serum.

Which of these is the antibody secreted in the largest amount by the body? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

a) IgA

Antigen-presenting cells infected by a virus can present processed viral antigen on their surface to T cells through these. a) MHC I molecules b) MHC II molecules c) interleukin 2 molecules d) tumor necrosis factor alpha e) interferon gamma

a) MHC I molecules

Endogenous antigens originate in pathogen infected cells. Which of these process and present pathogen associated antigens on the cell surface? a) MHC I molecules b) MHC II molecules c) T cell receptors d) interleukin-2 e) tumor necrosis factor alpha

a) MHC I molecules

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the primary immune response? a) The response only involves T cells. b) Only a few cells can initially recognize the specific antigen. c) The response is slow and may take several weeks to develop. d) Clonal expansion of B cells and T cells occur after antigen exposure. e) Memory cells produced during this response can last for years.

a) The response only involves T cells.

Which of these is true of B cell receptors (BCRs)? a) They are able to bind soluble antigen. b) They present processed antigen to T cells. c) They comprise the MHC complex of B cells. d) They are different from antibody produced by the B cell. e) They activate naïve T cells.

a) They are able to bind soluble antigen.

Every mature B cell is capable of producing antibodies with: a) a single unique specificity. b) at least a hundred specificities. c) at least a thousand specificities. d) at least one-hundred thousand specificities. e) at least a million specificities.

a) a single unique specificity.

Antibodies protect the host from infections by performing all of the following activities except one. Select the activity it does NOT perform. a) antigen degradation b) complement activation c) agglutination d) opsonization e) ADCC killing of infected cells by NK cells

a) antigen degradation

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) performs all the following activities except one. Which activity does it NOT perform? a) degranulation of basophils b) toxin neutralization c) opsonization d) complement activation e) crossing of the placenta

a) degranulation of basophils

B cells are critical for ___________ immunity and produce ___________.

adaptive, antibodies

Salts or oils commonly added to vaccines to enhance the immunogenicity of the vaccine antigens are called _________________.

adjuvants

secreted immunoglobulin produced by B cells, specifically plasma cells, of the adaptive immune system

antibody

any component that can be specifically bound by an immune receptor, namely a T-cell receptor or an immunoglobulin

antigen

immune receptors bind to the ______

antigen

cell capable of processing and presenting antigen in association with MHC molecules; includes dentritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

antigen presenting cell (APC)

The specific interaction between ____ and ____ is the cornerstone of adaptive immunity.

antigen, immune receptors

Terminally differentiated antibodies quickly undergo ____________ (in about 2 days), but the ____________ they secrete may last for weeks in the blood.

apoptosis, antibodies

T cells migrate in a still immature stage to the ______ to complete development.

thymus

Generative lymphoid organs:

thymus and bone marrow

membrane-bound immunoglobulin expressed on the surface of B cells that can bind antigen in a specific manner

b cell receptor (BCR)

_________ possess immunoglobulin molecules

b cells

Exogenous antigen can be taken up by antigen-presenting cells through phagocytosis, processed, and presented to T cells on their surface by these. a) MHC I molecules b) MHC II molecules c) interleukin 2 molecules d) tumor necrosis factor alpha e) interferon gamma

b) MHC II molecules

TH1 cells function in which of these processes? a) The humoral immune response. b) The cell-mediated immune response. c) The innate immune response. d) The production of antibody. e) The activation of complement by antigen-antibody complex.

b) The cell-mediated immune response.

The process of antigen cross presentation is especially important in: a) developing a strong antibody response. b) developing an appropriate response to viruses that do not infect APCs. c) developing an appropriate response to virus-infected APCs. d) processing of exogenous antigen. e) processing of endogenous antigen.

b) developing an appropriate response to viruses that do not infect APCs.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is able to bind __________ antigen(s). a) one b) two c) three d) four e) six

b) two

receptors are formed ________ exposure to a pathogen

before

b and t cells originate in the _________

bone marrow

T cells are produced in the ____ but mature in the _______

bone marrow, thymus

Dendritic cells are formed in the ___________ but take up residence in maturity in various ___________.

bone marrow, tissues

T independent activation of B cells usually requires which of the following? a) An internal protein antigen. b) Dendritic cell activation of the B cell. c) A highly repetitive antigen like some polysaccharides. d) Macrophage activation of the B cell. e) Toll-like receptor activation of the B cell.

c) A highly repetitive antigen like some polysaccharides.

Which of these best describes an antigen? a) A receptor on an immune cell. b) An immune receptor that binds to a ligand. c) Any component that can be specifically bound by an immune receptor. d) Any type of ligand. e) Any type of immunogen.

c) Any component that can be specifically bound by an immune receptor.

Which of these is NOT a function of dendritic cells? a) Activate naïve CD4+ T cells. b) Activate naïve CD8+ T cells. c) Function as a "professional" phagocyte. d) Activate effector CD4+ T cells e) Activate memory CD4+ T cells.

c) Function as a "professional" phagocyte.

Which antibody is involved in the initiation of anaphylactic or allergic reactions? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

c) IgE

What is the effector function of CD8+ cells? a) Stimulation of B-cells for antibody production. b) Antibody production. c) The cytotoxic killing of infected cells. d) Stimulation of macrophages. e) Stimulation of dendritic cells.

c) The cytotoxic killing of infected cells.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) in secretions has ______ antigen binding sites. a) two b) three c) four d) six e) eight

c) four

immune response dominated by TH1 cells, Tc cells, increased activation of macrophages, and inflammation in response to the presence of intracellular pathogens

cell mediated immune response

good against intracellular pathogens

cell mediated immunity

genetic process in activated B cells that results in production of one of the classes of IgA, IgG, or IgE immunogloblulin from the initial production of class IgM

class switching

cell division from a single activated T or B cell resulting in a population of cells with the same specificity for antigen

clonal expansion

___________ (cd4 or cd8) must also correctly interact with the MHC molecule. This helps to provide the correct activation signal to the correct type of T cell.

co receptors

effector form depends on ___________ in t cells

co receptors

___________ is required for proper activities of B cells and Tc cells, but antibodies from B cells wouldn't directly kill a virally infected cell and Tc cells wouldn't directly kill bacterial cells.

cytokine secretion by Th cells

Antibody responses usually require ____________ help from helper T cells. The B cell must first bind the foreign ____________ through the BCR, then ingest and process it. Presentation of the antigenic peptides to the TCR on the helper T cells solicits the ____________ help.

cytokine, antigen, cytokine

What are the two main functions of B cells? a) Activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and antibody production. b) Activation of effector CD8+ T cells and antibody production. c) Activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and effector CD8+ T cells. d) Activation of effector CD4+ T cell and antibody production. e) Activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and effector CD4+ T cells.

d) Activation of effector CD4+ T cell and antibody production.

When does antibody diversity occur in a B cell? a) After a mature B cell is exposed to an antigen. b) After stimulation by TH1 cell. c) After stimulation by TH2 cell. d) During B cell maturation. e) After a mature B cell processes an antigen.

d) During B cell maturation.

Which of these is the major antibody present in serum? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

d) IgG

Which of these is able to bind to T cell receptors on a specific T cell? a) Any epitope on an antigen. b) Any epitope. c) Any antigen. d) Only a single unique epitope on an antigen. e) Any ligand.

d) Only a single unique epitope on an antigen.

What is function of the FC region of the antibody molecule...? a) It binds the antigen. b) It binds complement. c) It binds specific receptors on phagocytes. d) Options b and c are correct. e) Options a, b, and c are all correct.

d) Options b and c are correct.

Macrophages perform all of the following functions EXCEPT: a) present antigen on MHC I type molecules. b) present antigen on MHC II type molecules. c) phagocytize bacteria. d) produce antibody. e) activate T cells.

d) produce antibody.

Different subsets of helper T cells help in different ways by releasing ____________.

different sets of cytokines

____________ bonds exist both within chains (intrachain) and between chains (interchain) of IgG antibody chains.

disulfide

Which of these can activate T cells during the adaptive immune response? a) Only B cells. b) B cells and macrophages. c) Macrophages and dendritic cells. d) B cells and dendritic cells. e) B cells or macrophages or dendritic cells.

e) B cells or macrophages or dendritic cells.

What is the first antibody made in the primary immune response? a) IgA b) IgD c) IgE d) IgG e) IgM

e) IgM

Which of these are B cell receptors (BCR) able to bind? (Choose the most complete answer.) a) Only proteins. b) Only polysaccharides. c) Only lipids. d) Only proteins and polysaccharides. e) Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids.

e) Proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids.

TH2 cells function by releasing cytokines that: a) cause proliferation of antigen activated CD8+ T cells. b) enhance phagocytosis by macrophages. c) enhance phagocytic killing by macrophages. d) enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils. e) cause proliferation of antigen activated B cells.

e) cause proliferation of antigen activated B cells.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) has ___________ antigen binding sites. a) two b)four c) six d) eight e) ten

e) ten

activation of CD8 cells produces ___________ and ___________.

effector (killer) and memory cells

Activated T cells expand and differentiate into _______ or ________

effector or memory cells

armed, fully differentiated immune cell that directly carries out immune functions; examples include Tc, TH, and plasma cells

effector t cell

Restricts presentation to CD4+ T cells that bind to MHC class II structures

endocytic pathway

What are the two pathways for antigen presentation?

endocytic pathway (exogenous antigens) and endogenous pathway (intracellular antigens)

extracellular antigens are taken in by ___________

endocytosis

peptide antigen that originates from the cytoplasm of a cell and is presented on MHC I molecules

endogenous antigen

the smallest part of an antigen that can be recognized; each antigen may have multiple of these that are each capable of stimulating a response

epitope

T cells are screened to avoid ___________

excessive self reactivity

peptide antigen that enters the endocytic pathway from outside the cell and is presented on MHC II molecules

exogenous antigen

How are adaptive immune responses initiated?

exogenous antigens and the endocytic pathway

Once presented to on MHC class 2 molecules, ___________ are activated: ___________ (large amounts of cytokines) and ___________ (for later responses)

helper T cells, effector cells, memory cells

Good against extracellular pathogens

humoral

adaptive immune response dominated by TH2 cells and characterized by production of large amounts of antibody in response to extracellular pathogens or toxins

humoral immune response

What are the two broad types of immunity responses?

humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

Immune mediated damage: Virus infections resulting in ____________ of large number of self cells. (hep B)

immune based destruction

secreted (antibody) or membrane-bound (BCR) glycoproteins that being antigen in a specific manner

immunoglobulin (Ig) molecule

Binding TLRs with and adjuvant can prime inflammatory effects that ___________.

increase immunity

The cytokine _________________ functions as a growth factor for T cells by promoting cell division.

interleukin-2

T-cell growth factor cytokine produced by activated CD4+ T cells that induces resting cells to enter into cell division

interleukin-2(IL-2)

Precipitation adjuvants make molecules ___________.

larger

Antigens are ____ that are bound to immune receptors.

ligand

signaling/ingesting a particle drives activation

toll like receptor

During development, gene rearrangements produce a very large number of _______ to increase the chances of a reaction against pathogens.

unique TCRs and BCRs

type of leukocyte possessing specific receptors for recognizing antigen or MHC I molecules presented on other cells; includes NK cells, B cells, and T cells

lymphocyte

Immune mediated damage: Examples of disease cause by overstimulated immune responses

- Meningitis: excessive pressure on nerves, paralysis and death - Gonorrhea: causes sterility -Supernatigens: Result in excessive levels of cytokines to be released from helper T cells which can lead to toxic shock and death

IgM is ____________ the first antibody in a primary response, but the complex ____________ can change the type to make the most ____________ response.

- always - class switching process - efficient

Protection by antibodies: 1. Blocks ____________ of pathogens/toxins on host cells 2. Fixes ____________ to bacterial structures, leading to lysis 3. ____________ (increases phagocytosis) 4. Agglutination (clumping of antigen, increasing phagocytosis 5. Activates eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells by providing an exposed Fc region for the cells to bind to 6. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) killing of infected cells by ____________ (NK) cells

- binding - complements - opsonization - natural killer

Benefits of activate dendritic cells are:

- dramatic increase in presentation capability - increased expression of molecules for interaction with T cells - Migration out of tissue to interact and activate naive t cells

IgG antibody has two ____________ and two ____________ which form a Y shaped structure. The two arms of the Y form the ____________(Fab) and the bottom of the Y forms the region that ____________ bind to (Fc or 'fragment crystallizable').

- heavy chains - light chains - antibody binding fragments - self cell complements

Memory responses are:

- long lived - produce faster and more vigorous response when the same antigen is encountered again -the speed of the 2-4 response can even prevent a repeat infection from occurring

Lymphocytes migrate through ____________ distributes around the body to be ready to respond to threats.

lymphoid tissues

Activation of T cells requires

-antigen presentation -cell signaling -production of stimulatory molecules2

Dendritic cells:

-efficient at antigen uptake -not efficient killers of microbes -named for many long cytoplasmic extensions that resemble nerve cell dendrites -must be activated for maximum effect

all antibodies from one plasma cell are ____________ and will bind only to a single ____________ on an antigen. However, since a single antigen may have many epitopes, so many different ____________ can be formed, each with a different specificity.

-identical -epitope -antibodies

___________ can also help determine the cause of cd4 cell differentiation into particular subsets

macrophages

B cell receptors may take up ____________ antigens. So long as an antigenic fragment can be bound an presented by ____________, it cal solicit T cell help and drive and antibody response. In this way, ____________ ____________ may also stimulate ____________ and ____________.

-nonprotein -MHC Class II molecule -carbohydrate and lipid antigens -humoral immunity -antibody production

____________ can secrete 2100+ antibodies per second. They are terminally differentiated and are produced from ____________ of activated naive or memory ____________.

-plasma cells -proliferation/differentiation -B cells

What happens when BCRs trap foreign antigen?

1. Antigen is ingested through endocytosis and broken into fragments. 2. Fragments are loaded into MHC II molecules. 3. Presentation to CD4+ T cells inducing them to secrete cytokines. 4. The cytokines from an effector helper cell help the B cell to differentiate into an antibody secreting plasma cell and/or a memory B cell.

How does antigen processing using the endocytic pathway work?

1. Antigen presentation and binding by CD4+ T cell occurs, 2. Activated CD4+ cell secrets interleukin-2 and expresses its receptor for auto stimulation 3. Clonal expansion and differentiation produces a population of memory and effector t cells.

cell surface protein that presents self peptides or foreign peptides to T cells of the immune system

major histocompatibility molecule (MHC)

Protection by antibodies by activating complement system:

1. antibody binds to the surface of microbe 2. complement C1 binds to antibody Fc portion, initiating the complement cascade 3. MAC forms resulting in membrane disruption

How antigen presenting cells and T cells help activate B cells.

1. antigen binding and endocytosis occurs. 2. protein is digested and the peptide fragment is loaded onto MHC II molecules. 3. antigen is presented to a Th cell. activation of both cells occurs. 4. clonal expansion and differentiation results in populations of memory B cells and plasma cells.

B cells and the production of antibodies--BCR takes up nonprotein antigens:

1. lipid and carbohydrate antigen binds to BCR. 2. receptor mediates endocytosis takes in antigen and surrounding proteins 3. endocytose material is digested in vesicle 4. processed peptide presentes on MHC class II molecules active Th2 cells 5. The bound th2 cells secrete cytokines that activate the B cell 6. B cell clonal expansion and differentiation produces plasma cells 7. secreted antibody bind to non protein antigen, such as a capsule polysaccharide

Protection of the antibody mechanisms:

1. prevention of binding to receptors 2. prevention of conformational changes 3. activation of complement pathway (MAC formation) 4. agglutination (clumping/clogging) of particles 5. Degranulation releases irritants, enzymes, and toxins

How does antigen processing using the endogenous pathway work?

1. proteins in the cytoplasm enter the proteasome and are degraded 2. the resulting peptides are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum 3. the peptides are loaded onto MHC class I molecules 4. The MHC I:peptide complexed are transported to the Golgi apparatus 5. Membrane fusion of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus places MHC I:peptide complex on the cell surface

recognition and killing of target cell by and effector cytotoxic cell

1. the Tc cell binds to the infected target cell causing degranulation. 2. The target cell undergoes apoptosis 3. the cell fragment and microbes will be degraded by phagocytes

Primary immune response can take up to __________ days to peak, producing ________ as a result and clearing the pathogen.

7-14, memory lymphocytes

subsequent exposure to a pathogen results in a __________ or secondary immune response that is faster and more potent than the primary.

memory

What are the characteristic of antigens presented by APCs?

molecules must be big enough to be taken up, processed, and presented by dendritic cells, stimulating adaptive immunity

CD8+ T cells are activated by specifically binding to an antigen displayed on the surface of an antigen presenting cell in the major histocompatibility (MHC) marker type _______.

one or I

Once mature, lymphocytes are expelled into the ________ as mature, naive lymphocytes.

peripheral blood stream

good t cells with anti foreign molecule TCRs are released into ________

peripheral blood stream

takes in large objects such as whole bacteria

phagocytosis

innate functions of this type of cell include: ___________ and ___________

phagocytosis and intracellular killing

"drinking" in small extracellular volumes containing macromolecules

pinocytosis

B-cell derived, terminally differentiated cell that secretes antibody

plasma cell

Professional APC functions of macrophages include ____.

presentation to memory CD4+/CD8+ T cell subset immune functions

response of the adaptive immune system that occurs with first exposure to an antigen, involving activation of naive T cells and B cells, in the absence of immunological memory

primary immune response

What cells can launch adaptive immune responses? ___________ produce MHC class II molecules required to stimulate CD4 T cells.

professional APCs

cytoplasmic complexes in eukaryal cells that degrade cellular proteins into peptides that can be presented on MHC I molecules

proteasome

In the intracellular antigen endogenous pathway, ___________ fragment intracellular antigens. Small peptide fragments are loaded into ___________.

proteasomes, MHC class I molecules

lymphocyte of the adaptive immune system expressing immunoglobulin B-cell receptors on their surface; give rise to antibody-secreting plasma cells

B cell

___________ trap foreign antigens.

B cell receptors (BCRs)

During the production of antibodies using B cells, the ____________ multiplies, differentiating into ____________ and ____________.

B cell, antibody secreting plasma cells, memory cells

What types of antigens can BCRs take up?

protein and nonprotein

How are antibodies produced?

B cells produce antibodies in response to protein antigens from foreign sources with the help of cytokines from helper T cells.