Micro class chapter 8

act as catalysts in virtually all metabolic pathways.

Enzymes

A chemical reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is referred to as a(n)- reaction

Exergonic

The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the— matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the—.

Mitochondria, cytoplasm

The Krebs cycle occurs in the___ of eukaryotic cells and the___ of bacteria.

Mitochondrion, cytoplasm

-CoA feeds directly into the Krebs cycle.

acetyl

In— respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor.

aerobic

-- is the cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers (e.g., amino acids are combined to make proteins).

anabolism

is the cellular process of taking monomers of compounds and producing polymers (e.g., amino acids are combined to make proteins).

anabolism

The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called

bioenergetics

Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways?

bioenergetics

Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical __________ and the transfer of __________ from one molecule to another.

bonds, electrons

The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions?

both anabolic and catabolic

Enzymes serve as catalysts for

both types of reactions

Enzymes are indispensable for life because they

can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold.

Which of the following is the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism?

catabolism

is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme.

chemiosmosis

All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable

energy

A(n)-is a biological catalyst

enzyme

Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate

enzyme

Composed principally of amino acids, ______ act as biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell.

enzymes

Chemical reactions that release energy as they proceed are called— reactions.

exergonic

Which best describes the function of enzymes?

facilitate metabolic pathways

The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called

fermentation

Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system?

fermentation

Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates?

glycolysis

is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid.

glycolysis

Which of the following are the three main catabolic pathways of aerobic respiration?

glycolysis, krebs cycle, electron transport chain

The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are ___, the ___ cycle, and the ____ chain

glycolysis, krebs, respiratory

The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways?

glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle, respiratory chain

One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to

have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is:

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvic acid

The net output of glycolysis is—ATP, —NADH, and— pyruvic acid molecules per glucose.

2atp, 2NADH,2 pyruvic acid

At best, cells can generate ____ ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration.

38

What is the maximum yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes?

38

During the Kreb's cycle—C02 —- FADH, — NADH, and — ATP are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis.

4,2,6,2

For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle produces:

4co2 6nadh 2 atp 2fadh2

Please select all of the structural components of ATP.

5-carbon ribose sugar chain of three phosphate groups adenine

How many steps compose the Krebs cycle?

8

Glycolysis consists of how many steps?

9

Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways?

Aerobic pathways use oxygen.

The specific process of- incorporates nutrients into larger, complex structures through biosynthesis.

Anabolism

Identify any of the following which serve as energy-poor products of aerobic respiration.

CO2 and water

refers to the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy.

Catabolism

Production of ATP occurs by the process of—, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes

Chemiosmosis

Production of ATP occurs by the process of—-, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes

Chemiosmosis

In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found

inner membrane of mitochondria

Compounds that are oxidized will

lose electrons

The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed

metabolism

Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require

one enzyme

Most enzymes are a functional type of-(a type of macromolecule).

protein

Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions.

redox

The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is

using or not using oxygen

Please order the following choices to reflect the sequence of electron carriers in the respiratory chain of most aerobic organisms.

1. NADH dehydrogenase 2. Flavin mononucleotide 3. Coenzyme Q 4. Cytochrome b 5. Cytochrome c1 and c 6. Cytochrome a and a3

(acronym) is the useful final product of aerobic respiration.

ATP

Which is an energy-rich product of aerobic respiration?

ATP

Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane by diffusing through a specific portion of the enzyme called

ATPsynthase

Which compound feeds directly into the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes?

Create reactions

is an important process that is involved in the recycling the nitrogen contained in organisms back into the biosphere.

Denitrification

A chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed is referred to as a(n)—reaction.

Endergonic

Chemical reactions that are driven forward with the addition of energy are called-reaction.

Endergonic

All cells need a constant input and expenditure of-in a usable form.

Energy

In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to— along with hydrogen which results in the formation of.

Oxygen, water

The electron transport chain is located in the — membrane of eukaryotic cells and the— membrane of bacteria.

Inner mitochondrial; plasma

The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to

O2

The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed.

Oxygen

Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed— reaction.

Redox

Oxidation reactions are coupled with-reactions.

Reduction

What is the ecological benefit of denitrification?

Replenishes nitrogen in the atmosphere

Which of the following are correct descriptions of biological oxidation-reduction reactions?

The compound that loses electrons is oxidized. The compound that gains electrons is reduced.

Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions.

Transferring electrons Making and breaking chemical bonds

True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected.

True