Micro Week 17
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
First cases of this disease were a cluster of patients in the Four Corners area of New Mexico in 1993
microbial antagonism
Normal biota performs the important role of _____ in the upper respiratory tract
rice
"_____-water stool" is a symptom of Vibrio cholerae
enterotoxin
(re: Shigella) Affects the entire GI tract, damages the mucosa and villi, and gives rise to bleeding and secretion of mucous
shiga toxin
(re: Shigella) Responsible for more serious damage to the intestine as well as systemic effects
nasal, salivary, MMR
*Mumps: signs and symptoms:* - _____ discharge, muscle pain, malaise - inflammation of the _____ glands producing gopher-like swelling of cheeks - prevented by the _____ vaccine
upper respiratory tract, 45, coughing
*Prevention and treatment of healthcare-associated pneumonia:* - Most causes are due to aspiration from the _____ - Elevation of patients' heads __ degrees helps reduce aspiration of secretions - Deep breathing and frequent _____
large intestine, endotoxin
*Shigella:* - invades the villus cells of the _____ - release of _____ causes fever
True
*T/F:* 1/3 of the world's population is infected with TB.
False
*T/F:* Gastritis and gastric ulcers result from stress and eating spicy food
True
*T/F:* Ground beef is more dangerous than steaks or other cuts of meat for the transmission of E. coli O157:H7.
True (ID50)
*T/F:* In order for disease to result, an individual has to ingest a high number of Salmonella
True
*T/F:* Organisms considered "normal biota" in the respiratory tract can cause serious disease
True
*T/F:* Sinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis can all be sequelae of the common cold
False
*T/F:* The vaccine against influenza provides lifelong protection
False
*T/F:* The vaccine against pertussis provides lifelong protection
True
*T/F:* There is an effective vaccine available for diphtheria
False
*T/F:* There is an effective vaccine available for the common cold
True
*T/F:* Yeasts such as Candida are considered part of the normal biota of mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract
True
*T/F:* the accessory organs are free of microorganisms
False
*T/F:* the lower respiratory tract is sterile
False
*T/F:* the oral cavity is free of microorganisms
enterotoxigenic, enteroinvasive, enteropathogenic, enteroaggregative
*Types of E. coli:* -_____ E. coli: traveler's diarrhea, watery diarrhea, low-grade fever, nausea, and vomiting. - _____ E. coli: bacillary dysentery, blood and mucus in the stool, more common in developing countries. - _____ E. coli: profuse, watery diarrhea, with fever and vomiting, produce effacement of gut surfaces. - _____ E. coli: causes diarrhea in young patients and AIDS patients.
H1N1
Aka "Swine flu" - not all patients had a fever, but many had gastrointestinal distress, or developed multiorgan system failure
diverse
A _____ gut microbiome is associated with health
Salmonella
A bacterium that occurs mainly in the intestine, especially a serotype causing food poisoning.
clostridium difficile
A gram-positive endospore-forming rod found as normal biota of the intestine
Giardia
A pathogenic flagellated protozoan. signs and symptoms are diarrhea of long duration and abdominal pain
lactoferrin
A protein found in secretory fluids and neutrophils that inhibits microbial growth via iron chelation.
hemolytic uremic syndrome
A severe hemolytic anemia that can cause kidney damage and failure; involved in shiga-toxin-producing E. coli
Hepatitis C virus
A silent epidemic: 4.1 million Americans infected
pneumonia, mortality
About 1% of hospitalized or institutionalized people develop _____. This has a 30-50% _____ rate
hantavirus
Agent previously only known to cause severe kidney damage and hemorrhagic fevers in other parts of the world
Diphtheria
An acute bacterial infection that was the significant cause of morbidity and mortality for hundreds of years
flu
Annual _____ seasons have the potential for turning deadly for many people very quickly
drift, shift
Antigenic _____ refers to minor changes in viral antigens and antigenic _____ is the result of gene swapping between different strains of the virus.
peptides, alveolar macrophages, IgA
Antimicrobial _____, _____ and _____ in the lungs are chemical defenses against invading pathogens
Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxin
Associated with custards, sauces, cream pastries, processed meats, chicken salad, or ham
antimicrobial
Bile is _____ due to its high salt content
whooping cough
Bordetella pertussis causes _____
effusion
Buildup of fluid in the eustachian tubes
Myobacterium Avium Complex (MAC)
Causes a disseminated TB infection in patients with AIDs
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Causes potentially serious cases of pharyngitis in adolescents and young adults
dental caries
Cavities in the teeth; the most common infectious disease of human beings
14
Chronic diarrhea is diarrhea lasting longer than __ days
ear
Chronic otitis media is an _____ infection
D
Schistosoma infect humans through life cycle __
vibrio cholerae
Comma-shaped rod with single polar flagellum; causative agent of cholera
Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis
Commonly referred to as "trench mouth" reflecting the poor dental health of soldiers in World War I
microbial antagonism
Competition between microbes
60-90
Dental caries are prevalant in __-__% of school-age children
tooth, bacteria
Dental caries results to the dissolution of the _____ surface due to the metabolic action of _____
loose stools
Diarrhea: defined as 3 or more _____ in a 24 hour period
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diptheria is caused by a non-endospore-forming, gram-positive bacteria called _____
pharynx, stomach, large intestine, anus
Eight main segments of the GI tract: mouth, _____, esophagus, _____, small intestine, _____, rectum, _____
helminthic
Eosinophilia is a hallmark of _____ infection
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Food poisoning: _____ and _____ accompanied by _____, often companions that shared a meal suffer the same fate
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Four accessory organs of the GI tract
A, B
Hepatitis __ is non enveloped and Hepatitis __ is enveloped
capsulatum, AIDs
Histoplasma _____ is aka Darling's disease or spelunker's disease, and its most serious forms occur in _____ patients
B
Hookworms infect humans through life cycle __
extrapulmonary
In _____ tuberculosis, the lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, and other organs can become involved.
dormant, 60
In secondary tuberculosis, bacteria remain _____ in the lungs for weeks, months, or years. If untreated, it has a __% mortality rate
gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums; spaces or pockets develop between the tooth and gingiva
pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx causing pain and swelling
periodontitis
Inflammation of tissues around a tooth
sinusitis
Inflammatory condition of any of the four pairs of sinuses in the skull
pneumonia
Inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli
10, macrophages
It only takes __ bacteria to establish tuberculosis. These bacteria grow inside alveolar _____.
new, old, hookworm
Necator americanus (endemic to the _____ world) and Ancylostoma duodenale (endemic to the _____ world) are two types of _____
protective
Normal gut biota has a _____ function
Neuraminidase
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. Breaks down protective mucus coating of the respiratory tract and keeps viruses from sticking together
hemagglutinin
One of the enzymes found on the surface of the Influenza virus. Has agglutinating action on RBC, binding to host cell receptors of respiratory mucosa.
dysentery, blood
One of the main symptoms of shigella is _____, which is diarrhea containing _____
chinese liver flukes
Opsithorcis sinensis and Clonorchis sinensis are both known as _____
healthcare
Patients requiring mechanical ventilation or who have tracheostomy tubes are more susceptible to _____-associated pneumonia.
Streptococcus pyogenes
Pharyngitis can be caused by the Gram-positive bacteria _____
premature
Respiratory syncytial virus is most serious in _____ babies
lysozyme, lactoferrin
Saliva contains _____ and _____, which are both antibacterial
gastritis
Sharp or burning pain emanating from the abdomen
Mantoux test
Shows evidence of delayed hypersensitivity after initial infection with TB
viruses, bacteria
Sinusitis is usually caused by _____ or _____, but sometimes fungi
Bacillus cereus exotoxin
Sporulating gram-positive bacterium that lives in the soil, the emetic form of which is frequently tied to fried rice that has been cooked and kept warm for long periods of time
pneumoniae
Streptococcus _____ accounts for 40% of community-acquired pneumonia casest
poverty
TB is an infection of _____, due to inadequate nutrition, poor access to medical care, etc.
C
Taenia infects humans through life cycle __
Entamoeba
Targets the cecum, appendix, colon, and rectum and causes amoebic dysentery
200
There are over _____ different kinds of viruses that cause the common cold
mucus
Transmission of TB occurs through fine droplets of respiratory _____ suspended in the air
A
Trichuris infect humans through life cycle __
mucociliary escalator, nasal hairs
Two anatomical methods for trapping bacteria in the respiratory tract are the _____ and _____
rifampin, isoniazid
Two drugs used to treat active tuberculosis
Ascaris lumbricoides
____ is giant intestinal roundworm that can be swept into the heart and arrive at capillaries in the lungs
IgA, IgG
_____ and _____ are protective antibodies found in the GI system
antihelminthics
_____ are drugs that either kill or expel infesting helminths
Gastric (peptic) ulcers, Helicobacter pylori
_____ are lesions on the stomach or uppermost portion of the small intestine, caused by the bacteria _____
respiratory syncytial virus
_____ infects the respiratory tract and produces giant multinucleated cells
Trichinosis
_____ is a disease transmitted by eating pork and sometimes other wildlife
Fasciola hepatica
_____ is a liver fluke common in sheep, cattle, goats, and other animals
tuberculosis, streptomycin
_____ is an ancient infectious disease. _____ has reduced rates significantly, but today it is a reemerging disease.
Enterobius vermicularis
_____ is pinworm, and is the most common worm disease of children in temperate zones
Diphyllobothrium latum
_____ is tapeworm, and can be transmitted in sushi and sashimi
Taenia solium
_____ is tapeworm, and is concentrated in areas where humans live in close proximity with pigs or eat undercooked pork
Campylobacter
_____ is the bacterial genus that is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States
Streptococcus pneumoniae
_____ is the bacterium responsible for 40% of all cases of community-acquired pneumonia.
Clostridium perfringens exotoxin
_____ is the causative agent of gas gangrene
Hepatitis, jaundice
_____ is the inflammatory disease of the liver that can cause _____
norovirus
_____ is the most common viral cause of food-borne disease in the United States
rotavirus
_____ is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality resulting from diarrhea
Trichuris trichuria
_____ is whipworm, and the highest incidence is in the tropics and subtropics that have poor sanitation
legionella
_____ pneumophila is an opportunistic disease affecting elderly people; rarely seen in healthy children and adults
upper respiratory tract
_____: contains mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx
lower respiratory tract
_____: contains trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
acute otitis media
_____: viral infections can cause inflammation and buildup of fluid in the eustachian tubes (middle ear)