Microbiology An Introduction Chapter 2

What type reaction is AB + CD --->AD + BC?

Exchange reaction

simple lipids

Fats or triglycerides Contain glycerol and fatty acids; formed by dehydration synthesis

Iron-symbol

Fe

Phospholipids

Function: main componant of membrane. Has a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. Similar to fats and oils

Sterols

Function: stabilizes plasma membranes we maike ito on our own. Most bacteria doesn't have sterols in the plasma membrane. A type of lipid based on cholesterol; The cholesterol is found in our plasma membrane to stabilize. includes testosterone and estrogen and vitamin D

characteristics of lipids

* primary components of cell membranes *consist of C,H, and O * are nonpolar and insoluble in water

characteristics of proteins

*essential in cell structure and function *enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions *transporter proteins move chemicals across membranes *flagella are made of protein *some bacterial toxins are proteins

ionic bond

- Cations and anions. -One atom loses an electron and the other gains an electron. Transfer of electrons b/c An attraction between two ions with opposite electrical charges. The electrical attraction of the opposite charges holds the ions together. Dissolve in water well like salt

tertiary structure

-Hydrogen bond alpha helix and pleated -This occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly forming sidulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bons between amino acids in the chain the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

contractile proteins in muscle

-Muscle cells -Actin & myosin=contractile proteins

quartenary structure

-contains clusters of more than 1 polypeptide chain all linked together into 1 giant molecule

carboxl group

-very important acid and functional group (-cooh) consists of both an oxygen atom and a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom.

If you increase hydrogen by 10x this decreases PH by

1

How many electrons are in each energy level of hydrogen?

1 in first level

Atomic number and weight of hydrogen

1, 1

Atomic number and weight of Sodium

11, 23

What do the top and bottom numbers represent in ₆¹²C?

12 is atomic weight and 6 is the atomic number

Atomic number and weight of magnesium

12,24

Phosphorus-atomic number and weight

15,31

Sulfur-atomic number and weight

16,32

Chlorine-atomic number and weight

17,35

number of shells that can be held in the outermost shells (4th, 5th, or 6th energy levels)

18

Potassium-atomic number and weight

19,39

number of electrons in the innermost shell/lowest energy level

2

How many electrons are in each energy level of carbon?

2 in first level, 4 in second level (6), 6 protons make it a carbon atom

How many electrons are in each energy level of nitrogen?

2 in first level, 5 in second level (7)

How many electrons are in each energy level of oxygen?

2 in first level, 6 in second level (8)

How many electrons are in each energy level of Iodine?

2 in first level, 8 in second and third levels, 18 in fourth level, 17 in fifth level(53)

How many electrons are in each energy level of Iodine?

2 in first level, 8 in second and third levels, 18 in fourth, fifth and sixth levels, and 2 in 7th level (74)

How many electrons are in each energy level of sodium?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 1 in third level

How many electrons are in each energy level of magnesium?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 2 in third level

How many electrons are in each energy level of phosphorus?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 5 in third level (15)

How many electrons are in each energy level of sulfur?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 6 in third level (16)

How many electrons are in each energy level of chlorine?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 7 in third level (17)

How many electrons are in each energy level of potassium?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 8 in third level, 1 in fourth level (19)

How many electrons are in each energy level of calcium?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 8 in third level, 2 in fourth level (20)

How many electrons are in each energy level of iron?

2 in first level, 8 in second level, 8 in third level, 8 in fourth level (26)

What are oligosaccharides?

2-20 monosaccharides

What are the monomers of proteins?

20 amino acids

Calcium-atomic number and weight

20,40

Iron-atomic number and weight

26,56

Lipids

3 types. Glycerol, fatty acids, fats and oils, phospholipids. a major group of organic compounds are nonpolar molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and have a much greater than 2:1 ratio between hydrogen and oxygen

The tertiary structure

3D shape of a protein. both the alpha helix and Beta pleated fold on each other. Forms Disulfide bridges , peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds. Disulfide bridges which are short covalent bonds and some ionic bonds. Most proteins are formed here

What is the molecular weight of CO₂?

44 grams (1C= 1x12=12, 2O=2x16=32, 12+32=44 grams)

Iodine-atomic number and weight

53,127

Atomic number and weight of carbon

6,12

Most organisms grow best with a pH in what range?

6.5-8.5

What is a neutral pH?

7

Atomic number and weight of nitrogen

7,14

Normal pH of blood

7.35-7.45 Outside this range - damages cells and tissues by: Breaking chemical bonds Changing shapes of proteins Altering cellular functions

number of electrons that can be held in the second or third electron shell/energy levels

8

Atomic number and weight of oxygen

8,16

The number of naturally occurring elements

92

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

chloride ion (Cl-)

A chlorine atom that carries a negative charge because it has gained one electron.

water

A compound is a molecule that contains two or more kinds of atoms Water: two atoms of hydrogen, one atom of oxygen H2O

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

Disaccharide

A double sugar, formed when two monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis. They are broken down by hydrolysis. eg Lactose, maltose, sucrose

unsaturated fats

A fat that is liquid at room temperature and found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds. It has double bonds and Trans isomer -carbon is missing 2 hydrogens so its is un saturated. The kink causes more distance so it is liquid or gas

unsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. Usually a liquid oil a room temperature from plant source like olive oil

What makes an atom stable?

A full outer layer of electrons

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances eg water

Gram stain

A method for the differential staining of bacteria that involves fixing the bacterial cells to a slide and staining with crystal violet and iodine, then washing with alcohol, and counterstaining with safranin. Results in gram-positive bacteria retaining the purple dye and gram-negative organisms having it decolorized so that the red counterstain shows up.

Denaturation

A process in which a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature.

sodium ion (Na+)

A sodium atom that carries a positive charge because it has lost one electron.

Compound

A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. ex Sodium Hydroxide =sodiumion + hydroxide ion (oH-) The OH picks up hydrogen and makes waster and decreases the hydrogen concentration

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution. like sodium Na+ and Cl- chlorine. They are hydrophillic and have ionic or polar covenant bonds

Macromolecules

A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules. Carbs, proteins, lipids

Which can provide more energy for a cell: ATP or ADP?

ATP

hydrolysis

Add water to break apart a large molecule. a decomposition reaction eg. to access glycogen storage must add water to break down eg. can break sucrose down by adding water then you have glucose and fructose

What bases are paired together in DNA double helix?

Adenine and Thymine are always paired Guanine and Cytosine are always paired

What functional group is COH?

Aldehyde

catabolism

All decomposition reactions in a living organism; the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones.

Saturate fatty acids

All simple bonds between carbon. All carbons are full of hydrogen. No double bonds. Solid at room temp, animal fat

Anabolism

All synthesis reactions in a living organism; the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones

What functional group is NH₂?

Amino

What type molecule contains and amino and carboxyl group?

Amino acid

amino group and carboxyl group

Amino acids have these TWO groups attached to a central carbon atom

Cystine

An amino acid that has sulfur

electron shell

An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.

Aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton. Polysacchride

What is matter?

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Gram-positive bacteria

Are bacteria that take up and retain the crystal violet and resist alcohol decolonization. eg Streptococcus and Staph

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Purines

Bases with a double-ring structure. Adenine and Guanine

Pyrimidines

Bases with a single-ring structure. thymine, cytosine and uracil

Atomic symbol for carbon

C

Carbon

C

What elements make up carbohydrates?

C,H, and O (CH₂O)ⁿ

What two functional groups are present in all amino acid?

COOH and NH2 (carboxyl and amino groups)

Calcium symbol

Ca

Carbo

Carbon

What are the 6 most common elements in living things?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur (CHNOPS)

Nucleus

Center of an atom

Chlorine-symbol

Cl- has 17 protons and 17 electrons. Its negative

counterstain - safranin

Color of Gram-Positive Cells: remain PURPLE Color of Gram- Negative Cells: change RED or Pink

What are the three atom bonds?

Covalent Strongest Ionic Hydrogen- weakest

What is the chemical formula for disaccharides?

C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁

What is the chemical formula for monosaccharides?

C₆H₁₂O₆

Difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded Thymine is a pyrimidine base in DNA, whereas it is replaced by Uracil in RNA There is one type of DNA but 3 types of RNA-messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA) DNA sugar is deoxyribose, RNA sugar is ribose

alcohol/acetone

Decolorizer, disolves the outer membrane the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells? -gram + remain purple and gram - becomes colorless

What type reaction is AB--->A + B?

Decomposition reaction

Gram-negative bacteria

E. Coli and Salmonella Bacteria that have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall covered by an outer plasma membrane. They stain very lightly (pink) in Gram stain.

secondary structure

Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet. Peptide and hydrogen bonds

methionine synthase

Enzyme that catalyzes methionine to homocysteine, B12 (cobalamin) B12 deficiencies affect one another. ie) pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia)

E. coli

Escherichia coli is gram negative and in the bowel

Streptococcus

Gram Positive Cocci arranged in chains

Salmonella

Gram negative a bacterium that occurs mainly in the intestine, especially a serotype causing food poisoning.

Atomic symbol for hydrogen

H

trans configuration

H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond

cis configuration

H atoms are on the same side of the double bond

Increasing _____ increases acidity.

H+

amino acid structure

Has a Peptide Bond. a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group only Cystine and Methionine has sulfur

structural formulas of simple lipids

Has two saturated fats and 1 unstaturated fat. Its a triglyceride. Has a Glycerol backbone as the base.

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen bonds form when a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an O or N atom is attracted to another N or O atom in another molecule. -Happens in polar molecules like water. Water sticks to themself very well. Anytime Hydrogen is with Nitrogen, Oxygen or Floride

Glycogen

Hydrolysis -adding water- is needed to break glucose apart to access the sugar. An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. Long chains of glucose. Can get it when blood sugar is low.

Alcohol functional group

Hydroxyl (OH)

Iodine symbol

I

Cholsterol

Important for cell membranes, precursor to make other steroids. Found in plasma membranes to stabalize it

what two functional groups are in all amino acids

In order for an amide linkage (-CONH-), you would require a carboxyl (-COOH) group to react with an amino group (-NHR). Hence, all amino acids have a carboxul and amino group in order for them to form long continuous chains of proteins.

Hydrogen

Is one proton and 1 electron

Potassium symbol

K

Monosaccharides are

Made with the same molecule- simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms the most common is glucose and deoxyribose

What functional group is CH₃?

Methyl

Atomic symbol for magnesium

Mg

Atomic symbol for nitrogen

N

Atomic symbol for sodium

Na

Atomic symbol for oxygen

O

Increasing _______increases alkalinity.

OH-

Carbohydrates

Organic compounds which includes starches and sugars. Funcion is for energy, structure eg. glucose, galactose, fructose=simple sugars

Phosphorus-symbol

P

Nucleosides consist of

Pentose Nitrogen-containing base

What functional group is PO₄?

Phosphate

Hydrogen bonding in water

Polarity invites extensive hydrogen bonding between water molecules

Chitin

Polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls.

Protons

Positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom

crystal violet stain

Primary stain, gets stuck in the cell wall (peptidoglycan

enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Amino group (-NH2)

Protiens a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms NH2

DNA vs RNA

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine like DNA, RNA is single-stranded rather than double-stranded like DNA, RNA is smaller than DNA, RNA anywhere but DNA in nucleus or protected area

Sulfur symbol

S

Saturated fats

Solid at room temperature. Animal fats. Glycerol with 2 saturated fatty acids.

Gram stain

Staining method 1 crystal violet dye stains peptidoglycan layer so + and negative r purple 2. Iodine to crosslink due both r purple 3. Alcohol dissolve membrane so only positive is purple bec lots of cross links and peptidoglycafan. 4 safranin positive purple and negative ref

List examples of polysaccharides.

Starch, glycogen, dextran, cellulose, chitin

covalent bond

Strongest chemical bond formed by two atoms sharing one or more pairs of electrons

Glycerol

Structure for plasma membranes. Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.

What functional group is SH?

Sulfhydryl

What type reaction is A + B---> AB?

Synthesis reaction

Water is a polar molecule because

The O and H ends of the molecule have different charge, allowing the O of one molecule to attract the H of a nearby molecule

A carbon skeleton

The chain of carbon atoms that forms the structural backbone of an organic molecule.

peptide bond

The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid OR bonds between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

quarternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. Hydrogen bond that can be broken by heat, ph extremes, to disrupt hydrogen and ionic bonds

valence shell

The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.

Cellulose cell wall

The rigid cell wall which surrounds plant cells.

Iodine (mordant)

The second step in the Gram stain is to apply ________ which is the ________. Cells remain purple

sodium chloride crystal

The sodium ion dissolves in water. Chloride ion dissolves in water

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

The substance formed when ATP is hydrolyzed and energy is released.

Phopholipids

They serve as a major structural component of most biological membranes. They form the lipid bilayer in cell membranes of organisms.

Why do atoms form bonds?

To become more stable by having a full outer most energy level of 8

What determines the atomic weight of an atom?

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Isomers

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula but different structures and properties

hydrolysis reaction

Water breaks apart a large molecule. A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water

hydrogen bond

Weakest bond between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to oxygen or nitrogen and another covalently bonded oxygen or nitrogen atom. a negative and positive side. like water With Hydrogen and others and usually happens in Polar molecule. Several hydrogen bonds together are strong.

triple covalent bond

a bond formed by sharing three pairs or 6 total electrons

single covalent bond

a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

double covalent bond

a bond in which two atoms share two pairs or a total of 4 electrons

dehydration synthesis (condensation)

a chemical reaction in which a molecule of water is released

decomposition reaction

a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken to produce smaller parts from a large molecule

reversible reaction

a chemical reaction in which the end product can revert to the original molecules

exchange reaction

a chemical reaction that has both synthesis and decomposition components

Staphylococcus

a genus of gram-positive bacteria in clusters that are potential pathogens, causing local lesions and serious opportunistic infections

Molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

What is ph?

a measure of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

How to compare the strength of pH is based on...

a power of 11-2 is 10 1-3 is 10x10 = 100 1 to 4 is 1000 1 to 5 10,000 ph 4 vs 8. 4 to 8 is 4 spaces so put 1 and 4 zeros and it is 10,000

synthesis reaction

a reaction in which two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new and larger molecules

amino acids

a simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl (—COOH) and an amino (—NH2) group. building blocks of proteins. 20 different amino acids

funtional group

a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compund that is capable of certain chemical reactions

Glycosidic bonds

a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

What does ATP consist of?

adenosine unit (adenine and ribose) three phosphate groups

Which functional group is -OH?

alcohol or hydroxyl

secondary protien structure

amino acid chain folds and coils in a helix or pleated sheet -glucose, fructose, galactose

conjugated proteins

amino acids combined with inorganic or other organic compounds

functional groups

an arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that molecule. Different atoms that bond to carbon. Group of accessory molucles that add on to carbon chain or ring. eg amino, phosphate

trans isomer

an isomer of an alkene in which similar groups in the double bond are on opposite sides

A polar molecule contains

an unequal distribution of charges. a region of positive charge and a region of negative charge

nucleoside

base + sugar (no phosphate)

glycosidic bond

bond formed by a dehydration reaction between two monosaccharides

group made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms with hydrogen/oxygen concentration of 2:1

carbohydrate

What are 3 organic compounds

carbohydrates, lipids (phospholipids, fat oil, sterols), proteins

Organic compounds contain

carbon and hydrogen atoms

CHON

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

What functional group is COOH?

carboxyl

What are the two functional groups in amino acids?

carboxyl and amino (COOH and NH₂)

ion

charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons

endergonic reaction

chemical reaction that absorbs more energy than it releases

exergonic reaction

chemical reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs

valence

combining capacity of an atom or molecule-the number of extra or missing electrons in its outermost electron shell

2 or more different atoms bonded together

compound (H₂O, CO₂, Ca⁺⁺Cl₂⁻, etc)

Acid

compound that forms increse of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution.PRoton donor eg HCL = Hydrogen H+ + CLorine ion Cl-

hydrate

compound that has water chemically attached to its ions and written into its chemical formula

Organic compounds are

compounds containing carbon CHON

H₂O, CO₂, and C₆H₁₂O₆ are examples of what type bond?

covalent bond

disulfide bridges

covalent bonds that may further reinforce the shape of a protein

How do monomers join?

dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction

Hans Christian Gram

developed first gram stain

Carbon bonds with

different types of atoms with different types hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen

What type bond is O₂ an example of?

double covalent bond because each oxygen atom shares 2 of it's valence electrons

Unsaturated fats

fats that have one or more double bonds

Polymers

formed by covalent bonding of many small molecules

What is the secondary structure of protein?

forms structural proteins - helix and pleated sheets, three polypeptide strands

Steroid group

four carbon rings with an OH group

characteristics of steroids

four interconnected carbon rings with an -OH group attached to one ring part of membranes

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

What are 3 examples of conjugated proteins?

glycoproteins, nucleoproteins, and lipoproteins

Disaccharide bond

glycosidic bond is a type of covanlent bond

pH range of bases

greater than 7

gram negative

have a cell wall that contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are often more toxic than gram-positive bacteria. -Pink

Gram positive cells

have multiple layers of peptidoglycan that help retain the crystal violet stain. -Purple

hydrogen bonds absorb

heat and is a temperature buffer like wet sand is cool but the dry sand is too hot

First shell

holds 2 electrons closest ring to the neucleus

What is -OH versus OH-

hydroxyl versus hydroxide

What do you have when there are more neutrons than protons in the nucleus?

isotope

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from tens or hundreds of monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis eg Glycogen

pH range of acids

less than 7

Water acts as a solvent

lots of compounds can be dissolved in it including sodium chloride because water is polar and nacl is polar so anythign that is polar can be dissolved in water.

transport proteins

membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane

complex lipids

membranes are made of phospholipids contain phosphorus, nitrogen, or sulfur in addition to the C,H,and O found in simple lipids

Buffers

mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range

polar molecule

molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end

2 of the same atoms bonded together

molecules (H₂, N₂, O₂, Cl₂, etc)

organic compounds

molecules that always contain carbon and hydrogen and typically are structurally complex, held together mostly or entirely by covalent bonds

inorganic compounds

molecules that do not contain carbon atoms and are usually structurally simple,(e.g. water, carbon dioxide, many salts, acids, and bases)

Three groups of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Anions

negatively charged ions

When an atom gains an electron it becomes

negatively charged or anion

What do nucleotides consist of?

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

saturated fats

no double bonds, solid at room temperature. Every carbon is saturated with a hydrogen. It easily passes through blood vessels and gathers in the blood vessels and causes atherosclerosis

Lipids are

non-polar molecules -have no polarity and are not dissolveable in water. -Insolvable in water because hydrophobic

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

nucleotides

proteins

organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur. Most diverse, it does everything. Are enzymes that speed up chemical reactions. Contractile protiens are muscle cells and cell membranes, recepterons, channels, pores and pumps

primary structure of protein

peptide bonds,

The -OH functional group causes alcohols to be

polar OH ethanol

Ionic bonds are designated by what?

positive and negative symbols such as Na⁺Cl⁻⁻

Cations

positively charged ions

When an atom loses an electron, it becomes

positively charged or cation

ph

potential hydrogen; scale to indicate degree of acidity or alkalinity

Protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

principal energy-carrying molecule of all cells

If an organism has sulfur then it is a

protein

Which 2 parts of an atom are equal in number?

protons and electrons

What type reaction is A + B <---->AB

reversible reaction

primary protein structure

sequence of a chain of amino acids

What is the primary structure of a protein?

sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Monosaccharides

simple sugars which contain 3-7 carbon atoms. eg Glucose, galactose, fructose

H₂ is an example of what type bond?

single covalent

Is human blood acidic or basic?

slightly basic

monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Atom

smallest unit of matter that enters into chemical reactions

Starch

storage form of glucose in plants

chemical element

substance composed of atoms that have the same atomic number and behave the same way chemically

Salt

substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

Neucleotide

subunit of DNA consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

What are the types of chemical reactions?

synthesis, decomposition, exchange

What are polysaccharides?

tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons in an atom

chemical bond

the attractive force that holds atoms or ions together

carbon skeleton

the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule

mole

the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams

The more hydrogen ions in a solution

the more acidic the solution

The more hydroxide ions in a solution

the more basic or alkaline the solution is

valence

the number of missing or extra electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the chemical properties of an element

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

the overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide chain, when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain. Starts to get 3 D shape. Some are fully functional now

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

chemical reaction

the process of making or breaking bonds between atoms

dissociation/ionization

the separation of a compound into positive and negative ions in solution

Deoxyribose sugar

the simple sugar in DNA that is covalently bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

What is chemistry?

the study of interactions between atoms and molecules

molecular weight

the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

molecular weight (MW)

the sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule

atomic weight/mass

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

N₂ is an example of what type bond?

triple covalent

Stereoisomers

two molecules consisting of the same atoms, arranged in the same manner but differing in their relative positions; mirror images; also called D-isomer and L-isomer

What is the quatenary structure of a protein?

two or more individual polypeptide chains that operate as a single functional unit

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

what is the most abundant substance in cells?

water

aqueous solution

water that contains dissolved substances

What makes an atom unstable?

when the outer (valence) shell contains a partial number of electrons

Properties of water

• inorganic • polar molecule • solvent * temperature buffer/absorbs heat