mus 306

What was the blues contribution to the birth of jazz?

creation of blue notes

Original Dixieland Jazz Band

First jazz recording was of a all-whiteband called "The Original Dixieland JazzBand" on February26,1917 (New York)The bandmembers were raised in New OrleansSongs were"Livery Stable Blues" and "Dixie Jazz Band One-Step"Sold more than a million copies at 75 cents each, "more than any single Caruso or John Phillip Sousa had ever sold"Gained international fame and numerous imitators This helped develop and influence future players from smaller cities where jazz was not prevalent i.e. BixThe original spelling was Jass, but was changed to keep kids from scratching the "J" off theirposters Nick LaRocca (1889-1961)was the leader (trumpet)Italian AmericanHis father kept smashing his horns because he did not want him to become a musician or "Bum" as he put it He had an ego like Jelly Roll LaRocca also said he was the inventor of jazz Gave no credit at all to African Americans After a stint in Chicago they went to New York and opened in the Paradise Ballroom, part of the new Reisenweber Restaurant complex on Columbus Circle (January 17, 1917)Their success in New York led the Victor Talking Machine Company to record them in early 1917 (first jazz recording)Columbia was the first to record the band, but didn't release the sides because they felt the music sounded like chaos, was unconventional and vulgar The record (with Victor) became a hit ("Livery Stable Blues")They toured Europe when the war was still on (early 1919)They played at the Savoy Restaurant (France?) the night the Versailles Treaty was signed (June 28, 1919)When they returned to the states (New York) in 1920 they founda lot of imitators that focused on clownish behavior (showbiz gimmicks)ODJB soon broke upNick LaRocca had a nervous breakdown (1925), left music, and returned to his construction business in New Orleans As articles on jazz began to surface giving credit to Oliver, Armstrong, Bechet, etc., "LaRocca would react violently, convinced conspirators were out to strip him of the credit for creating jazz"His mentor Papa Jack Laine, would also give no credit to blacks

Bessie Smith

historical importance : her vocal style influenced the birth of jazz recorded with great players of the day her life:

What are blue notes?

manipulation of pitch

Lous Armstrong and scat

"Doc" Cheatham is quoted about subbing for him at the Vendome. On a session in 1926 recording "Heebie Jeebies" he dropped the lyric sheet and wassaid to invent the art of "Scat Singing" . This could be a myth popularized by Armstrong himself, because no other musicians on the date remembered that happening The concept of scatting had taken place before by Don Redman with Henderson's band and Louis himself said they used to do it when he was a kid in the vocalquartet Heebie Jeebies was Armstrong's first hit selling over 40,000 copies within a few months

said by waller but was talking about tatum

"LaDIES AND GNTLEMAN I AM A PIANO PLAYER BUT GODS IS IN THE HOUSE"

Louis Armstrong *********

"Pops," "Dippermouth" and"Satchmo" were some of his nicknames Satchmo was the main one. His mouth was said to look likea satchel. From this came Satchmo. Born August 4th, 1901 in New OrleansHe always said it was July 4, 1900 He grew up very poor (like Benny, but unlike Duke) in an area called "the battlefield" Bunk Johnson and Sidney Bechet first noticed Louis singing with a quartet in black Storyville in 1912 (Louis was 11)He sang in the quartet on the streets to make money Sidney invited Louis over to dinner, gave him money to fix his shoes for the walk,but Louis never showed Zutty Singleton would tell stories of how he would see "little Louie"singing in the streetsPlayed a tin-horn to bring attention to his coal wagon deliveries (to the whores of Storyville). Three theories: 1) The people his mother worked for would have him sell some of their wares. 2) Another story was he found coal on the side of the railroad tracks and sold the coal to make money. 3) The latest (Burns) is he was selling the coal as part of his job for the Karnofsky family1907-1912worked for the Morris Karnofsky family before and after his school at the Fisk School for BoysThe Karnofsky family were Jewish and very kindto LouisHe always wore a star of David in remembrance of their kindness Got his first cornet from: 1) The Karnofsky family lent him the money to buy his first horn. 2) The Waifshome gave him his first horn 3) Papa Joe (Oliver) gave him his first horn New years eve 1912 he shot off a gun which landed him in the Colored Waifs home for boys (1913-1915). One of the best things that could have happened to him. Louis was 13 and got instruction on the cornet Louis could hear Keppard playing parties from his bedroom window at the Waif's home After Louis got out of the Waifs home, his first jobs were in black Storyville A honky-tonk owned by Henry Ponce and then at the Sicilian Henry Matranga's Very rough: guns, knives, razor blades, etc -Louis met Joe Oliver duringthis time (1916)Oliver helps Louis Taught him what he knew and treated him like a son" Oliver was working with Kid Ory at Pete Lala's and would check out Louis when he got off at midnight" Armstrong would soon sub for Joe in Kid Ory's band Oliver leaves for Chicago (1917 1918?)He makes sure Louis gets his job that he led with Kid Ory at Pete Lala's cabaret Armstrong became the premiere trumpet player in New Orleans once Joe "King" Oliver moved to Chicago in 1917 1918?

New Orleans' Party Atmosphere

"The reason the party atmosphere of New Orleans is soimportant to the beginning of jazz is that it generated so much work for musicians.There was so much demand for live music that there was a continuous need for fresh material. This caused musicians to stretch styles. Theyblended, salvaged, and continuously revised old assortments of approaches and material. This ultimately became jazz"

Billie Holiday

"Without Your Love" "Strange Fruit" "God Bless the Child" "Solitude" "Fine and Mellow" "He's Funny That Way" "These Foolish Things")Her autobiography, "Lady Sings the Blues" has been labeled self-serving and inaccurate Born in Baltimore and moved to New York in 1928 She was recruited for a brothel and was jailed for prostitution 1930-33 she began singing in Harlem clubs and John Hammond discovered her at Monette'sHammond arranged 3 recording sessionswith Benny Goodman and began booking her in New York clubsFrom 1935-42 she was recording regularly with a number of the best jazz musicians of the day and these recordings areclassics She joined Count Basie in 1937 and Artie Shaw in 1938, becoming one of the first black singers to be featured with a white band1939 she began singing at the interracial nightclub Café Society in Greenwich VillageShe introduced a song that dealt with the lynching of blacks called "Strange Fruit" at the Café Society in 1939By the end of the 40's she was a popular star, but she started doing hard drugs in the early 40'sShe was jailed on drug charges in 1947

Rent Parties

"were all night dances, held in crowded apartments, where the cost of admission helped holdoff the landlord."100 or more people would attend in a 7 room railroad flatTheLion and James P. would usually play to a drawDates back to early jazz and continues through the swing era

what makes jazz different from other music

1) ImprovisationDefinition: compose and perform at the sametime.Improvisation is an essential element of jazz.Began with ornaments and embellishmentsof the melody.Became a choice for players, not a necessityMelody was still important, but improvisation became as importantOriginally referred to as "messin' around," embellishing, or "jazzing up" mprovisation did exist in other music (blues singing,improvised ornaments in concert music), however, not to the elaborate use by jazz musicians 2)Rhythm (Syncopation, Swing feel)The swing associated with jazz is unique unto itselfAll jazz does not swing (ballads, bossa nova, straight 8th's, etc.)Defining swing:A relaxed subdivision of the beatProduced by rhythm (yet melodic lines can swing)Syncopation is present 3) Distinctive voices and repertoireTheplayers: their sound and styleBeganto develop its own repertoireEarly jazz composers began writing music specifically for this style 4) MelodyBlue notes (b3, b5, and b7), wereapart of otherstyles of music (blues especially), but, became synonymous with jazzInflections: bending, vibrato, ghost notes, fake tones, growls, emotion, etc. (main influence would be African vocal style) 5) SpontaneityMost of what is played is not written downA great deal of jazz is spontaneousJazz groups use arrangements,followform and harmony however, itis still mostly spontaneous

What is the most common form of the blues?

12 bar???

Blues

12-bar blues form blue notes = manipulation of pitch early blues lyric form AAB Early blues were sad and mournful blues is a personal statment against oppression and injustice

What's the back story on how JellyRoll Morton's version of Maple Leaf Rag came about?

1938 He wanted to proof to Alan Lomax how He Invented Jazz

Whatis the defining characteristic of boogie woogie?

8 to the bar

What was Black Swan?

A record companyowned and operatedsolely by Blacks

What is meant by "trumpet style"piano?

A style of playing in which the piano imitates the trumpet with the melodic lines.

What is the blues lyric form?

AAB

armstrong during depression

After the 20's, he became more of an entertainer and less of a jazz-innovator.1930's toured Europe (he was running from the mob and looking for work like many other musicians because of the depression), formed his own big bandand started making movies.When asked why he didn't move to Hollywood, he said "not once did awhite man invite me over to their house"1935

Joe King Oliver was a mentor to whom?

Armstrong

Who is considered the most influentialjazz musician of the 20s?

Armstrong

Cutting Contests (bucking contests)

Bands and individuals would try to outplay one anotherBands would go outin public to try and draw people to the dance they wereplaying. Otherbands would try to steal the audience for their dance and a bucking contest would ensue.Many cutting contestsbetween stride pianists would take place at rent parties

Define stride piano.

Bass Note Chords

Jelly Roll's most important contribution to early jazz was what?

Being the first to Arrange Write New Jazz

Who had the epithet "Empress of the Blues"?

Bessie Smith

Empty Bed Blues

Bessie Smith style blues

W.C. Handy

Best known as a composer of bluesMemphis Blues (1912) St. Louis Blues (1914)He was from Alabama,moved to Memphisand was college educatedKnown as the "father of the blues" His genre was the concert/marching band ...the recordings of his compositions arranged forhis orchestra soundedmore like John Philip Sousa than Bessie.He started a publishing company with Harry Pace called the Pace & Handy Music Company.OnceHarry left to form Black Swan (A record companyowned and operatedsolely by Blacks) the company was called Handy Brothers Music Company.He played many instruments but was best knownas a trumpet playerHe "helped make the blues into an industry, and whetted the public's appetite for jazz"He was schooled but learned what the public wanted by watching a 3-piecelocal band play primitive music"Handy proved that money could be made from writing and publishing blues tunes"

Bix Beiderbecke

Bix was influenced by records of the ODJB, Louis Armstrong (on the riverboat at first and then in Chicago), NORK, at theFriar's Inn, Joe Oliver, at the Lincoln GardensBeiderbecke was a child prodigy, picking out tunes on the pianowhen he was 3In 1910, the Davenport Daily Democrat (Chronicle) wrote, "Bix can play any selection he hears, on the piano,entirely by ear"While he studied piano, he taught himself the cornet from the recordings of Nick LaRocca (ODJB).In 1921 his parents sent him to Lake Forest Military Academy even though he wanted to be a jazz musicianThe problem was it was located closeto Chicago, which wasthe center of jazz at the timeHe was kicked out for sneaking out at night to go and hear NORK at the Friar's InnHe talked his father into letting him see if he could makea living as a musician922 he became a full-time musician but lost some early work because he couldn't readFirst,he got jobs working excursion boats and dance bands in Michigan and Wisconsin,then returned to Chicago and joined the Royal Harmonists ofIndiana for a job in Syracuse, New YorkThis is wherehe met Eddie Condon(banjo) whowas another disciple of Armstrong and Oliver'sJuly of 1923,he worked aboarda Lake Michigan excursion boat (after trying to go back to Davenport and work for his father) with Benny Goodman (14 years old) and spent hisnights at the Lincoln Gardens listening and sometimes sitting in with Armstrong and Oliver"He learned how to constructsolo's from listening to Armstrong" said a friend of Bix'sIn the fall of 1923,he wasin Ohio working with a septet that played Morton's WolverineBlues so often, someonesuggested they call themselves the Wolverines and the name stuckFirst recorded in 1924 with his Wolverine Orchestra (at the same place Oliver and Armstrong recorded: Gennett studioThe Wolverine's would be in attendance at the Friars Inn to hearNORKHoagyCarmichael led a dance band at Indiana State University andtold the Wolverines hecould get them work in and around the university1924 the Wolverines were inNew Yorkwith Duke (Hollywood Club) and Fletcher with Louis (RoselandBallroom) justdown thestreetThe Wolverines contract was not renewed,and Bix took ajob with the Detroit-based Jean Goldkette orchestra (a rival of Paul Whiteman)While on tour with Goldkette, Max Kaminsky (cornet) talks about meeting and hanging with Bix in Burns p.139-140Hesaid he was only interested in music and whiskey and had a silent, gentle, dreamy and preoccupied manner1926 he spent time with Frankie Trumbauer's Orchestra (co-led by Bix) in St. Louis.Already a chronic alcoholic,1927 would be Beiderbecke'sgreatestyear.Recorded "In a Mist" (one of his four Debussy-inspired originals).Recorded many classic sides with a small group headed by Trumbauer (including his greatest solos: "Singin' the Blues."1927 he became featured jazz soloist with the Paul Whiteman OrchestraHe actually enjoyed the prestige of being with one of the most popular bands of the decade even though themusic was a bit more commercial.He was productive throughout 1928 but by the following year his drinkingcaught up with him. He hada breakdown, made a comeback and then in September 1929 went back to Davenport to recover. Hemade a few bad records in 1930 before his death at age 28. The bad liquor ofthe Prohibition era did him in.

What were the 4 styles of music we discussed that help jazz evolve?

Blues ragtime gospel and band

Joe King oliver life

Born in or around New Orleans on May11,1885 Blinded in one eye as a child Played with a derby hat tilted to hide his bad eye Played in many of the marching bands in New Orleans The Olympia, The Onward Brass Band, The Original Superior, The Eagle Band He got his nick name from Kid Ory Playedin Kid Ory's band and Ory billed him as the"King"Oliver "snatched the crown from Buddy Bolden's heir, Freddie Keppard" by playing his horn outside of where Keppard was playing and drew people out on the streets to follow Oliver back towherehe was working. "He moved to New York and turned down the regular gig at the Cotton Club that went on to catapult Duke Ellington and later Cab Calloway to fame His playing began to deteriorate (embouchure problems) in the early 30's He was famous for his love ofsugar sandwiches, which lead to dental problems He outlived his fameLate in life, he earned his living as a janitor, roadside vendor etc.He tried to get enough money together to be with his sister in New York, but died before he could do so He died inApril1938 livingin near poverty in Savanna GeorgiaWant toknow more?King Oliver/Quintessence (Fremeaux & Associates) recordings from 1923-1928 (2CD set).

Early New Orleans Jazz musicians

Buddy Bolden Freddie Keppard

Who was the first known jazz musician,what instrument did he play and what becameof him?

Buddy Bolden played the Trumpet was one of the first, if not the first, who founded true jazz. He was a major influence on Oliver and Armstrong.

second style of jazz

Chicago Style Chicago style has more separation between soloists and ensemble passagesRather than improvise as an interplay and blend with the other musicians, the Chicago style evolved into a soloist improvising with just the rhythm section and solo sections alternating with ensemblesections Less collective improvisation (more individual soloing)More arranging practicesCloser to swing era than New Orleans styleThe feel becomes less of a 1-2-3-4 pulse and moves to more of a 2-4 pulseThe addition of the piano had a lot to do with this because of the Ragtime and Stride style (bass on 1 & 3 with the chords on 2& 4This remains the feel of jazz to this day, however, not all jazz swingsChicago used more popular songs and 32 bar forms AABA, ABACNew Orleans used more blues forms and ragtime structuresStopTime chorusesCreated by the rhythm sectionMost common formis 1stbeat of every other bar

Africn american jazz vs european effects on jazz

Combination of bothJazz was born by mostly African Americans with their traditions of blues, spirituals, rhythm, improvisations, work songs, etc.The bluestonality, phrasing, feel, sprit, groove, essence was African American.European music contributed the instrumentation, harmony, form and polyphonyMusic which lead to jazz:"Blend of the blues with church music and Ragtime with march music"

What instrument(s)didBixplayand who were his early influences?

Cornet, Piano Influences ODJB , Louis Armstrong , NORK , Joe Oliver

This recording on our listening test is considered a perfect example of the New Orleans style.

Dipper mouth blues

What was Bessie Smith's breakthrough recording in 1923?

Down Hearted Blues

Freddie Keppard

Early New Orleans cornetist1906-? He led his own band in New Orleans called the Olympia Orchestra. He and Sidney first noticed Louis on the street corners singing with the quartet In 1914 after New Orleans work became lean, he moved to LA with George Baquet and 5 other New Orleans musicians and got worktouring vaudeville theaters(1914-1918) as the Original Creole Orchestra Spent the 20's in Chicago **Was offered to record by Victor Talking Machine company in 1915 (New York) and would have been the first jazz musician to record, but it never happened because: He wouldn't do a free test recording to see if the recording device would record the band He said "nothing doing boys,we won'tput our stuff on records for everybody to steal"He wanted as much money as Enrico Caruso was getting and was turned downDidn't start recording until 1926 when his health started to fail

Jelly Roll Morton

Ferdinand Joseph Lamothe (he gave himself the name Jelly RollMorton)Began playing jobs in Storyville1912 he left New Orleans andtraveled much of the statesIncluding Alaska, as well as Mexico and Canada. He did many jobs to keepthe money coming like poolshark, gambler, night club and hotel operator, pimp1907-1917 (last 10 years of Joplin's life) he spent time studying composition with JoplinJoplin owed a boarding house (New York) and Jelly was said to live there in order to study with Joplin Louis Armstrong said "Joplin was the principle source of Morton's ideas"1923, after getting a telegram from the Melrose Publishing Company offering him $3,000 to the rights for his song "WolverineBlues" (that NORK and others had made popular) he went to Chicago Read Lester Melrose quote about when Jelly Roll came to Chicago (Burns p. 94 2ndparagraph) Highlight of his carrier and much of what made hima study of jazz history was his recordings made in Chicago in the 1920's with his band the Red-HotPeppers(1926) He was one of the first important jazz composersHe wrote alot of original compositions that became a major part of the jazz repertoryKing Porter Stomp, Black Bottom Stomp He was one ofthe first to write down his Jazz arrangements Fletcher and Duke were writing down music early in the 20's as well His arrangements combined structure with improvisation He wrote breaks, interludes,stoptime, out choruses into his arrangements Some say this set the stage for the big band I think Fletcher, Redman and Duke played more of a roll in thatPiano skillsConsidered one of the first jazz pianistsHe said,"No jazz piano player can ever really playjazz unless they try to get the imitation of a band"Left hand bass and harmony, right hand harmony and melody Bridged the gap between ragtime piano and jazz piano He's probably best known for combining ragtime piano style with a swing feel Listen to thedifference between Scott Joplin's version of "Maple Leaf Rag" and then Jelly Roll's versionFrom 1930 on his composition "King Porter Stomp," was his only source of notorietyThis song was written by Morton, Porter King (a friend) and they sent it to Joplin to finish The depression put an end to his recording career Was unable to adjust to the swing era and lost his popularity He died in Los Angeles County General Hospital on July 10, 1941 A recording was made by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congressin 1938 with Morton playing and talking aboutearly jazzThe music is available on a 4 CD seton Rounder Records and the transcription of his words are in a book called "MisterJelly Roll"

Bicks Historical importance:

First great white jazz soloist and bandleader.Was accepted by the African Americansas a solid jazz musician with an original voice.Armstrong said about Bix, "I'm telling you;those pretty notes went rightthrough me."His improvising styleDelicate, lyrical styleBix's only competitor amongcornetists in the 20's was Louis Armstrong and (due to theirdifferent soundsand styles) you could not comparethem. His Influence:The use of the middle range of the cornetNot as much squealing high notes.No mutes,vibrato, note bending or tone alterations of any kindHis dreamy, melodic compositions and his improvisational style influenced the "cool" players ofthe 50's.First "cool" player (with Tram).His style differs from Armstrong:His sound had a lighter tone, less brassy He never switched to trumpet, he stayed with the cornetHe did not have the range of ArmstrongHe was subtler, more sophisticated concept"Louis was a dramatist, Bix was a poet."He andArmstrong were good friends.Played great piano and composed in the French Impressionistic style ("In a Mist").His writing influenced Henderson, and otherbig band leaders.(Debussy/Ravel)Want to know more?Bix: Man & Legend is a detailed book about hislife and music.Bix Beiderbecke -1924-1930 (Best of Jazz) and Bix ... Singin' the Blues (Sony).Singin'the Blueswas picked by Bix. He remembered it from an ODJBrecordcalled "Margie."Tram and Bix were both with Jean Goldkette orchestra at the time. Eddie Lang was on guitarand also with both Jean Goldkette andPaul Whiteman.Reviewers dismissed it, however,it become a groundbreakingrecording.

]Name the year that jazz was first recorded, by who(m) and the song title?

First jazz recording was of a all-whiteband called "The Original Dixieland JazzBand" on February26,1917 (New York) Victor Talking Machine Company to record them in early 1917 (first jazz recording)Columbia was the first to record the band, but didn't release the sides because they felt the music sounded like chaos, was unconventional and vulgar

Boogie Woogie

First recording of boogie woogie was the 1927 recording of Honky Tonk Train Blues performed and composed by Meade Lux Lewis Most popular time was during the depression (late 20's early 30's) Earliest report of boogie woogie was in the early 1900'sHad a rebirth in1938. Meade Lewis was foundwashing cars whenone producer set off to reunite the best players during the revival Boogie Woogie origins: Mostly born in Texas Thepiano playing the role of three guitars, Bass and harmony (chords) in the lefthand, and melody in the right hand Other sources say the origins of boogie woogie come from ragtime Main characteristics: Ostinato bass A repeating bass line either rhythmically or melodically The subdivision of the quarter note pulse Eight beats to the bar(8 to the bar) Most always in blues formBasically,a piano style, however, bands can and have played in this style Boogie Woogie Pianists:Meade Lux Lewis.Pete JohnsonAlbert Ammons

Sidney Bechet life

Freddie Keppard played at the Bechet house for a party for his older brother and Keppard heard Sidney(9) playing along with the band in another room Member of the Eagle BandBy age 13 he was playing with top bands in New Orleans. In 1919 he traveled to Europe with Will Marion Cook's Southern Syncopated OrchestraHe was playinga 5-month job at the Royal Philharmonic Hall, Bechet was the only member of the band allowed to improvise One of the earliest published recognition of jazz was by Swiss conductor Ernest Ansermet who said when he heard Bechet: "he is the highway in which the whole world will move tomorrow"When the Southern Syncopated Orchestra broke (1921?) he stayed in London and played with the Jazz Kings This is when he picked up the soprano sax He loved the fact he could play it louder than the clarinet because he always hated having to play 2nd to the louder trumpet "He was arrested, accused of assaulting a London prostitute, spent two weeks in Brixton Prison, followed by deportation"On June 23, 1923 he recorded for the first time with Clarence Williams's Blue Five which was three months after Armstrong and Oliver made their firstrecordingPlayed with Ellington in 19241932-1934 he quit music and set up a tailor shop in Harlem He came back to music when Dixieland had a revival in the late 30's early 40's1949 went toEurope to stay. He found adulation, financial security, and social acceptance that no black musician could find in the states. His career lasted right up to hisdeath.His autobiography "Treat it Gentle" (Da Copo)Great source for New Orleans early years.An Introduction to Sidney Bechet/His Best Recordings 1923-1941(Best of Jazz)

Who was the first jazz musician offered to record and why did he refuse?

Freddie Keppard refused to record because he was afraid of his work being stolen. by Victor Talking Machine company in 1915 (New York) He wouldn't do a free test recording to see if the recording device would record the band He said "nothing doing boys,we won'tput our stuff on records for everybody to steal"He wanted as much money as Enrico Caruso was getting and was turned downDidn't start recording until 1926 when his health started to fail

Erroll Garner

Garner was a unique figure in jazz piano history. Had an unorthodox style. Does not fit neatly in swing or bop.Listen to "Fantasy on Frankie andJohnny."Composed "Misty."Influenced George Shearing and Ahmad Jamal. Style includes: Simple melodic style. Octave-voicedright handand a pounding approach (a la Hines) An unrelaxed eighth notefeel. His left hand played a chord on each beat as a rhythm guitarist might (a little behind the beat).Skillful use of dynamics.flowery (grace notes, tremolos).Voiced the melodieschordally.This led pianists to think more in terms of chordal playing.

Earl hines life

Had a long successful carrier. Took off in early jazz with Louis Armstrong's Hot Five First recorded in 1928 and his last recording was in 1978 Recorded with Armstrong (early jazz), Coleman Hawkins, (swing era),Elvin Jones (bebop through hardbop), etc., however, his style pretty much stayed in swing. He continued the Dixieland and swing format throughout the Fifties, but by the early Sixties, Hineswas pretty much out of the Jazz mainstream and forgotten. In 1964 staged a major comeback with another revival of Dixieland that lasted through the rest of his career.Want to know more?The World of Earl Hines by Stanley Dance, Da CapoPress, 1977

Who formed Black Swan?

Harry Pace

Fatts Waller life

He made his first record at age 18 for Okeh in 1922, "Birmingham Blues"/'Muscle ShoalsBlues," he backed various blues singers and worked as house pianist and organist at rent parties, movie theatres and clubs. He began to attract attention as a composer during the early and mid-1920s, that resulted in three Broadway shows: Keep Shufflin',Load of Coal, and Hot Chocolates. He signed an exclusive Victor contractin 1934, and began a long-running, prolific series of records withhis Rhythm, which won him greatfame and produced several hits, including "Your Feet's Too Big," "The Joint Is Jumpin'" and "I'm Gonna Sit Right Down and Write Myself aLetter."Made movies and was on the radio regularly dating back to 1923. Appeared on oneof the first television broadcasts Toured US and EuropeWell aware of the popularity of big bandsin the '30s, Waller tried to form his own, but they were short-lived. Alimony squabbles,over indulgence in food and drink and, frustration over not being taken more seriously as an artist, began to take its toll. Finally, after becoming ill during a gig at the Zanzibar Room in Hollywood in Dec. 1943, Waller boarded the Santa Fe Chief train toNew York. He never made it. He died of pneumonia aboard a train during a stop at Union Station in Kansas City. Waller didhave serious musical pretensions, he longed to follow in George Gershwin's footsteps and compose concert music, it was not in the cards due to the racial barriers of the first half of the 20th century. Want to know more?"Breakin' the Ice" on Bluebird records, atwo CD set of recordings from 1934-1935 by Waller andhis band Rhythm.Today, almost all of Fats Waller's studio recordings can be found on RCA's on-again-off-again series The Complete Fats Waller

earl hines and Armstrong

He met Earl Hines 1927?A piano player on his own levelHe met Hines while working with violinistCarroll Dickerson's group in ChicagoThis was his main sourceofincome. The Hot 5 recordings were attracting only a few members (maybe only blacks) of the general public (although Doc Cheatham said in an interview that you couldn't buy the records,they were selling so fast1929 back in New York, he played in the Broadway show "Hot Chocolates"His performance of "Ain't Misbehavin'" by Fats, gothim out of the pit and onto the stage because of a New York Times reviewerThe producers rewrote the play to add him to the showThis landed him a record deal where he would singand play which was his recipe for the rest of his careerThis is the beginning of his commercial success

Scott Joplin personal life

He was devoted to promoting a dignified black imageHe stressed educationHe attended Smith College of Music andthe George R. Smith College for Negro'sHis opera "Treemonisha" was about the conquering of superstition through educationIn 1974 aservice was held to place a head stone on his graveIt read: "Scott Joplin American Composer" In 1975, Joplin's Opera "Treemonisha" was preformed on BroadwayIt had only one performance while he was aliveJoplin accusedIrving Berlin of stealing the themeof Alexanders RagtimeBand from a section of Treemonisha. He had composed another opera prior to this called A Guest of Honor(about black leader Booker T.Washington's dinner at the White House with President Roosevelt), however, while on tour, someone stole the box-offices receiptsand Joplin, unable to pay the performers lodging was strippedof all his possessions, including the music, it was never recovered. 1976 he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his accumulative workRagtime musiciansScott Joplin(1868-1917): was themost famous composer of Ragtime works ("Maple Leaf Rag")Eubie Blake (1883-1983): kept ragtime aliveinto contemporary timesJelly Roll Morton and James P Johnson (1894-1955): were major links between ragtime and jazz through their compositions and performance

Earl Hines

Historical importance: Right hand was said to be horn-like or in trumpet-style.Listen to "Weather Bird" (sophisticated sound compared to earlier music).Transformed role of piano to more of a horn-like (many called it "trumpetstyle approach with regard to soloing (less flowery and more swinging). Double time passages (pre bebop)Influenced piano styles of 30's and 40's.Was a major link between early jazz and Swing.Art Tatum, Count Basie, Teddy Wilson, and Nat Cole. These musicians in turn influenced Bud Powell.

Buddy Bolden (1877-1931)

Historical importance: Through first person accounts, Buddy was cited as being one of the first jazz musicians. Buddy led what some experts say was the first true jazz band There are no recordings of Buddy 1905 was his peak One of the first, if not the first, to bring embellishments and syncopation to the dance hall and blend it with the blues (Burns p. 20) Was a major influence on Oliver and Armstrong Read Burns p. 21 to show how church music played a roll in thebirth of jazz HisLife: He had a short career (2-3years?)Only mention of him in print (March 2 1906) was when he attacked his mother with a water pitcher because he thought she was drugging him. He was declared legally insane at 29 years old (March 13 1907) and spent the last 24 years of his life in the State Insane Asylum at JacksonDrinking was said to be a possible source of his dementia

Fatts Waller

Historical importance:Composed shows and popular songs.He began to attractattention as a composer during the early andmid-1920s, forming analliance with lyricist Andy Razaf that resulted in three Broadway shows in the late '20s, Keep Shufflin', Load of Coal, and Hot Chocolates.Wrote: "Ain't Misbehavin'," "HoneysuckleRose,' "Squeeze Me," and "Jitterbug Waltz." Great pianist Worked with Bessie Smith and Fletcher Henderson. James P. Johnson was his mentor and teacher. He elaborated on the stride style.Best known as stride style, however, couldplay in all stylesListen to "I Ain't Got Nobody"Nottypical of what he did, however, it is one of his most creative.Waller also pioneered the use of the pipe organ and Hammond organ injazzComical entertainerUsed humor during his performances (musically, and vocally). Honoray mayor of Harlem

Frankie Traumbauer

Historical importance:His association with BixBoth considered the first "cool" playersClean light tone which was so different from the others (Hawkins, Bechet)Known for playing the C-melody saxMajorinfluence on Lester YoungIn a 1956 interview with Nat Hentoff Lester said "Tram was my idol. I learned all his solo's and copied his silky sound."Lester usedto carry a copy of Tram's solo on Singin' the Blues around in his sax caseHis Life:He left music for aeronauticsHe was a test pilot in WWIIHe did continue in music a bit but fell of the radar as bebop hit and dies in 1956

name at least two songs composed by Fats Waller?

Honeysuckle Rose , Jitterbug Waltz, Ain't Misbehavin

What was Fats Waller's epithet?

Honorary Mayor Of Harlem

The Instrumentation of Dixieland Jazz

Horns The instrumentation of early jazz had a lot of similarities to the parade and marching bandsTrumpets, trombones, clarinets, were around during bothNew Orleans and Chicago styleSaxophones became more popularas time went on and took over during the swing eraString Instruments Violins The violin used in New Orleans was gone due to the success of the ODJBTheir instrumentation had no violin, so many bands (Oliver, Kid Ory, fired their violin players to match that of the ODJB Banjo Banjo was often strummed on allfour beatsWas seenin both styles, however, less and less as time went on Guitar Was used more in Chicago Style, but in the same way as banjo Piano More in Chicago Style (New Orleans used parade band instrumentation)Piano played chords in unison with guitar and/or banjoSometimes embellishments were used"Comping" was sporadically heard during early jazz Bass Instruments Tuba, basssaxophoneTuba, bass sax, and string bassplayedon beats one and three(two-beat style) String bass More in the Chicago styleHard to record Percussion Instruments Drums were used in different combinations. Many early recordings weremade without string bass or drumsDrums were hard to hear because of poor recording equipmentDrum patterns stemmed from military and ragtime bands, notorchestralNo high-hat was used

Fats Waller composed the music for whatBroadwayshow?

Hot chocolate

What was the name of Jelly Roll's band?

Hot peppers

What was the controversy surrounding Bessie's death?

If she died because of nor being taken to the hospital cuz she could only go in a black ambulance when in reality she died from injury .

What is scat singing and who invented this art form?

Improvising sounds and notes with the voice. Louis Armstrong claims to have invented it.

Jelly Roll Morton life

In Burns book, pages 93 and 94 there is some good stuff on what he was likePage 136-138 has some stuff onwhat he was like, about how he hated Negroesand quotes fromhis wife and associatesNot well liked because of his ego:"Mortonhad a flair for rewriting his biography to match the dimensions of his ego"Morton said ina letter to Downbeat Magazine in 1938: "It is evidently known, beyond contradiction, that New Orleans is the cradleof jazz, and I myself happened to be the creator" The letter is signed, "Jelly Roll Morton, Originator of Jazz and Stomps, Victor Recording Artist, World's Greatest Hot Tune Writer"Even his biz card said he was "the inventor of jazz"He wrote a paean to himself

First black recording was by

Kid Ory in 1921

Whowas the first black on radio, on recordandwhat instrument did he play?

Kid Try playing the trombone

What was Paul Whiteman's epithet and he is famous for saying what?

King Of Jazz " I Want to make a Lady Out Of Jazz"

Tolerance

Latin-Catholic verses the Anglicized colonies (English-Protestant)1817 New Orleans City Council established official site for slave dances. Congo Squarewasthe site name.Congo Square dances were African rituals called"ringshout"These dances "offered a precious opportunity to recover at least a little of what was lost when they were taken from their homes"Much of the rhythm in jazz could have been passedon from thesedances

What famous jazz musician did Bessie Smith record with in 1924 on her recording of St. Louis Blues?

Luis armstrong

Name the composer, the performer and the song.

Mead lux lewis hunky tonk train blues

Early jazz recordings

Most historic early jazz recordingstook place in Chicago in the 1920'sMany musicians left New Orleans before they started recording jazzOnly those that departed made names for themselves (Bechet, Morton, Oliver, Armstrong, Noone, Dodds, etc.)Many early jazz musicians did not want to record in fear of having their ideas and technique stolen

"Dippermouth Blues

Name the 2 trumpet players: Joe "King" Oliver & Louis ArmstrongName the group: KingOliver'sCreole Jazz Band

"Carolina Shout"

Name the composer: James P Johnson Name the style: StrideName the pianist: James P Johnson

"Maple Leaf Rag"

Name the composer: Scott JoplinName the style: Ragtime original version then jelly roll

"Elegie"

Name the pianist: Art Tatum

Maple Leaf Rag

Name the pianist: Jelly "Roll"Morton Namethe composer: Scott Joplin his version is strict than Joplins

"Honky Tonk Train Blues"

Name the pianist: Meade Lux Lewis Name the style: Boogie Woogie

West End Blues"

Name the trumpeter and pianist: Louis Armstrong/Earl Hines Name the group: Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five

"Singin'theBlues"

Name the trumpeter: Bix Beiderbecke Name the group: Frankie Trumbauer and his Orchestra Name the style: Chicago

"Fine and Mellow"

Name the vocalists: Billie Holiday Name the style: Blues

first style of jazzz

New Orleans Style The band as a single instrumentThrough interviews, this music was characterized by collective improvisation (Everyone playing at the same time)They stayed out of each other'sway by mimicking the roles of the brass bandsTrumpet embellishes melodyClarinet improvises over melodyTrombone playing harmonic line (bass line)The music had changedby the time they started recording jazz None of the true NewOrleans style jazz was ever recorded First recording that is considered the best representation of what the black New Orleans style bands were like was of Joe "King" Oliver's "Dippermouth Blues"recorded on 4/6/1923 in Richmond Indiana, home of the Gennett Record Company (nothing more than a made-over barn)This record company was not exactly friendly to blacks, it did anti-black recordings for the Ku Klux Klan The only other jazz group it recorded was by NORKSome say Oliver was not playing his best because, like Freddie Keppard, he didn't want people to steal hisstyleBaby Dodds could only play snare and woodblocks because the bass drum would knock the needle off the discArmstrong had to stand back about 15 feet in orderto keep the balance because his sound was so bigArmstrong's first recorded solo was on thisdate on the song "Chimes Blues"

From the "Buckjumping"documentary. The "second line"name of the dance group could have come from the marching bands. The second line was the protection line according to Jelly "Roll"Morton in his interview with Alan Lomax.What isthe overallstyle of jazz we are discussing?

New Orleans style

Joe "King" Oliver

Oliver was one of the last of the old school (New Orleans Style)Collective improvisation (referred to as "hot jazz")Theme-improvisation concept Bandas a single instrument Individual roles are integrated, each having his particular register andfunction His playing is our only link to what the others before him must have sounded like (Manuel Perez, Buddy Petit, Freddie Keppard and Buddy Bolden in particular)His early recordings as a band leader: Only recordings we have that are the closest to the New Orleans style Key legendary players he exposed: Armstrong, Bechet, Bigard, the Dodds brothers, etc. Signature sound:He would try to get his cornet to sound more like a voicePlungers, derby's, bottles, cups, kazoos "wah-wah" etc. Businessmen of the day made money from Oliver's ideas with regard to changing the timbre of the instrument and would sell these mutes that Oliver created Mentor to Armstrong Armstrong called him"Papa Joe"Armstrong was fifteen years his junior and a member of Oliver's band in New Orleans before the "King" moved to Chicago in 1917In July 1922 Oliver sent for Armstrong to join him in ChicagoArmstrong's innovations (more complex and sophisticatedsolos) led to the demise of the New Orleans style

Kid Ory

Ory was also the first black on radio in jazz (1923)Was also a bandleaderMember of Armstrong'sand Morton's groups"Black Bottom Stomp" and "Struttin' With Some Barbecue"Ory is credited with taking the trombone from a bass line (tail gate style) like instrument to a melodic line instrument with improvisation capabilities

Eddie Lang

Philadelphia-bornFirst jazz guitar virtuoso"His career coincided with the development of recording techniques suited to the acousticguitar, which partly through his influence supplanted the banjo as ajazz instrument." (Grove)He recorded with Bix and Trumbauer, Red Nichols' Five PenniesListen to "Singin' the Blues."He also performed with Jean Goldkette, the Dorsey brothers,Paul Whiteman, and above all Joe Venuti (violinist)He backed Bing CrosbyHewas the house guitarist with Okeh records (1926-1933)Lang and Johnson recorded someduets.Lang used the pseudonym Blind Willie Dunnand his real name was Salvatore MassaroDiedof a failed tonsillectomy at age 30 in 1932.Crosby was upset not only because he lost a friend, but because he urged him to have the operation

Technological factors in jazz

Pianos Mechanical and parlor piano production coupled with sheet music sales helped ragtime's popularity or the otherway around really RadioThe broadcasting of radio began in 1920 Radio plays a large roll in the spreading of jazz Had more impact during the depression because radio, unlike concerts, records, movies, or shows, was free Popularity of musicians from radio broadcasts became obvious Movies The first "talkie" was "The Jazz Singer" with Al Jolson in November of 1926 (Warner Brothers).Although this movie had little to do with jazz, some movies started to expose certain jazz artists Cylinder or Wax Disc recording Invented in 1885 The Victrola had been introduced in 1901 They recorded by playing into acoustic recording horns. The small end of the horn was connected to a cutting needle. This made grooves in a cylinder or a disc. The power of the drums would knock the needle off the cutting surface. Wood blocks and cowbells were often used. (Onthe 1917 recording of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band you can hear a snare and symbols as well). Salesof phonograph records went from $12 million in 1909 to $48 million by 1921and $100 million in 1927. By 1930 it collapsed with the Great Depression.Early jazz recordings played a major roll in the spread of jazz and helped influence futuremusicians in rural areas.

What did Bix, Tram and Eddie Lang have in common?

Played Songs Together and the Early White Jazz Players

Societal factors which led jazz to Chicago Style

Prohibition Congresspassed the Volstead Act in 1919 (prohibiting the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages)Began January 20, 1920 and lasted for 13 years Intended to close down corner salons frequented by men It spawned tens of thousands cabarets, speak easies and roadhouses instead Alcohol never went away, just underground Jazz became the music of choice Chicago was controlled by gangsters and the clubs they controlled needed musiciansNew Orleans musicians moved north. Why? Closing of Storyvillein 1917The north was more tolerant (better life)Chicago was the newhot spot withmore opportunitiesMusicians in Chicago were making $40+ per week verses $1.50 to $2.50 per job in New Orleans The success of the ODJB caused "an exodus of musicians(formNew Orleans), both black and white, hurrying north to Chicago, where club owners were now frantically looking for people to bring Crescent City music totheir clientele"

Scott Joplin

Prolific composer...although "anecdotes suggest that until the end of the 1890she still lacked complete mastery of music notation."Ragtime ballets, grand operas, waltz's, marches, ballads as well as ragtime pieces Mentor to Jelly Roll Joplin had a boarding house in New York City and Morton studied under him during the last 10 years of his life The rhythm of his music (syncopation) was a major influence on the birth of jazz** Joplin stands out as the greatest ragtime composerHis composition "Maple Leaf Rag" in 1900 sold overone million copies... named after a club in what some consider thebirthplaceof ragtime, Sedalia Missouri First piece of sheet music to do thatHe made 1 cent per sheet music sale with the help of a lawyer and that income continued until his deathHe outlivedhis fameDied in Manhattan State Hospital of syphilisin 1917 (same year as the first jazz recordingand the closing of Storyville). He was 48Joplin died before he was able to record his works, however, Dick Hyman's Joplins Greatest Hits RCA isagood example of how it sounded

Gospel

Rhythm of thechoir and congregation (hand clapping, etc.)Call and response of the minister and the congregationled to performance/compositional techniques within jazzMany players got ideas from church music (see Buddy Bolden below)Many musician'sinspiration came from the church. So many say going to church on Sunday is the reason they became a musician ...they were so moved by the music.

James P. Johnson

STRIDE PIANIST Historical importance:ComposerWrote 230 popular songs,19 symphonic works and scored 11 musicalsfor the stage. Unfortunately,much of this musichas been lost through the years.Most famous: the "Charleston" from the show "Runnin' Wild"Also "If I Could Be with You One Hour Tonight""The father of stride piano".Listen to"Carolina Shout" (his composition) andexplain stride piano.Interesting note: DukeEllington learned this from a piano roll set at slow speed.One of the firstto broadcast on radioHis Influence: He influenced Ellington, Waller, Tatum. HisLife.He cut piano rolls for the Aeolian Co.First recorded his solo works in 1921He was partiallyparalyzed by a stroke in 1940.Had another stroke in 1951 and was bed riddenuntil his death.Want to know more?The CD Running Wild/1921-1926 (tradition) exploits his playing and composing.Willie "the Lion" Smith (William Henry Joseph Bonaparte Bertholoff Smith)He said some of his battles would last 4 to 5 hoursHe took Duke under his wingand helped his early career

Louis Armstrong had one rival that was considered to be his equal. He plays the clarinet and soprano saxophone. On our listening test he's playing the only bandrendition of Maple Leaf Rag.

Sidney Bechet Sidney Bechet and His New Orleans Footwarmers

"Maple Leaf Rag" ?

Sidney Bechet saxophonist Name the style: Chicago

Sidney Bechet

Significant early jazz-musicianWas considered to be on the same plane as Armstrong Played both clarinet and soprano sax His influence:Influenced Johnny Hodges and later Coltrane Style: huge vibrato, very bluesy

Ragtime

Someconsider Ragtimethe first true American-music art form It was spread by traveling pianists and sheet music sales Primarily instrumental piano performanceThere were ragtime bands,but piano was the most popular medium1893 "ragtime" first appeared in print on a piece of sheet music 1909 found ragtime at its peak Based on piano production, published pieces andsheet musicsales Dead by 1920 Ragtime had a rebirth in the early 1970s and as a result was used in the movie "The Sting" which featured Joplin's "The Entertainer"Lookeddown upon by the conservative upperclass. Characteristics: Structures of western serious music with melodiesand rhythm of 19thcentury African Americancommunities -Syncopation (place the beats or accents in (music or a rhythm) so that strong beats become weak and vice versa.) This style (syncopation) was felt as ragged and was referred to as "ragging" or as "ragged time" hence "ragtime"Ragging or "to rag" means to alter rhythms to create syncopationStraight eighth note feel (did notswing)Low noteson 1 and 3, middle register chords on 2 and4 This led to stride pianoComposed, not improvisedAABBACCDD form

What is Eastern Ragtime?

Stride Piano

Piano styles

Stride Piano Cutting Contests (bucking contests) Rent Parties

Stride Piano

Stridecame from ragtime piano."Eastern ragtime" was a term used to describe Harlem stride pianoPiano players started playing rags fast.Players began to display more technique.Joplin would write on hismusic "Not to be played fast"Piano players added improvisation.The strict form ofrags was nolonger followed.All songs (popular, stage, whatever) would be played in this style.Cutting contests were very popular with regard to this styleIt was a verycompetitive arenaNames for the players like "the bear,""the beast," "the brute," "the beetle"

4 styles of music that contributed to the evolutionof Jazz.

The Blues Ragtime Marching Band Gospel (Church)

What is James P Johnson's epithet?

The Father Of Stride Piano

First interracial recording

The New Orleans Rhythm Kings (NORK) with Jelly Roll MortonThey were hoping to learn from Morton on how to play in the "black style"NORK were Chicago based white Louisiana musicians (Clarinetist Leon Rappolo, Trombonist George Brunies and cornetist Paul Mares)

What became of ODJB?

The Original Dixieland Jazz Band was a all-white band raised in New Orleans in 1917. They influenced future players from smaller cities where jazz was not prevalent.

Hot five and Hot Seven recordings (1925-1928)

The first recording was on November 12, 1925 (the first song was "My Heart" written by Lil)Richard M. Jones was a New Orleans pianist that was now a producer of race records for the Okeh label and persuadedthem to record Louis for the first under his own name These recordings are considered some of his most significant historical jazz recordings (Ellington's band work in the early 40's and Parker's Savoy and Dial sessions can compare)This was strictly a recording band. They never played live.They recorded some 65 songs over 3 years getting $50 per tune

reason for new orleans creating jazz

Tolerance New Orleans' Party Atmosphere and storyville

Bessie smith life

Tough girlJoined "theater owners booking agency" (TOBA) Started at $2,50 a weekBlacks referred to it as "tough on black asses"Her songs contained humor and the use of sexual double entendre"Empty Bed Blues," "Need a Little Sugar in My Bowl," "You've Got to Give Me Some."1923 recorded "Down Hearted Blues" Sold over 1/2 million in a few monthsShe was making $2,000 a week after thatThecollapse of therecording industry due to the depression and the onsetof the Swing Erastalled her careerDied in car crash Sept. 26, 1937 at 43Louis Armstrong recorded with many blues singers like: Bessie Smith, Alberta Hunter, Clara Smith and Ma Rainey while in New York (1924-25)Bessie like Joe Smith better because he stayed in the background, unlike Louis whose sound was to big, she felt he was trying to steal the show

Who had the epithet "Father of the Blues"?

W.C. Handy

Who said,"God is in the house" and he was referring to whom?

Waller about tatum

Storyville

Wide open 18 square blockvise districtWhite and black sections 2,000 prostitutes, 230brothels Created by Alderman Sidney or Joseph (Sydney?) Story in 1897Mostly work for pianists, not so much for bandsCustomers would buy a girl and a piano playerClosed by Navy in 1917 Just north of French Quarter on Basin StreetSyncretism because of New Orleans' geographical locationVery cosmopolitanMississippi river tradeSea port, catered to travelers from all over the worldTrade route for America, the Caribbean, and EuropeThe blending of all the different cultures of New OrleansEuropean, Caribbean, African, and American elements

Who created/invented the blues?

black slaves

Name the styles and the characteristic that was so influential.

blues= blue notes improve ragtime= synchopation gospel = call and response band= polyphony aka instrumentation

What is the differencebetween New Orleans and Chicago Style Jazz?

chicago= solo new orleans = play together

Paul Whiteman

he was a classical violist with the Denver (1907-) and San Francisco Symphony Orchestra (1914-)He first heard jazz in 1915 in San FranciscoHe left classical music about3 years later to "make a lady out of jazz"He created so-called symphonic jazz"While jazz purists accused him of diluting the characterof early jazz for commercial purposes, less biased observers applauded the high polish and versatility of his orchestra" (Grove)He brought his orchestra east to Atlantic City in 1918, madea recording of "Whispering" and it sold 2.5 million copies"He became the best-knownAmerican bandleader" (Grove)He settled in New York in 1920He played for the Ziegfeld Follies andlanded thejob at the Palais Royal nightclub on BroadwayGeorge Gershwin premiered "Rhapsody in Blue" with Whiteman's orchestra at the Aeolian Concert hall in New York on February 12, 1924 and was a huge successWhiteman commissioned Gershwin to write a piece for theconcertHe was billed from then on as the "King of Jazz" even though his orchestradid not really play jazzEllington respected his "lofty ambitions for his music, his eye for first rate musicians, his managerial skills, and the certainty and dignity" hewhich he did it (Burns p. 101 1stparagraph)Some of his musicians includeBix, Jack Teagarden, Bunny Berigan,Eddie Lang, andTramBing Crosby sang with Whiteman as well (1928ish)

Art Tatum-

he was pretty much blind massive hand he could do crazy things with the piano Norman grande owned record brand called verge he was recording and promoting artists. he was responsible for majority of Tatum solo recordings Historical Importance: His impact on jazz historyHe influenced everybody tatum is among the most widely admired pianists in jazzhistory. Scary good Listen to "Willow Weep forMe" and "Too Marvelous forWords." His style includes:Amazing technical facility (derived from Earl Hines)Rhythmically inventive (derived from James P. Johnson).UnpredictabilityOften employed stride styleleft hand.Horn-like linesFlowerySpontaneous reharmonization (chord substitutions)Most known for his solo piano work but did play with bandsand had his owntrio.He was virtually blind.Only partial sight in one eye.If it wasn't for Norman Granz, Tatummay only have had a few recordings

What was the name of Louis Armstrong's group in Chicago in the late 20s and which recording is on our listening test?

hot 5 /7 west end blues

When discussing the characteristics of jazz, we decided that there was really only one that could be considered indigenous to jazz. Which one?

improve blues?

what was the birthplace of jazz

new Orleans was not the only geographic location where jazz existed, however, New Orleans gets the credit for the birthplace because it produced so many great jazz musicians and jazz was so prevalent.

Who responsible for the bulk of Art Tatum's solo recordings?

norman grans

marching band

polyphony Polyphony Instrumentation (saxes, trumpets, trombones, violins, clarinets, drums and symbols, etc.)Structures, form and harmonySimilarity between march music and early jazz: (Joe "King" Oliver's "Dippermouth Blues")Piccolo part becomes the clarinet part, brass play melody and outline harmony in both styles

Whatwas the name of Fats Waller's group?

rhythm wills and his rhythm

Who is Lil Hardin?

second wife of armstrong she told him to leave kings band he started a hot 5 she was part of it and after they divorced

Jazzwas born in NewOrleans. Other than the fact that a number of the early great jazz musicianscame fromNew Orleans, what were some otherideas discussed in classthat historians believe helped jazz to developin that city?

square where they were allowed to party

What was the duet recording made by Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines?

weather bird

What do"Treemonisha"and the "Maple Leaf Rag"have in common?

writen by scott joplin