Microbiology Ch 3- Exam 1

A bacterial cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is ________. A) gram-negative B) gram-positive C) found in archaea D) a spheroplast E) acid fast

gram-positive

Lysozyme is most effective against ________. A) gram-negative organisms B) gram-positive organisms C) mycoplasmas D) cyanobacteria E) archaea

gram-positive organisms

Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt. This is an example of an archaeabacterium described as a(n) ________. A) osmophile B) halophile C) thermophile D) psychrophile E) methanogen

halophile

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is that they ________. A) contain more peptidoglycan B) have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids C) are easily decolorized D) contain lipopolysaccharide E) All of the choices are correct.

have a predominance of unique, waxy lipids

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the ________. A) inclusions B) fimbriae C) capsule D) slime layer E) LPS

inclusions

The bacterial chromosome ________. A) is located in the cell membrane B) contains all the cell's plasmids C) is part of the nucleoid D) forms a single linear strand of DNA E) All of the choices are correct.

is part of the nucleoid

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is ________. A) amphitrichous B) atrichous C) lophotrichous D) monotrichous E) peritrichous

lophotrichous

Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed ________. A) positive phototaxis B) negative phototaxis C) positive chemotaxis D) negative chemotaxis E) a tumble

positive chemotaxis

What three components comprise the flagellum, extending from the cytoplasm to the exterior of the cell? A) Filament, hook, basal body B) Filament, basal body, hook C) Basal body, hook, filament D) Hook, basal body, filament E) Basal body, filament, hook

Basal body, hook, filament

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium and dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure? A) Cell wall B) Capsule C) Slime layer D) Nucleoid E) Endospore

Endospore

Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others? A) Staphylococcus aureus B) Staphylococcus epidermidis C) Staphylococcus saprophyticus D) Escherichia coli E) Staphylococcus capitis

Escherichia coli

Boiling water (100°C) can normally destroy endospores.

FALSE

Both gram-positive and gram-negative cells have outer membranes.

FALSE

Cellular organisms without a true nucleus include bacteria and viruses.

FALSE

Each bacterial species represents a distinct organism that can produce viable offspring when mating with other bacteria of its kind.

FALSE

Gram-negative bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls.

FALSE

If during the Gram stain procedure, the bacterial cells were viewed immediately after crystal violet was applied, gram-positive cells would be purple but gram-negative cells would be colorless.

FALSE

Iodine is the decolorizer in the Gram stain.

FALSE

The gram-positive cell wall is considered stronger than that of gram-negative cells since its hydrophobic outer membrane contains an endotoxin

FALSE

The slime layer provides bacteria greater pathogenicity as compared to the capsule.

FALSE

The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells.

FALSE

Endospores are ________. A) metabolically inactive B) resistant to heat and chemical destruction C) resistant to destruction by radiation D) living structures E) All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

The typical definition of a species is one with distinct characteristics that produce viable offspring when mated with another organism in the same species. Bacterial species cannot be defined as readily, due to the fact that A) they do not reproduce sexually by way of gametes. B) they can receive genetic material from others in their generation, regardless of species. C) they have a short generation time and evolve rapidly. D) All of the statements are true regarding the indistinct defining of bacterial species.

All of the statements are true regarding the indistinct defining of bacterial species.

________ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications. A) Pasteur's B) Lister's C) Bergey's D) Leeuwenhoek's E) Koch's

Bergey's

Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining? A) Alcohol/acetone-crystal violet-safranin-iodine B) Crystal violet-alcohol/acetone-iodine-safranin C) Crystal violet-iodine-alcohol/acetone-safranin D) Iodine-safranin-crystal violet-alcohol/acetone E) Alcohol/acetone-safranin-crystal violet-iodine

Crystal violet-iodine-alcohol/acetone-safranin

Characteristics of bacteria

Cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and a cell wall, prokaryotic, have a plasmid, and ribosomes.

A 23 year-old female presents at a walk-in clinic with a fever, swollen lymph nodes and yellow spots on the throat. A rapid strep test comes back positive, confirming an infection with Streptococcus pyogenes, which has a thick layer of peptidoglycan in its cell wall. In which of the following taxonomic divisions does S. pyogenes belong? A) Firmicutes B) Gracilicutes C) Mendosicutes D) Tenericutes

Firmicutes

Which statement below supports the argument that gram-negative cells are structurally weaker than gram-positive cells? A) Gram-negative cells have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall compared to gram-positive cells. B) Gram-positive cells contain teichoic acids, whereas gram-negative cells lack teichoic acids in their cell wall. C) The envelope of gram-negative cells comprises a hydrophobic outer membrane. D) Gram-negative cells contain lipopolysaccharides, the lipid component of which acts as an endotoxin.

Gram-negative cells have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall compared to gram-positive cells.

Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane? A) The uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharides. B) The innermost layer is a phospholipid bilayer. C) The porin proteins create channels through the outer membrane. D) Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane. E) The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is an endotoxin.

Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxin? A) It is a specific cell wall lipid B) It can stimulate fever in the human body C) It can cause septic shock in the human body D) It is involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases E) It is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

It is found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

A client has a serious case of the flu. A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood. The lab tech said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be ________. A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis B) Borrelia burghdorferi C) Streptococcus pneumoniae D) Mycoplasma pneumoniae E) Staphylococcus aureus

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Ribosomes - protein synthesis B) Inclusions - excess cell nutrients and materials C) Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism D) Nucleoid - hereditary material E) Cytoplasm - dense, gelatinous solution

Plasmids - genes essential for growth and metabolism

Which of the following is not a division of bacteria and archaea according to Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology? A) Gracilicutes B) Scotobacteria C) Firmicutes D) Tenericutes E) Mendosicutes

Scotobacteria

Bacterial endospores are not produced by ________. A) Staphylococcus B) Sporosarcina C) Bacillus D) Clostridium E) All of the choices are correct.

Staphylococcus

Alcohol-based compounds can weaken the outer membrane.

TRUE

Archaea do not have the typical peptidoglycan structure found in bacterial cell walls.

TRUE

Endospores of certain bacterial species can enter tissues in the human body, germinate, and cause an infectious disease.

TRUE

If you observe rod-shaped, pink cells on a slide that had just been Gram-stained, you can assume that their cell walls contain endotoxin.

TRUE

Pili used for conjugation are only found on gram-negative bacteria.

TRUE

Some bacteria have a cytoskeleton of protein polymers to help maintain their shape.

TRUE

The bacterial cell membrane is a site for many enzymes and metabolic reactions

TRUE

The cell envelope of gram-positive bacteria has two layers: a thick cell wall and the cell membrane.

TRUE

The cell envelope or its parts can interact with human tissue and cause disease.

TRUE

The organism Mycoplasma pneumoniae that causes "walking pneumonia" lacks a cell wall. In which of the following taxonomic divisions is it classified? A) Tenericutes B) Mendosicutes C) Gracilicutes D) Firmicutes

Tenericutes

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls B) Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls C) Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls D) Mendosicutes - archaea cell walls E) None of the choices are correct.

Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes? A) Coccus B) Tetrad C) Vibrio D) Rod E) Spirochete

Tetrad

Which of the following statements is not true regarding the differences between bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes? A) The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas only the organisms in kingdom Plantae contain cell walls, which are made of cellulose. B) Bacteria and archaea have circular chromosomes in a nucleoid region whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes that are enclosed in a nuclear membrane. C) Flagella are found on bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes yet they all vary in structure. D) Ribosomal RNA sequencing revealed that the structure of the ribosomal subunits in archaea more closely resemble those of eukaryotes than bacteria.

The cell walls of bacteria and archaea both contain the complex macromolecule peptidoglycan, whereas only the organisms in kingdom Plantae contain cell walls, which are made of cellulose.

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Methanogens - convert CO2 and H2 gases into methane B) Extreme halophiles - adapted to salty habitats C) Psychrophiles - adapted to very low temperatures D) Hyperthermophile - adapted to high temperatures E) Thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

Thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

Bacteria in the genus Mycoplasma and bacteria called L-forms lack cell walls.

True

Spirochetes are able to move due to ________. A) a periplasmic flagellum B) a membrane-bound flagellum C) cilia serving as walking feet D) pseudopods E) fimbriae

a periplasmic flagellum

The ________ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria. A) acid-fast B) methylene blue C) Gram D) negative E) basic

acid-fast

The term that refers to flagella at both poles is ________. A) amphitrichous B) atrichous C) lophotrichous D) monotrichous E) peritrichous

amphitrichous

Gram-negative bacteria A) are more susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms. B) are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms. C) stain purple in the Gram stain. D) encompass all pathogens. E) None of the choices is correct.

are less susceptible to antibiotics that target peptidoglycan than gram-positive organisms.

Plasmids ________. A) are found in all bacteria B) are essential for growth and metabolism C) cannot be passed between organisms D) cannot be passed on to progeny E) are often the site of pathogenic genes

are often the site of pathogenic genes

The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.

attachment and motility

A flagellum is anchored into the bacterial cell envelope by its ________. A) hook B) outer membrane C) filament D) sheath E) basal body

basal body

Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells? A) Slime layer B) Fimbriae C) Cell membrane D) Capsule E) All of the choices are correct.

capsule

The site(s) for most ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is(are) the ________. A) ribosomes B) mitochondria C) cell wall D) inclusions E) cell membrane

cell membrane

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the ________. A) endospore B) cell wall C) cell membrane D) capsule E) slime layer

cell wall

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial ________. A) cell walls B) cell membranes C) capsules D) slime layers E) inclusions

cell walls

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except ________. A) flagella B) cilia C) fimbriae D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E) sex pili

cilia

The cell ________ can be composed of three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane. A) glycocalyx B) envelope C) pathogenic package D) slime coat E) None of the choices is correct.

envelope

Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ________ and ________. A) pili; ribosomes B) fimbrae; capsules C) lipopolysaccharides; techoic acids D) actin filaments; phospholipid membrane(s) E) actin filaments; ribosomes

fimbrae; capsules

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called ________. A) flagella B) cilia C) fimbriae D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E) sex pili

fimbriae

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has ________. A) fimbriae B) a capsule C) thylakoids D) flagella E) metachromatic granules

flagella

During the Gram stain, ________ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied. A) gram-positive B) gram-negative C) both gram-positive and -negative

gram negative

75) Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of ________. A) gram-negative bacteria B) gram-positive bacteria C) acid-fast bacteria D) mycoplasmas E) protoplasts

gram negative bacteria

The enzyme ________, found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls. A) penicillinase B) lysozyme C) peptidase D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices are correct.

lysozyme

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to ________. A) move in response to light B) move in response to a chemical C) not move in response to a chemical D) transport desired molecules into cells E) None of the choices is correct.

move in response to a chemical

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is ________. A) Mycobacterium B) Mycoplasma C) Streptococcus D) Corynebacterium E) Salmonella

mycobacterium

All bacterial cells have ________. A) one or more chromosomes B) one or more fimbriae C) the ability to produce endospores D) capsules E) flagella

one or more chromosomes

Cells form a ________ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other forming a row of cells oriented side by side. A) tetrad B) strep C) staph D) sarcina E) palisade

palisade

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called ________. A) flagella B) cilia C) fimbriae D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E) sex pili

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)

The term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface is ________. A) amphitrichous B) atrichous C) lophotrichous D) monotrichous E) peritrichous

peritrichous

The function of bacterial endospores is ________. A) to convert gaseous nitrogen to a usable form for plants B) reproduction and growth C) protection of genetic material during harsh conditions D) storage of excess cell materials E) to act as sites for photosynthesis

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be ________. A) material would not be able to cross the cell membrane B) protein synthesis would stop C) destruction of the cell's DNA D) formation of glycogen inclusions E) loss of the capsule

protein synthesis would stop

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and ________. A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) All of the choices are correct. E) None of the choices is correct.

rRNA

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria? A) rRNA sequencing B) Shape C) Growth pattern in a culture medium D) Biochemical reaction E) All of these are phenotypic traits.

rRNA sequencing

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called ________. A) flagella B) cilia C) fimbriae D) periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E) sex pili

sex pili

If you looked at a ________ under the microscope, you would likely see an irregular cluster of spherical cells. A) palisade B) sarcina C) staphylococcus D) streptococcus E) diplococcus

staphylococcus

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a(an) ________. A) streptobacillus B) staphylobacillus C) streptococcus D) staphylococcus E) sarcina

streptobacillus

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's ________. A) ribosomes B) inclusions C) wall D) membrane E) flagella

wall