Microbiology Chapter 1

If all prokaryotes were eliminated from the planet

All animals would die

Using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of____________.

Biodegradation

_____________ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.

Bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of ____________.

Biotechnology

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not___________.

Composed of Cells

Viruses 1. Contain both protein and nucleic acid. 2. Infect all domains of life. 3. Can grow in the absence of living cells. 4. Are generally the same size as prokaryotes. 5. Always kill the cells they infect.

1, 2

Rank the following in order of size, with 1 = smallest and 8 = largest.

1. Amino Acid 2. Prion 3. Virus 4. Bacterium 5. Red Blood Cell 6. Amoeba 7. Helminth 8. Mushroom

Walter and Fanny Hesse (1882)

Introduced agar-agar as a solidifying gel in culture media.

Which groups include some members that can convert N2 (the most common gas in the atmosphere) to form other organisms can use to make proteins and nucleic acids?

Microbes, Nitrogen Fixation.

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reason?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms are cheaper to study. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms.

Which of the following are characteristics of protozoa?

Microscopic Single-celled eukaryotes

Compared to the diversity of plants and animals microbes as a group are ___________.

More Diverse

Which of the following characteristics describe protozoa?

Most are motile. Can be found in terrestrial and aquatic habitats.

The Golden Age of Microbiology was the time when

Most pathogenic bacteria were identified

Eukaryotic organisms can be _____________.

Single-celled Multi-celled

Algae are

Single-celled, photosynthetic eukaryotes Multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes

Although stocks of the causative agent still exists, humans have eradicated (eliminated) which of the following diseases?

Smallpox

Is the name Escherichia coli K12, the part after the species is the ______________ designation.

Strain

To indicate slight differences, members of the same species may be given special ____________designations.

Strain

Where are algae most likely to be found?

Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams. Moist terrestrial habitats.

When an extensive amount of experimental evidence supports a hypothesis, the explanation may become a scientific...

Theory

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy?

They degrade organic materials with enzymes.

Describe the scientific method

A process of formulating a testable explanation for a question, doing controlled experiments to test that explanation, and then publishing the methods, results, and conclusions.

Members of which pairing are most similar in appearance to each other?

Archaea and Bacteria

In the designation Escherichia coli B, which part of the name indicates the genus? Which part indicates the species? Which part indicates the strain?

Escherichia is the genus; Coli is the species B is the strain.

The cells of which group of microorganisms contain membrane-bound organelles?

Eukarya

List four commercially important benefits of microorganisms.

Their role in food and beverage production Role in pollutant degradation Synthesis of commercially valuable products Their importance in synthesizing medically important products, following genetic modification Their importance as model organisms for the study of universal biological processes

If you wanted to increase your chances of isolating a member of the Archaea (and no organisms from another domain), which sample site would you choose?

A 95oC hot spring in Yellowstone National Park.

If you wanted to increase your chances of obtaining a member of the Archaea (rather than a member of another domain), which would be the best site to obtain a sample?

A 95°C hot spring in Yellowstone

When considering the human body and its microbial inhabitants, we could best be described as ___________.

A planet composed of various ecosystems, with an important part of these ecosystems being a population of interacting microbes.

Which of the following correctly defines hypothesis?

A testable explanation of an observation.

What is a helminth?

A worm, some of which are parasitic.

Because they are often caused by Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with_____________.

Antibiotics

Unlike other organisms, most ____________ have cell walls that contain peptidoglycan.

Bacteria

Which microorganisms lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that lack membrane-bound organelles?

Bacteria and Archaea

Which of the following is a difference between archaea and bacteria?

Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not.

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years is referred to as an ____________ infectious disease (EID)

Emerging Infectious Disease

John Tyndall's experiment in the 1800's showed that live microorganisms remained in some broths even after they have been boiled for 5 hours. This observation can be explained by the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called an

Endospore

Fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths are all___________.

Eukarya

The disproving of spontaneous generation led to an era referred to as the

Golden Age of Microbiology

How did John Tyndall's work help to explain why some scientists had difficulty reproducing Pasteur's work proving that life comes from pre-existing life?

He demonstrated that some broths require greater boiling times because they contain heat-resistant bacterial forms.

The property of endospores that led to confusion in the experiments on spontaneous generation is their

Heat Resistance.

Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?

Lack a nucleus

Which of the following best describes the cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory?

Less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated.

Spontaneous generation can be explained as:

Life arising from dead matter.

Rank the steps in the scientific process in order

Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. Communicating the methods, results, and conclusions.

Characteristics of archaea that are similar to bacteria include thier_________.

Method of multiplication Shapes Energy Source Used Prokaryotic Cell Structure

A ___________ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

Pathogen

All of the following are commonly found in algae except___________.

Peptidoglycan

Which of the following is found only in bacteria?

Peptidoglycan

spongiform encephalopathies are cause by infectious proteins. This information indicates that the infectious agent is a___________.

Prion

Which of the following are classified as a acellular infectious agents?

Prions Viroids Viruses

All of the following are biological domains except

Prokaryota

Please categorize the following words/ phrases as pertaining to either prokaryotes or eukaryotes by placing the words/statements in the appropriate column.

Prokaryote -Nucleoid -Single-celled -Bacteria -Binary Fission -Peptidoglycan Eukaryote -Membrane-bound nucleus -Single-celled or multicellular -Protozoa -Microscopic or macroscopic -Mitosis

Normal microbiota play a number of essential roles, including.

Promoting immune system development. Helping degrade foods that would otherwise be indigestible. Preventing disease by competing with disease-causing microbes.

All of the following are emerging infectious diseases except

Smallpox

Which of the following describe bacteria?

Some obtain energy from foods similar to what humans eat. Some obtain energy from sunlight. They multiply by binary fission. Shapes include rod, spherical, and spiral. Some obtain energy from sources not used by animals or plants.

Louis Pasteur helped disprove__________.

Spontaneous Generation

Identify which of the following is the correct way of writing a scientific name.

Staphylococcus aureus

If the broth in Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment had contained endospores, which of the following results might he have obtained?

The broth would seem sterile after boiling but would soon develop bacterial growth.

How is the normal microbiota important to human health?

The normal microbiota plays a number of essential roles such as competing with disease-causing microbes, helping the body digest foods, and promoting the development of the immune system.

Consider the Human Microbiome Project begun in 2007. The term "microbiome" has which two overlapping meaning?

The total genetic content of a microbial community. The microbial community Itself.

Why are viruses not microorganisms?

They are not composed of cells. Viruses do not have all of the machinery necessary to replicate and so they obligate intracellular parasites.

Which of the following is/are true regarding viruses?

Viruses are smaller than most bacteria Viruses are acellular Viruses are non-living

Which of the following is/are true regarding viruses?

Viruses can only multiply within host cells. Outside of host cells, viruses are inactive.

List three factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases.

Aging population is more susceptible to disease Organisms controlled by antimicrobial medications have become resistant to the medications Children are not being routinely vaccinated against many diseases

Bacteria, such as members of the genus Staphylococcus, belong in the domain____________.

Bacteria

Which name is written correctly? a) staphylococcus aureus b) escherichia Coli c) Staphylococcus epidermidis d) bacillus Anthracis e) Clostridium Botulinum

C

Unlike newspapers or blog articles, communications about scientific discoveries in respected scientific journals include.

Detailed information that led to the conclusion. A pre-publication review process. Information about the methods used in the experiment.

Christian Gram (1884)

Developed staining method for differentiating between groups of bacteria. (Gram Stain)

Paul Erlich (1854-1915)

Developed the first chemotherapeutic agent, for treating syphilis.

Sort the microbial activities into those that are essential to life and those that are non-essential.

Essential: Conversion of nitrogen into a form that can be used by plants and animal. Replenishing atmospheric oxygen by photosynthesis. Non-essential: Synthesis of products used in daily life. Production of food and beverages Degradation of environmental pollutants.

A microbial metabolic process used in the manufacture of food and beverages such as yogurt, cheese, pickled vegetables, bread, wine, and beer is known as _______________.

Fermentation

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the ______________ and gives information about the shape of the organism.

Genus

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the

Germ Theory of Disease

Explain why life could not exist without the activities of microorganisms

Nitrogen would not be available in a form that humans and plants could use. The supply of O2 would eventually be depleted if microorganisms were not available to replenish it. A wide variety of materials would pile up if microorganisms were not present to degrade them.

Name three non-living groups in the microbial world and describe their major properties.

Viruses contain a protein coat and either DNA or RNA. They are obligate intracellular parasites and as a group, infect of all forms of life. Viroids contain only a short RNA molecule. They cause serious plant diseases Prions consist only of protein that is a misfolded version of normal cellular protein found in the brain of animals. They are resistant to the commonly used sterilizing procedures that destroy viruses and bacteria.

In research, a model organism should ____________.

Function in a manner similar to other organisms.

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Published first work on antiseptic surgery.

Pasteur is famous for his experiments that contradicted spontaneous generation. Consider this set-up: After showing that that fluid in the swan-neck flask remained sterile even when exposed to air, Pasteur tipped the flask so that bacteria could enter the fluid. He demonstrated that nothing in his original set-up prevented bacteria from growing in the flask. What part of the scientific method does this represent?

Control

Some scientists ere skeptical of Pasteur's results because they

Could not reproduce his results

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Demonstrated that the disease anthrax is caused by a bacterium and devised postulates for establishing causative relationship between a microbe and a disease.

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Developed a sterilization technique for preserving food and liquid.

Identify all the statements that describe the benefits of microbes from a human perspective.

Nitrogen gas is not accessible for use by most organisms without the help of some microbes. It has been hypothesized that since some microbes are photosynthetic and therefore release oxygen into the environment, today's oxygen levels are a direct result of their presence on earth. Microbes can cause disease. Microbes degrade/recycle metabolic wastes from other living organisms.

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal

Normal Microbiota

Spallanzani tried to disprove spontaneous generation by performing boiled broth experiments. In some experiments, he boiled broth and sealed the flasks. In others, he boiled broth, sealed the flasks, then cracked the seals. Classify the statements as either observations or conclusions.

Observed: Broth in sealed flask remains clear. Broth in cracked flask gradually becomes cloudy. Conclusion: Boiled broth in sealed flask remain sterile. Broth only becomes contaminated if microbes can enter it. Life comes from previous life. Cracking a sealed flask allows microbes to enter the flask.

How did Louis Pasteur help disprove spontaneous generation?

Pasteur demonstrated that swan necked flasks containing sterile growth medium would remain sterile indefinitely if the bend in the flask did not come in contact with the medium.

What characteristics of microorganisms make them important research tools?

They grow quickly on inexpensive media, and the processes they use to duplicate their DNA, harvest energy, and synthesize cell structures are similar to those of other organism, so they serve as a model organism used in research experiments.

A bacterium that can be seen without a microscope exists.

True

True of False: Vaccinations have helped reduce the spread of mumps, measles, and whooping cough in developed countries.

True

True or False: In the name Escherichia coli K12, K12 refers to the strain.

True

True or False: Some scientists could not reproduce the results of Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment.

True

True or False: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.

True

True or False: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

True

Antony van Leeuwenhoek could not have observed: a. Roundworms b. E. coli c. Yeasts d. Viruses

Viruses

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes____________.

Viruses

Which of the following describes a viroid?

It consists of RNA It can infect plants

Which of the following is properly written?

escherichia coli Escherichia Coli Escherichia coli