Microbiology Chp. 1-3
Which of the following statements concerning the characteristics of life is FALSE? A) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism. B) Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things. C) Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times. D) Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things. E) Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
A) Reproduction is defined as an increase in the size of an organism. Reproduction means that they increase in number, producing more organisms organized like themselves. Reproduction may be accomplished asexually (alone) or sexually with gametes (sex cells).
A reaction requires water as a reactant and produces heat. What type of reaction is likely to be involved? A) a decomposition reaction B) a hydrolysis reaction C) an exchange reaction D) a synthesis reaction E) The answer cannot be determined with the available information.
A) a decomposition reaction the reverse of synthesis reactions in that they break bonds within larger molecules to form smaller atoms, ions, and molecules. These reactions release energy and are therefore exothermic reactions
DNA is composed of repeating units of sugars, phosphates, and nucleic acids. This is an example of a A) polymer. B) monomer. C) salt. D) micelle. E) lipid.
A) polymer.
Plant cell walls are composed of ________ held together by ________. A) polysaccharides; hydrogen bonds B) amino acids; peptide bonds C) disaccharides; hydrophobic interactions D) fatty acids; polar covalent bond
A) polysaccharides; hydrogen bonds Polysaccharides are polymers composed of tens, hundreds, or thousands of monosaccharides that have been covalently linked in dehydration synthesis reactions. Cellulose, the main constituent of the cell walls of plants and some green algae, is a long unbranched molecule that contains only β-monomers of glucose linked between carbons 1 and 4 of alternating monomers; such bonds are termed β-1,4 bonds
Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy? A) Ehrlich B) Koch C) Gram D) Lister E) Pasteur
A. Ehrlich undertook an exhaustive survey of chemicals to find a "magic bullet" that would destroy pathogens while remaining nontoxic to humans.
Who discovered penicillin? A) Fleming B) Ehrlich C) Kitasato D) Pasteur E) Domagk
A. Fleming Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1929 and Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) discovered sulfa drugs in 1935 that medical personnel finally had drugs effective against a wide range of bacteria.
Recent estimates of the number of microbes on the planet have expanded almost exponentially, but the number of microorganisms isolated in the lab has not increased at the same rate. How can microbiologists justify the higher estimates if they cannot isolate and grow the microbes in the lab? A) New technologies make it possible to detect the nucleic acid sequences of previously unknown organisms. B) Detection of novel enzymes indicates the existence of unidentified microbes. C) Much more powerful microscopes have made it possible to observe and identify huge numbers of microbes that cannot be isolated. D) The huge numbers of diseases without apparent causative agents indicate there are large numbers of unidentified pathogens. E) Previous estimates of the abundance of microbes cannot account for the detectable biomass in most environments.
A. New technologies make it possible to detect the nucleic acid sequences of previously unknown organisms. Gene sequencing data In the 1970s, Carl Woese (1928-2012) and George Fox (1945-) discovered that significant differences in nucleic acid sequences among organisms clearly reveal that cells belong to one of three major groups—bacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes—and not merely two groups (prokaryotes and eukaryotes)
All of the following are associated with ATP molecules EXCEPT A) a long-term energy supply. B) high-energy bonds. C) a recyclable energy supply. D) formation of coenzymes. E) three phosphate groups.
A. a long-term energy supply ATP is the principal, short-term, recyclable energy supply for cells. When the phosphate bonds of ATP are broken, a significant amount of energy is released
The type(s) of bonds produced when atoms share electrons equally is/are A) a nonpolar covalent bond. B) a hydrogen bond. C) an ionic bond. D) a polar covalent bond. E) both polar covalent and ionic bonds.
A. a nonpolar covalent bond
The valence of an atom represents its A) ability to interact with other atoms. B) electronegativity. C) radioactivity. D) ability to attract electrons. E) ability to interact with water.
A. ability to interact with other atoms
The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is A) antisepsis. B) prokaryote. C) chemotherapy. D) recombinant technology. E) abiogenesis.
A. antisepsis the English physician Joseph Lister (1827-1912) modified and advanced the idea of antisepsis As a surgeon, Lister was aware of the dreadful consequences that resulted from the infection of wounds.
Hydrogen bonds are found in all of the following EXCEPT A) between phosphates in ATP. B) in the structure of complex polysaccharides. C) between water molecules. D) in the DNA double helix between nucleotides. E) between the R groups of amino acids in proteins.
A. between phosphates in ATP
Matter composed of a single type of atom is known as a(n) A) element. B) mineral. C) molecule. D) compound. E) electron.
A. element
Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide? A) glycogen B) glucose C) fructose D) deoxyribose E) sucrose
A. glycogen glycogen, a storage molecule formed in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is a highly branched molecule with both α-1,4 and α-1,6bonds
Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for A) industrial microbiology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) abiogenesis. E) antisepsis.
A. industrial microbiology After pasteurization, wine makers added yeast to ensure that alcohol fermentation occurred. Pasteur thus began the field of industrial microbiology (or biotechnology), in which microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products
Which of the following is a property of water? A) It has a high capacity for heat. B) It is not a common reactant in metabolic reactions. C) It is not a good solvent. D) It is liquid in a very narrow temperature range. E) It is a nonpolar molecule.
A. it has high capacity for heat
5) Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? A) protozoa; multicellular B) fungi; cell walls C) algae; aquatic and marine habitats D) prokaryotes; no nuclei E) viruses; acellular parasites
A. protozoa;multicellular protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes
A research microbiologist wants to determine whether a microbe can metabolize a new synthetic organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Which of the following would be useful in tracing the fate of the compound? A) the 14C isotope B) the 2H isotope C) the 13C isotope D) the 12C isotope E) a 13C+ ion.
A. the 14C isotope
Lipids found in the membranes of most eukaryotic cells are A) polyunsaturated fats. B) phospholipids. C) steroids. D) waxes. E) triglycerides.
B) phospholipids. Phospholipids are similar to fats, but they contain only two fatty acid chains instead of three. In phospholipids, the third carbon atom of glycerol is linked to a phosphate (PO4) functional group instead of a fatty acid
Which of the following lipids has the lowest ratio of hydrogens to carbons? A) saturated fats B) polyunsaturated fats C) monounsaturated fats D) both saturated and monounsaturated fats E) Saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats have equal ratios of hydrogens to carbons.
B) polyunsaturated fats more than one double bond between carbon atoms (polyunsaturated fatty acid). Triglycerides with at least one polyunsaturated fatty acid are polyunsaturated fats.
A bacterial cell moving toward light would be an example of A) tumbles. B) positive phototaxis. C) negative phototaxis. D) positive chemotaxis. E) negative chemotaxis.
B) positive phototaxis.
Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation? A) Pasteur B) Needham C) Redi D) Buchner E) Spallanzani
B. Needham The proponents of spontaneous generation pointed to the careful demonstrations of British investigator He boiled beef gravy and infusions(broths made by heating water containing plant or animal material) of plant material in vials, which he then tightly sealed with corks. Some days later, Needham observed that the vials were cloudy, and examination revealed an abundance of "microscopical animals of most dimensions."
All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT A) Koch. B) Pauling. C) Fracastoro. D) Snow. E) Pasteur.
B. Pauling
What must one have before designing and conducting experiments? A) a theory B) a hypothesis C) scientific law D) popular opinion E) a complete set of data
B. a hypothesis
The type(s) of bond produced when atoms with somewhat different electronegativities share electrons is/are A) a nonpolar covalent bond. B) a polar covalent bond. C) an ionic bond. D) a hydrogen bond. E) both nonpolar covalent and ionic bonds.
B. a polar covalent bond
The chemical formula of a solid indicates it contains two groups with different electronegativities. This substance is most likely A) a mixture. B) a salt. C) a nonpolar molecule. D) radioactive. E) non-ionic.
B. a salt
A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot "mud pot" (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the A) algae. B) archaea. C) fungi. D) protozoa. E) viruses.
B. archea Archaea are often found in extreme environments, such as the highly saline, acidic hot springs in Yellowstone National Park, and oxygen-depleted mud at the bottom of swamps. No archaea are known to cause diseases in humans.
The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is A) epidemiology. B) bioremediation. C) chemotherapy. D) serology. E) ecology.
B. bioremediation
Nucleic acid polymers, proteins, and complex carbohydrates are all produced by A) hydrolytic reactions. B) dehydration synthesis. C) exchange reactions. D) hydrogen bonding. E) catabolic reactions.
B. dehydration synthesis The word dehydration in the name of this type of reaction refers to the fact that one of the products is a water molecule formed when a hydrogen ion (H+)from one reactant combines with a hydroxyl ion (OH−)from another reactant.
Robert Koch's contributions to the foundations of modern microbiology include A) demonstrating the role of microbes in fermentation. B) developing methods for isolation and identification of bacteria. C) demonstrating that hand washing can reduce the spread of disease. D) providing evidence for rejecting the theory of spontaneous generation. E) demonstrating certain chemicals are toxic to bacteria but not humans.
B. developing methods for isolation and identification of bacteria
The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by A) developing techniques for isolating pathogens. B) developing methods for reducing health care associated infections (HAI). C) identifying the sources of infectious agents. D) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes. E) developing vaccines.
B. developing methods for reducing health care associated infections(HAI) In the mid-1800s, modern principles of hygiene, such as those involving sewage and water treatment, personal cleanliness, and pest control, were not widely practiced. formerly called nosocomial infections, were rampant.
Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because A) they are parasites. B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples. C) the Gram stain can be used to identify them. D) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them. E) no one else wants to study them.
B. diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples Even though most parasitic worms are not microscopic as adults, many of them cause diseases that were studied by early microbiologists, so microbiology books and classes often discuss parasitic worms. Further, laboratory scientists diagnose infections of parasitic worms by finding microscopic eggs and immature stages in blood, fecal, urine, and lymph specimens.
The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as A) biotechnology. B) epidemiology. C) immunology. D) serology. E) biochemistry
B. epidemiology
Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by A) aerobes. B) facultative anaerobes. C) obligate parasites. D) archaea. E) prokaryotes.
B. facultative anaerobes Pasteur sealed some sterile flasks containing grape juice and yeast and by leaving others open to the air, he demonstrated that yeast could grow with or without oxygen he discovered that yeasts are facultative anaerobes—organisms that can live with or without oxygen. Finally, by introducing bacteria and yeast cells into different flasks of sterile grape juice, he proved that bacteria ferment grape juice to produce acids and that yeast cells ferment grape juice to produce alcohol
Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of A) etiology. B) genetic engineering. C) immunology. D) microbial genetics. E) gene therapy.
B. gentic engineering Molecular biology is applied in recombinant DNA technology(DNA composed of genes from more than one organism), commonly called genetic engineering, which was first developed using microbial models.
Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria. A) Koch's stain B) Gram stain C) Pasteur fermentation test D) Petri stain E) Ehrlich magic test
B. gram stain the most widely used staining technique. It is one of the first steps carried out when bacteria are being identified
Edward Jenner's efforts to prevent smallpox provided the foundation for the field of A) etiology. B) immunology. C) chemotherapy. D) molecular biology
B. immunology
Unstable isotopes can be useful A) catalysts. B) in medical diagnosis. C) in vitamins. D) in the formation of hydrogen bonds. E) as buffers.
B. in medical diagnosis
Which of the following is a particle found in the nucleus of an atom and that has no electrical charge? A) electron B) neutron C) element D) proton E) isotope
B. neutron
All of the following are components of an amino acid EXCEPT a(n) A) carboxyl group. B) pentose group. C) amino group. D) α-carbon. E) R group.
B. pentose group Amino acids contain a basic amino group (—NH2), a hydrogen atom, and an acidic carboxyl group (—COOH).
2) Which of the following microbes are likely to be the swiftly moving "animalcules" observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water? A) fungi B) protozoa C) algae D) viruses E) fungi and algae
B. protozoa single-celled eukaryotes that are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and cellular structure. protozoa is Greek for "first animals," though scientists today classify them in their own groups rather than as animals.
Semmelweis advocated hand washing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases? A) cholera B) puerperal fever C) smallpox D) anthrax E) syphilis
B. puerperal fever Semmelweis hypothesized that medical students carried "cadaver particles" from their autopsy studies into the delivery rooms and that these "particles" resulted in puerperal fever. we know that the primary cause of puerperal fever is a bacterium in the genus Streptococcus, which is usually harmless on the skin or in the mouth but causes severe complications when it enters the blood.
A hydroxyl ________ acts as a base. A) group B) anion C) atom D) cation E) salt
B. salt
Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing? A) primary structure; amino acid sequence B) secondary structure; disulfide bridges C) tertiary structure; covalent bonds D) quaternary structure; two or more polypeptides E) secondary structure; β-pleated sheets
B. secondary structure; disulfide bridges Secondary structure contains ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic and hydrophilic characteristics cause many polypeptide chains to fold into either coils called α-helices or accordion-like structures called β-pleated sheet
Which of the following is characteristic of proteins? A) They are composed of carbohydrate. B) They have multiple layers of structural organization. C) They are composed of nucleic acids. D) Their secondary structure is composed of β-helices. E) They are primarily hydrophobic.
B.) They have multiple layers of structural organization The most complex organic compounds are proteins, which are composed mostly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
Decomposition reactions are commonly ________ reactions. A) endothermic B) exchange C) exothermic D) anabolic E) dehydration
C) exothermic These reactions release energy and are therefore exothermic reactions
Which of the following is found only in eukaryotic cells? A) cytoplasm B) cytoplasmic membrane C) nuclear envelope D) ribosomes E) DNA
C) nuclear envelope Eukaryotic have a membrane called a nuclear envelope surrounding their DNA, forming a nucleus
A stable atom has ________ in its valence shell. A) 4 electrons B) 2 neutrons C) 8 electrons D) 8 protons E) 10 electrons
C. 8 electrons
Work by ________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology. A) Redi and Spallanzani B) Koch and Pasteur C) Beijerinck and Winogradsky D) Lister and Semmelweis E) Pauling and Woese
C. Beijerinck and Winogradsky Martinus Beijerinck discovered bacteria capable of converting nitrogen gas (N2)from the air into nitrate(NO3), the form of nitrogen used by plants, and the Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) elucidated the role of microorganisms in the recycling of sulfur.
Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice? A) Yeast can grow with or without oxygen. B) Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice. C) Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice. D) Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice. E) Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.
C. Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice Pasteurization is a process of heating the grape juice just enough to kill most contaminating bacteria without changing the juice's basic qualities.
You are performing an experiment in your chemistry lab class. The directions advise caution because the reaction is exothermic. Which of the following is the hazard the directions warn about? A) The reaction will generate radiation. B) The reaction will produce a noxious vapor. C) The reaction may cause the container to become dangerously hot. D) The reaction may cause the container to freeze and break. E) The reaction will generate enough light to require eye protection.
C. The reaction may cause the container to become dangerously hot.
What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin? A) yellow fever B) cholera C) anthrax D) malaria E) tuberculosis
C. anthrax potentially fatal disease, primarily of animals, in which toxins produce ulceration of the skin. Anthrax, which can spread to humans, caused untold financial losses to farmers and ranchers in the 1800s.
Proteins contain both acidic and basic R groups, and can therefore function as A) energy storage macromolecules. B) structural macromolecules. C) buffers. D) catalysts. E) genetic material.
C. buffers
The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a(n) ________ reaction. A) anabolic B) exchange C) hydrolysis D) endothermic E) metabolic
C. hydrolysis In hydrolytic reactions, a covalent bond in a large molecule is broken, and the ionic components of water (H+) and OH−) are added to the products.
Which of the following is a CORRECT pairing of metabolic terms? A) dehydration: decomposition B) catabolism: endothermic C) hydrolysis: decomposition D) synthesis: catabolism E) synthesis: exothermic
C. hydrolysis: decomposition A common type of decomposition reaction in biochemistry is hydrolysis
Amylose is a(n) ________ carbohydrate. A) simple B) monomer C) polymer D) nucleotide E) ionic
C. polymer The monomers of these macromolecules are joined together to form chains of monomers called polymers Amylose, a starch storage compound in plants, has only α-1,4 bonds and is unbranched
Which of the following is found in nucleic acids? A) amino groups B) carboxylic acid C) purines D) glycerol E) R group
C. purines
Aristotle was an early natural philosopher who formulated the A) theory of natural selection. B) germ theory of disease. C) theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis). D) theory of "magic bullets." E) scientific method.
C. theory of spontaneous generation
Which of the following would NOT normally be found as a component of a cell's nucleic acids? A) adenine deoxyribonucleotides B) thymine deoxyribonucleotides C) uracil deoxyribonucleotides D) cytosine ribonucleotides E) adenine ribonucleotides
C. uracil deoxyribonucleotides DNA contains A, G, C, and T bases, whereas RNA contains A, G, C, and U bases. As their names suggest, DNA nucleotides contain deoxyribose, and RNA nucleotides contain ribose.
1) Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to A) use a magnifying glass. B) develop a taxonomic system. C) view microorganisms and record these observations. D) disprove spontaneous generation. E) use the germ theory of disease.
C. view microorganisms and record these observations.
What functional groups are present in ALL amino acids? A) amino groups B) carboxyl groups C) hydroxyl groups. D) amino and carboxyl groups E) amino and sulfhydryl groups.
D) amino and carboxyl groups —NH2, the amino functional group, is found in all amino acids, and carboxyl groups are used for amino acids, proteins, and fatty acid
According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are TRUE of basic biochemical reactions? A) They are shared by all living things. B) There are an unlimited number of them. C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions. D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.
D. Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons In adopting this view, scientists could use microbes as model systems to answer questions about metabolism in all organisms.
Who demonstrated that fermentation could occur in the absence of intact cells? A) Lister B) Koch C) Pasteur D) Buchner E) Woese
D. Buchner Resurrected the chemical explanation by showing that fermentation does not require living cells. Buchner's experiments demonstrated the presence of enzymes, which are cell-produced proteins that promote chemical reactions.
3) Which of the following statements about fungi is INCORRECT? A) Fungi are eukaryotes. B) Molds are multicellular. C) Fungi have a cell wall. D) Fungi are photosynthetic. E) Yeasts are unicellular.
D. Fungi are photosynthetic Fungi are eukaryotic, each of their cells contains a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane.
What is the correct order for the steps in the scientific method? I. Conduct experiment. II. Develop a hypothesis. III. Analyze results. IV. Accept or reject hypothesis. A) I, II, III, IV B) IV, III, II, I C) I, III, II, IV D) II, I, III, IV E) There is no specific order required
D. II,I,III,IV
What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates? I. Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest. II. Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory. III. Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts. IV. Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject. A) III, I, IV, II B) IV, I, III, II C) I, II, III, IV D) III, II, I, IV E) IV, I, II, III
D. III, II, I, IV
Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery? A) Nightingale B) Snow C) Ehrlich D) Lister E) Semmelweis
D. Lister Lister was aware of the dreadful consequences that resulted from the infection of wounds. Therefore, he began spraying wounds, surgical incisions, and dressings with carbolic acid (phenol), a chemical that had previously proven effective in reducing odor and decay in sewage.
Who among the following may be considered the Father of Microbiology in part because of his careful application of the scientific method to many problems in microbiology? A) Robert Koch B) Edward Jenner C) Eduard Buchner D) Louis Pasteur E) Lazzaro Spallanzani
D. Louis Pasteur
Which of the following is TRUE of both DNA and RNA? A) The "backbone" is composed of riboses and phosphates. B) They contain adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. C) They are usually double-stranded helices. D) The purines and pyrimidines form hydrogen-bonded pairs. E) They are highly hydrophobic macromolecules.
D. The purines and pyrimidines form hydrogen-bonded pairs Adenine and guanine are double-ringed molecules of a class called purines, whereas cytosine, thymine, and uracil have single rings and are pyrimidines.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa? A) Most exhibit asexual reproduction. B) They are single-celled organisms. C) They are eukaryotic organisms. D) They are all photosynthetic. E) They frequently possess cilia or flagella.
D. They are all photosynthetic
The outer ring in Figure 2-1 represents A) an electron. B) the nucleus. C) an isotope. D) an electron shell. E) a neutron.
D. an electron shell
The control of infectious disease remains challenging a century after the understanding of infectious disease began. What contributes to the continuing challenge? A) developing resistance to antimicrobial agents B) emerging diseases C) creating microbes using recombinant DNA technology D) both drug-resistant pathogens and emerging diseases E) rapidly growing estimates of the diversity of microbes
D. both drug-resistant pathogens and emerging diseases Ehrlich introduced the idea of a "magic bullet" that would kill pathogens, but it was not until Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered penicillin in 1929 Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964) discovered sulfa drugs in 1935 that medical personnel finally had drugs effective against a wide range of bacteria.
John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology? A) infection control only B) epidemiology only C) immunology only D) both infection control and epidemiology E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology
D. both infection control and epidemiology infection control: Branch of microbiology studying the prevention and control of infectious disease. John Snow (1813-1858), also played a key role in setting standards for good public hygiene to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Snow had been studying the propagation of cholera and suspected that the disease was spread by a contaminating agent in water
Compounds that readily dissociate in water are A) nonpolar. B) ionic. C) polar. D) either polar or ionic. E) never polar or ionic.
D. either polar or ionic
Which parts of the atoms interact in a chemical reaction? A) protons B) neutrons C) ions D) electrons E) isotopes
D. electrons
Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called A) fungi. B) pathogens. C) eukaryotes. D) prokaryotes. E) viruses.
D. prokaryotes
The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile. A) archaea B) bacteria C) fungi D) protozoa E) viruses
D. protozoa
The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection. A) antisepsis B) chemotherapy C) etiology D) serology E) bioremediation
D. serology
The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen. A) bacterial B) protozoal C) fungal D) viral E) archaeal
D. viral In 1798, Jenner reported similar results from additional experiments, demonstrating the validity of the procedure he named vaccination after Vaccinia virus, the virus that causes cowpox. Because vaccination stimulates a long-lasting response by the body's protective immune system, the term immunization is often used synonymously today.
Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates is FALSE? A) Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases. B) A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory. C) All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be shown to cause a particular disease. D) Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts. E) The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied.
E) The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied. Koch's postulates: 1.The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. 2. The agent must be isolated and grown outside the host. 3. When the agent is introduced to a healthy, susceptible host, the host should get the disease. 4. The same agent must be found in the diseased experimental host.
Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms? A) glycocalyces B) flagella C) fimbriae D) pili E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces
E) both fimbriae and glycocalyces Fimbriae also serve an important function in biofilms, three-dimensional slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate and to one another by means of fimbriae and glycocalyces
Some bacteria have an outer layer composed of ________ that protects them from desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces. A) polysaccharides B) waxes C) nucleotides D) polypeptides E) either polypeptides or polysaccharides
E) either polypeptides or polysaccharides gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell. This substance is known as a glycocalyx
A(n) ________ is an arrangement of atoms found in a variety of macromolecules. A) buffer B) isotope C) salt D) stereoisomer E) functional group
E) functional group
Bacterial cell walls are composed of A) peptides. B) polysaccharides. C) waxes. D) carbohydrates and waxes. E) peptides and polysaccharides.
E) peptides and polysaccharides. The cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan, which is made of polysaccharides and amino acids Peptide bonds: Cells link amino acids together in chains that somewhat resemble beads on a necklace.
1) Using a microscope, you observe an amoeba moving toward a food source. This is an example of A) reproduction. B) cellular structure. C) metabolism. D) growth. E) responsiveness.
E) responsiveness. All living things respond to their environment. They have the ability to change themselves in reaction to changing conditions around or within them. Many organisms also have the ability to move toward or away from environmental stimuli—a response called taxis.
What anchors the bacterial flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane? A) a pilus B) the filament C) fimbriae D) the hook E) the basal body
E) the basal body Bacterial flagella are composed of three parts: a filament, a hook, and a basal body
Tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins involves ________ bonds. A) hydrogen B) ionic C) polar covalent D) nonpolar covalent E) hydrogen, ionic, polar, and nonpolar covalent
E. Hydrogen, ionic, polar, and nonpolar covalent
What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionary relationships among all organisms (including microbes)? A) Woese B) Avery C) Ehrlich D) Kluyver E) Pauling
E. Pauling Linus Pauling (1901-1994) proposed in 1965 that gene sequences could provide a means of understanding evolutionary relationships and processes, establishing taxonomic categories that more closely reflect these relationships, and identifying the existence of microbes that have never been cultured in a laboratory.
Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation? A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape. B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present. C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time. D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened. E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.
E. The flasks he used were sealed with corks In 1861, he reported that his "swan-necked flasks" remained free of microbes even 18 months later. Because the flasks contained all the nutrients (including air) known to be required by living things
4) Which of the following is an accurate description of viruses? A) They are visible with a light microscope. B) They are the smallest known cells. C) They are composed of protein only. D) They are typically about the size of prokaryotic cells. E) They are acellular obligatory parasites.
E. They are acellular obligatory parasites All viruses are acellular (not composed of cells) obligatory parasites composed of small amounts of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology? A) How should living organisms be classified? B) How do genes work? C) How can microorganisms be seen? D) How are microbes related? E) What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?
E. What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?
The "backbone" of the DNA molecule is composed of A) amino acids. B) pentoses. C) phosphates. D) nitrogenous bases. E) alternating phosphates and pentoses.
E. alternating phosphates and pentoses
An acid dissociates in water to release A) hydrogen ions. B) cations. C) hydroxyl groups. D) anions. E) both anions and hydrogen ions.
E. both anions and hydrogen ions
Which of the following are examples of pyrimidines? A) uracil and adenine B) cytosine and guanine C) thymine and adenine D) thymine and guanine E) cytosine and thymine
E. cytosine and thymine cytosine, thymine, and uracil have single rings and are pyrimidines
Research suggests taking antacids may make people more susceptible to infection with Vibrio vulnificus by making the stomach environment more tolerable to the bacteria. Based on this information and the name "antacid," which of the following are antacids likely to be? A) acids B) bases C) non-polar compounds D) buffers E) either base or buffer
E. either base or buffer
Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat A) cholera. B) cancer. C) anthrax. D) smallpox. E) syphilis.
E. syphilis By 1908, he had discovered a chemical active against the causative agent of syphilis, though the arsenic-based drug can have serious side effects in humans. His discoveries began the branch of medical microbiology known as chemotherapy
The reaction described below is consistent with A) a synthesis reaction. B) a catabolic reaction. C) a decomposition reaction. D) an exchange reaction. E) both synthesis and decomposition.
Serine + ATP ---->Serine-P + AMP D. an exchange reaction they involve breaking and forming covalent bonds, and they involve both endothermic and exothermic steps.
A macromolecule containing two fatty acids and a phosphate group is a A) wax. B) phospholipid. C) steroid. D) saturated fatty acid. E) glycerol.
b. phospholipid
