Microbiology Exam 4 Chapters 21-26
Which type of Anthrax has a high mortality rate?
Inhalation
Types of plague
bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic
Papules
raised lesions
Pustules
raised lesions with pus
Enanthem
rash on mucous membranes arising from a disease
Vaginosis
no sign of inflammation
Public health officials in Pennsylvania are notified of cases of watery diarrhea with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements among persons associated with a residential facility (e.d., residents, staff, & volunteers). The disease is associated with eating snow peas. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Cyclosporiasis
What microbe could cause rash and severe joint pain in a 20-year-old woman?
Dengue Fever
A patient presents with fever & a red, sire throat. Later, a grayish membrane appears in the throat. Gram-positive rods are cultures from the membrane. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Diptheria
After eating at one restaurant, 355 people were diagnosed withe the same hepatitis virus. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Hepatitis A & E
Three weeks after working on the demolition of an abandoned building in Kentucky, a worker is hospitalized for acute respiratory illness. At the time of demolition, a colony of bats inhabited the building. An X-ray examination reveals a lung mass. A purified protein derivative test is negative; a cytological examination of the mass reveals ovoid yeast cells. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Histoplasmosis
A 22-year-old soldier returning from a tour of duty in Iraq has three painless skin ulcers. She reports being bitten by insects every night. Ovoid, protozoa like bodies, are observed within her macrophages by examination with a light microscope. What infections could cause these symptoms?
Leishmaniasis
A 4-year-old boy with a history of cough, conjunctivitis, and fever (38.3°C) now has a macular rash that started on his face and neck and is spreading to the rest of his body. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Measles
What disease can you diagnose with a lumbar puncture?
Meningitis
A worker in a day-care center in eastern North Dakota became ill with fever, rash, headache, and abdominal pain. The patient had a precipitous clinical decline and dies on the first day of hospitalization. Diagnosis was confirmed by Gram staining of cerebrospinal fluid. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Meningococcal Meningitis
A 26-year old women has abdominal pain, painful urination, & fever. Cultures grown in a high-CO2 environment reveal gram-negative diplococci. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
PID (N. gonorrhoeae)
TORCH meaning
Toxoplasmosis Other (such as syphilis, chickenpox, HIV, measles, mumps, & hepatitis B) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus
Prion
abnormally folded protein -causes normal proteins in the brain tissue to become abnormally folded
Furuncle (boil)
abscess; pus surrounded by inflamed tissue; have to drain
Septicemia
acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood
Carbuncle
damage and inflammation of deep tissue from a spreading furuncle
Gangrene
death of soft tissue
Necrosis
death of tissue
Severe sepsis
decreased blood pressure and dysfunction of at least one organ
Macules
flat, reddened lesions
Mycosis
fungal infection
Mycotoxins
fungal produced toxins
Dermatomycoses
fungus that causes cutaneous mycosis; also known as tineas, or ringworm.
Tinea unguium
infection of the nails
Folliculitis
infections of the hair follicles - Sty: folliculitis of eyelash
Ureteritis
inflammation of a ureter
Lymphangitis
inflammation of lymph vessels
pyelonephritis
inflammation of one or both kidneys
cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
Meningoencephalitis
inflammation of the brain and meninges
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
Bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles
Conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva -Also called red eye or pinkeye
Keratitis
inflammation of the cornea -Bacterial (U.S.) -Fusarium & Aspergillus (Africa & Asia)
endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium
Epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis -Most life threating
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx, or voice box
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
Meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
pericarditis
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart -Streotococci
sinusitis
inflammation of the sinuses
Gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
tonsillitis
inflammation of the tonsils
urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
salpingitis
inflammation of the uterine tube -Most serious form of PID -Scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy
Vaginitis
inflammation of the vagina due to infection
Ischemia
loss of blood supply to tissue
Antigenic shift
major changes in HA & NA spikes -Leads to pandemics -Probably due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting same cell
Treatment for Influenza:
nanamivir (Relenza) & Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) inhibit neuraminidase
Tineas pedis
ringworm of the feet (athletes' foot)
Tineas cruris
ringworm of the groin (jock itch)
tineas capitis
ringworm of the scalp, causes bald patches; common among elementary school children
TORCH
screen tests pregnant women for diseases that can transmit vertically
Septic shock
sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure
pneumonia
severe complication of bronchitis involving alveoli
Exanthem
skin rash arising from a disease
Vesicles
small, fluid-filled lesions
Sepsis
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
Dimorphic fungus
yeast-like and filamentous growth -Initially infects lungs but spreads throughout body
An 8-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever and reports having been bitten by mosquitoes. What type of encephalitis is most likely?
-California Encephalitis -Eastern Equine Encephalitis -Heartland Encephalitis -Powassan Encephalitis -West Nile Encephalitis
Powassan virus (POW)
-Distributed mostly in the northeastern US & the Great Lakes region -Long-term neurological problems may occur -Mortality of 10-15%
After eating a can of chili, two children experience cranial nerve paralysis followed by defending paralysis. The children are on mechanical ventilation. Leftover canned chili is tested by mouse bioassay. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Botulism
A 10-year-old girl is admitted to a local hospital after having fever (40°C) for 12 days & back pain for 8 days. Bacteria cannot be cultured from tissues. She has a recent history of dog & cay scratches. She recovers without treatment. What infections could cause these symptoms?
Cat-Scratch Disease
An 8-year-old boy has a rash consisting of vesicular lesions of 5 days' duration on his neck and stomach. Within 5 days, 73 students in his elementary school have an illness matching the case definition for this disease. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Chicken pox
Types of Anthrax
Cutaneous: -Endospores enter through miner cut 20% mortality without antibiotics; 1% mortality with antibiotics Gastrointestinal: -Ingestion of uncooked, contaminated food 50% mortality Inhalational (pulmonary): -inhalation of endospores -Antibiotics work within first few days -Bacteria enters blood causing septic shock that kills within 24 to 36 hours; close to 100% mortality
A 65-year-old man with poor circulation in his legs develops an infection following injury to a toe. Dead tissue further reduces circulation, requiring amputation of two toes. What infection could cause these symptoms?
Gangeme
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of throat; sore throat
Chapter 23:
Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 25:
Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
Chapter 22
Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System
Chapter 24:
Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
Chapter 21
Microbial Diseases of the Skin & Eyes
Chapter 26:
Microbial Diseases of the Urinary & Reproductive Systems
Antigenic drift
Minor change between antigenic shifts -Point mutations in genes encoding HA or NA spikes & may involve only 1 amino acid - Allows virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies
in the morning a 20-year-old man has eye redness with a crust of mucus. the condition resolves with topical antibiotic treatment. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Pink eye
A 27-year-old man with a history of asthma is hospitalized with a 4-day history of progressive cough & 2 days of spiking fevers. Gram-positive cocci in pairs are cultured from a blood sample. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
An outbreak of diarrhea begins in mid-June, peaks in mid-August, & tapers off in September. A clinical case is defines as diarrhea (three loose stools during a 24-hour period) in a member of a swim club. The virus shown is isolated from one patient. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Rotavirus
An 8-year-old boy has diarrhea, chills, fever (39.3°C), abdominal cramps, & vomiting for 3 days. The next month, his 12-year-old brother experiences the same symptoms. Two weeks before the first patient became ill, the family had purchased a small (<10 cm) red-eared slider turtle at a flea market. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Salmonella
An 11-month-old boy comes to a clinic with a 1-week history of an itchy re rash under his arms. The rash seems to bother him more at night and he has no fever. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
Scabies
A 20-year-old woman feels a stinging sensation when urinating & feels an urgent need to urinate, even if very little urine is excreted. Lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods are cultured from her urine. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?
UTI or Cystitis
pneumonic plague
bacteria in lungs; spread by airborne droplets; near 100% mortality; death within 12-15 hours of onset of fever.
Septicemia plague
bacteria in the blood spreads to multiple organs; blood vessels die; tissue necrosis & black spots on skin (Black Death)
Bubonic Plague
bacterial growth in blood and lymph; swelling in lymph nodes called buboes; if untreated mortality rate is 50-75%; death within week of symptoms.
Bullae
vesicles larger than 1 cm in diameter