Microbiology Exam 4 Chapters 21-26

Which type of Anthrax has a high mortality rate?

Inhalation

Types of plague

bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic

Papules

raised lesions

Pustules

raised lesions with pus

Enanthem

rash on mucous membranes arising from a disease

Vaginosis

no sign of inflammation

Public health officials in Pennsylvania are notified of cases of watery diarrhea with frequent, sometimes explosive, bowel movements among persons associated with a residential facility (e.d., residents, staff, & volunteers). The disease is associated with eating snow peas. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Cyclosporiasis

What microbe could cause rash and severe joint pain in a 20-year-old woman?

Dengue Fever

A patient presents with fever & a red, sire throat. Later, a grayish membrane appears in the throat. Gram-positive rods are cultures from the membrane. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Diptheria

After eating at one restaurant, 355 people were diagnosed withe the same hepatitis virus. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Hepatitis A & E

Three weeks after working on the demolition of an abandoned building in Kentucky, a worker is hospitalized for acute respiratory illness. At the time of demolition, a colony of bats inhabited the building. An X-ray examination reveals a lung mass. A purified protein derivative test is negative; a cytological examination of the mass reveals ovoid yeast cells. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Histoplasmosis

A 22-year-old soldier returning from a tour of duty in Iraq has three painless skin ulcers. She reports being bitten by insects every night. Ovoid, protozoa like bodies, are observed within her macrophages by examination with a light microscope. What infections could cause these symptoms?

Leishmaniasis

A 4-year-old boy with a history of cough, conjunctivitis, and fever (38.3°C) now has a macular rash that started on his face and neck and is spreading to the rest of his body. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Measles

What disease can you diagnose with a lumbar puncture?

Meningitis

A worker in a day-care center in eastern North Dakota became ill with fever, rash, headache, and abdominal pain. The patient had a precipitous clinical decline and dies on the first day of hospitalization. Diagnosis was confirmed by Gram staining of cerebrospinal fluid. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Meningococcal Meningitis

A 26-year old women has abdominal pain, painful urination, & fever. Cultures grown in a high-CO2 environment reveal gram-negative diplococci. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

PID (N. gonorrhoeae)

TORCH meaning

Toxoplasmosis Other (such as syphilis, chickenpox, HIV, measles, mumps, & hepatitis B) Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus

Prion

abnormally folded protein -causes normal proteins in the brain tissue to become abnormally folded

Furuncle (boil)

abscess; pus surrounded by inflamed tissue; have to drain

Septicemia

acute illness due to the presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood

Carbuncle

damage and inflammation of deep tissue from a spreading furuncle

Gangrene

death of soft tissue

Necrosis

death of tissue

Severe sepsis

decreased blood pressure and dysfunction of at least one organ

Macules

flat, reddened lesions

Mycosis

fungal infection

Mycotoxins

fungal produced toxins

Dermatomycoses

fungus that causes cutaneous mycosis; also known as tineas, or ringworm.

Tinea unguium

infection of the nails

Folliculitis

infections of the hair follicles - Sty: folliculitis of eyelash

Ureteritis

inflammation of a ureter

Lymphangitis

inflammation of lymph vessels

pyelonephritis

inflammation of one or both kidneys

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

Meningoencephalitis

inflammation of the brain and meninges

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchi

Bronchiolitis

inflammation of the bronchioles

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva -Also called red eye or pinkeye

Keratitis

inflammation of the cornea -Bacterial (U.S.) -Fusarium & Aspergillus (Africa & Asia)

endocarditis

inflammation of the endocardium

Epiglottitis

inflammation of the epiglottis -Most life threating

laryngitis

inflammation of the larynx, or voice box

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

pericarditis

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart -Streotococci

sinusitis

inflammation of the sinuses

Gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

tonsillitis

inflammation of the tonsils

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

salpingitis

inflammation of the uterine tube -Most serious form of PID -Scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy

Vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina due to infection

Ischemia

loss of blood supply to tissue

Antigenic shift

major changes in HA & NA spikes -Leads to pandemics -Probably due to genetic recombination between different strains infecting same cell

Treatment for Influenza:

nanamivir (Relenza) & Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) inhibit neuraminidase

Tineas pedis

ringworm of the feet (athletes' foot)

Tineas cruris

ringworm of the groin (jock itch)

tineas capitis

ringworm of the scalp, causes bald patches; common among elementary school children

TORCH

screen tests pregnant women for diseases that can transmit vertically

Septic shock

sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure

pneumonia

severe complication of bronchitis involving alveoli

Exanthem

skin rash arising from a disease

Vesicles

small, fluid-filled lesions

Sepsis

systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Dimorphic fungus

yeast-like and filamentous growth -Initially infects lungs but spreads throughout body

An 8-year-old girl in rural Wisconsin has chills, headache, and fever and reports having been bitten by mosquitoes. What type of encephalitis is most likely?

-California Encephalitis -Eastern Equine Encephalitis -Heartland Encephalitis -Powassan Encephalitis -West Nile Encephalitis

Powassan virus (POW)

-Distributed mostly in the northeastern US & the Great Lakes region -Long-term neurological problems may occur -Mortality of 10-15%

After eating a can of chili, two children experience cranial nerve paralysis followed by defending paralysis. The children are on mechanical ventilation. Leftover canned chili is tested by mouse bioassay. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Botulism

A 10-year-old girl is admitted to a local hospital after having fever (40°C) for 12 days & back pain for 8 days. Bacteria cannot be cultured from tissues. She has a recent history of dog & cay scratches. She recovers without treatment. What infections could cause these symptoms?

Cat-Scratch Disease

An 8-year-old boy has a rash consisting of vesicular lesions of 5 days' duration on his neck and stomach. Within 5 days, 73 students in his elementary school have an illness matching the case definition for this disease. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Chicken pox

Types of Anthrax

Cutaneous: -Endospores enter through miner cut 20% mortality without antibiotics; 1% mortality with antibiotics Gastrointestinal: -Ingestion of uncooked, contaminated food 50% mortality Inhalational (pulmonary): -inhalation of endospores -Antibiotics work within first few days -Bacteria enters blood causing septic shock that kills within 24 to 36 hours; close to 100% mortality

A 65-year-old man with poor circulation in his legs develops an infection following injury to a toe. Dead tissue further reduces circulation, requiring amputation of two toes. What infection could cause these symptoms?

Gangeme

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of throat; sore throat

Chapter 23:

Microbial Diseases of the Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems

Chapter 25:

Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System

Chapter 22

Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System

Chapter 24:

Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System

Chapter 21

Microbial Diseases of the Skin & Eyes

Chapter 26:

Microbial Diseases of the Urinary & Reproductive Systems

Antigenic drift

Minor change between antigenic shifts -Point mutations in genes encoding HA or NA spikes & may involve only 1 amino acid - Allows virus to avoid mucosal IgA antibodies

in the morning a 20-year-old man has eye redness with a crust of mucus. the condition resolves with topical antibiotic treatment. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Pink eye

A 27-year-old man with a history of asthma is hospitalized with a 4-day history of progressive cough & 2 days of spiking fevers. Gram-positive cocci in pairs are cultured from a blood sample. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Pneumococcal Pneumonia

An outbreak of diarrhea begins in mid-June, peaks in mid-August, & tapers off in September. A clinical case is defines as diarrhea (three loose stools during a 24-hour period) in a member of a swim club. The virus shown is isolated from one patient. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Rotavirus

An 8-year-old boy has diarrhea, chills, fever (39.3°C), abdominal cramps, & vomiting for 3 days. The next month, his 12-year-old brother experiences the same symptoms. Two weeks before the first patient became ill, the family had purchased a small (<10 cm) red-eared slider turtle at a flea market. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Salmonella

An 11-month-old boy comes to a clinic with a 1-week history of an itchy re rash under his arms. The rash seems to bother him more at night and he has no fever. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

Scabies

A 20-year-old woman feels a stinging sensation when urinating & feels an urgent need to urinate, even if very little urine is excreted. Lactose-fermenting, Gram-negative rods are cultured from her urine. Can you identify infections that could cause these symptoms?

UTI or Cystitis

pneumonic plague

bacteria in lungs; spread by airborne droplets; near 100% mortality; death within 12-15 hours of onset of fever.

Septicemia plague

bacteria in the blood spreads to multiple organs; blood vessels die; tissue necrosis & black spots on skin (Black Death)

Bubonic Plague

bacterial growth in blood and lymph; swelling in lymph nodes called buboes; if untreated mortality rate is 50-75%; death within week of symptoms.

Bullae

vesicles larger than 1 cm in diameter