Microbiology Final Exam (Mcgraw-Hill) ch1-4 and 12-13 and 19

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) focus on all of the following activities EXCEPT ______. researching infectious disease primary patient care publishing the MMWR collecting data on diseases affecting public health supporting infectious disease labs

primary patient care

An infectious agent that consists of protein and no nucleic acid is called a(n)

prion

Members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium ______.

produce dormant cells called endospores

All of the following are examples of the commercial contributions of fungi EXCEPT ______.

production of toxins which can cause human disease

All of the following are examples of the commercial contributions of fungi EXCEPT ______. synthesis of antimicrobial medications use as model systems for the study of eukaryotic processes genetically engineered to produce medically important molecules production of toxins which can cause human disease

production of toxins which can cause human disease

Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism? prokaryote eukaryotes

prokaryote:Choice Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy eukaryotes:Membrane-bound organelles transform energy

The common amino acids can be linked together in a nearly limitless number of combinations to form a(n)

protein

All _ are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.

proteins

Amino acids are joined together to form macromolecules called _______.

proteins

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cytoplasmic membranes? nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates waxes lipids

proteins lipids

_ are defined as being unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi.

protozoa

are defined as being unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi.

protozoa

None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called _ .

pseudopeptidoglycan

Match the term on the left with the description of the optimum temperature environment. psychrophile psychrotroph mesophile thermophile

psychrophile Choice cold Arctic regions psychrotroph Choice refrigeration mesophile matches human body thermophile matches compost heap

Microbial cells must maintain a near-neutral internal pH. Because of this, bacteria that grow in acidic environments have mechanisms to ______.

pump out H+ that enter the cell

A _ culture contains only ONE species of microorganisms descended from a single cell.

pure

After Gram staining, Gram-positive cells are _ and Gram-negative cells are _

purple or violet pink or red

The stage of viral multiplication at which budding occurs is ______.

release

Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?

requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient

The natural habitat of a pathogen, which might include humans, non-human animals, or the environment, is called the _ of infection.

reservoir

Humans have been enormously successful in eliminating or reducing the occurrence of certain diseases through efforts in ______.

reservoir and vector control antibiotic treatment improved sanitation vaccination

Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______.

result in bursting of a bacterial cell

The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called _ .

ribosomes

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ______.

run out

Many members of the Archaea have _ - _ , which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.

s-layers

As important decomposers, fungi obtain nutrients by ______.

secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

The cytoplasmic membrane is a(n) _ permeable barrier of the cell.

selectively, semi, or selective

In a bacterium, pili are typically _______ than flagella.

shorter but more numerous

A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen is called _ staining.

simple

Cooperative surveillance coupled with global immunization programs and isolation of cases resulted in the eradication of ______.

smallpox

The mixture of solvent and solute is called

solution

_ transduction is the result of excision errors made as temperate phages transition from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.

specialized

Attachment of animal viruses to the host cell typically occurs by means of ______.

spikes

A photoautotroph obtains energy from ______ and carbon from ______ in order to make organic compounds.

sunlight; CO2

In 1749, John Needham produced results that _______ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _______.

support; could still give rise to microorganisms

Commercially important contributions attributed to fungi include ______.

the synthesis of antibiotics uses in the wine and cheese industries genetically engineered production of insulin and vaccines

All of the following statements about immunofluorescence are true except one. Which? uses the dye methylene blue uses fluorescently tagged molecules would require a special UV microscope Stained cells often appear bright against a black background. makes use of the specificity in binding of antibodies

uses the dye methylene blue

ervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) ______

vaccine

In contrast to an endospore, a typical multiplying cell is called a(n) _ cell.

vegetative

Transfer of a pathogen by a pregnant woman to her fetus, or from a mother to infant during birth or through breastfeeding, are examples of _ transmission.

vertical

If you want to determine the proportion of cells that have been killed by a particular antimicrobial treatment, it would be best to do which type of cell count before and after that treatment?

viable cell count

A _______ is a single virus particle.

virion

A complete viral particle, which typically consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, is called a(n)

virion

A(n) _ is an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists only of RNA.

viroid

Bacteriophages that exit the host cell at the end of an infection by lysing it are called _______ phages.

virulent

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ______.

viruses

To avoid transmitting infectious agents from patient to patient, it is particularly important for healthcare personnel to ______.

wash hands

The most abundant molecule in a cell is

water

Light microscopes that are routinely used in the laboratory can magnify images about _______.

1,000X

An aqueous solution is one in which ______.

water is the solvent

Which of the following describe selective media?

Allow the growth of desired organisms Inhibit the growth of certain species

Proteins are polymers composed of

Amino acids

_______ move by extending and retraction portions of their cytoplasm.

Amoebae

From which body site could a facultative anaerobe be isolated?

Any of these locations

About 75% of all known fungi are members of the phylum _ . These include Penicillium species, morels, and truffles.

Ascomycota or Ascomycetes

Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions?

Assembly

What term is used to describe organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source?

Autotrophs

The two most common examples of endospore-forming genera are _ and _ .

Bacillus and clostridium

What term is used to describe a group of microbes co-existing in polymer-encased communities?

Biofilm

In eukaryotes, a cytoplasmic ribosome is _ , and is made up of a small 40S subunit and a large _ subunit.

Blank 1: 80S or 80 S Blank 2: 60S or 60 S

The _ _ _ (WHO) comprises 193 member states and is devoted to achieving the highest possible level of health around the globe.

Blank 1: World Blank 2: Health Blank 3: Organization

The major categories of animal viral infections are _ infections, characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms of a relatively short duration, and _ infections that can continue with or without symptoms for years.

Blank 1: acute Blank 2: persistent

A generalized infection cycle of an animal viruses can be divided into five steps: 1. ; 2. entry; 3. ; 4. assembly; and 5. .

Blank 1: attachment or adsorption Blank 2: genome Blank 3: synthesis or biosynthesis Blank 4: release or lysis

Gram- _ cell walls have less peptidoglycan than Gram- _ cell walls.

Blank 1: negative or - Blank 2: positive or +

The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound _ , which contains the genetic material.

Blank 1: nucleus

In what ways is microbial growth in a colony the same as growth in a liquid?

Both involve a lag phase followed by exponential growth. In both cases, cells compete with one another for available nutrients.

Which of the following best describes how the atmospheric needs of aerobic microbes can be met?

By growing them in the air.

_______ is a roundworm (nematode) that serves as a model eukaryotic organism. Its genome has been sequenced and all of its 959 body cells can be identified.

Caenorhabditis elegans

You are setting up an enrichment culture to look for bacteria that can use phenol as a carbon source. In your medium, you provide a variety of major elements and trace elements, plus phenol. Other than that contained in the phenol, what must you avoid adding if you hope to enrich for phenol-degraders?

Carbon

Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid

Cell Wall

Gram stains and acid-fast stains are _ stains, meaning they are multi-step procedures using two dyes to distinguish different groups of microorganisms.

Differential

The Gram stain is an example of a(n) _ stain because it separates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.

Differential

Which of the following phage types cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell?

Filamentous

_ phages cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell.

Filamentous, M13, Temperate, or Lysogenic

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal .

Flora

Match the Following Foot-and-Mouth African swine fever Chytridiomycosis cattle, pigs, frogs

Foot-and-Mouth; Cattle African swine fever; Pigs Chytridiomycosis; Frogs

Which of the following are eukaryotes?

Fungi Algae Protozoa Helminths

Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called _ vesicles.

Gas

Which form of transduction results from packaging errors during phage assembly?

Generalized

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the _ and gives information about the shape of the organism.

Genus

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the _ Theory of Disease.

Germ

Which of the following organelles typically receives and then modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum before they are transported to other destinations?

Golgi apparatus

The _ stain is the most widely used staining procedure for distinguishing different groups of bacteria.

Gram

_______ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.

John Needham

Who performed an epidemiological study of a large cholera outbreak in London during the mid 1800s?

John Snow

Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?

Lack a nucleus

Which defines spontaneous generation?

Life arose from non-living matter

_______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.

Louis Pasteur

What term is used to describe chemical substances such as carbon or phosphorous, which are found in large quantities in cells?

Major element

Match each possible outcome of phage replication with the correct definition. Productive infection Latent state

Productive infection matches New viral particles are produced Latent state matches Viral genome remains silent within the cell

Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a

Slime Layer

All of the following statements about smallpox are true except one. Which? Smallpox is caused by bacteria Smallpox was carried to the Americas by Europeans Smallpox has been eliminated from nature Smallpox killed about one-third of those infected

Smallpox is caused by bacteria

Which environment is more dynamic and complex?

Soil and its surroundings

Why are cells sometimes difficult to see in a wet mount?

Some are transparent. Some move quickly.

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?

Spontaneous generation

True or false: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.

T

Some protozoan species can exist as a trophozoite or as a cyst form. How are these forms best described?

The cyst is an infectious survival form. The trophozoite is a growing, feeding form.

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

_______ transmission occurs when a disease-causing agent passes from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth.

Vertical

Which of the following are non-cellular infectious agents?

Viroids Prions Viruses

The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the _ , _ , and _ .

Viruses Viroid Prions

Which of the following statements about viruses are true? .Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both. The viral capsid is composed of protein. The viral capsid is composed of carbohydrates. Viruses contain both DNA and RNA in one capsid.

Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both. The viral capsid is composed of protein.

A batch culture has which of the following characteristics?

Wastes are not removed. It is a closed system. Nutrients are not renewed. It typically involves growth of bacteria or archaea either on agar plates or in tubes or flasks of broths.

Unlike a stained specimen, living moving cells can be observed using a(n) _ mount.

Wet

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular _ and the multicellular filamentous _ .

Yeast Mold

Match each type of fungus with its description. Yeast: Molds: Mushrooms:

Yeast: Single-celled fungi Molds: Filamentous fungi Mushrooms: Reproductive structures of certain fungi

The capsule stain shows the capsule as ______.

a clear area surrounding a cell

When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, what should be placed on top of the specimen?

a coverslip

An endospore is ______.

a dormant cell type

A prion is best described as ______.

a proteinaceous infectious agent

If O2 is present in an environment, it is said to be _______.

aerobic

_ are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single-celled forms.

algae

Fungi associate with ______ to form lichens.

algae cyanobacteria

Different combinations of the common ______ lead to the creation of a wide variety of protein molecules.

amino acids

What subunits are used to synthesize proteins?

amino acids

An environment with little or no O2 present is called a(n) _ environment.

anaerobic

_ studies are designed to determine which of the potential risk factors identified by the descriptive studies are relevant in the spread of the disease.

analytical

Which of the following statements best describes protozoa?

animal-like unicellular organisms

Immunofluorescence uses a(n) _ that has a fluorescent compound to tag a specific protein.

antibody or immunoglobulin

The five groups used to categorize microorganisms with respect to growth temperature (psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, and hyperthermophile) ______.

are based on optimum growth temperatures.

Flukes ______.

are flat and leaf-shaped have a mouth but no anus have two suckers

Slime molds ______.

are terrestrial organisms ingest organic matter are composed of ameboid cells are important in the food chain

Animals such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks and mites are referred to as _______.

arthropods

The majority of medically important fungi are members of what phylum?

ascomycota

A(n) _ force microscope uses a very sharp scanning probe to produce detailed images of surfaces with a very high resolving power.

atomic

A(n) _ requires only carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.

autotroph, chemolithoautotroph, chemoautotroph, chemolithotroph, or photoautotroph

peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______.

bacteria

Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells?

bacterial

Plague is a _______.

bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas

When bacteria or archaea are grown on agar plates or in tubes or flasks of broth, these closed systems are a _ culture. By contrast, cells can also be grown in an open system, or a continuous culture.

batch

Many bacterial communities secrete polysaccharides and other hydrophilic polymers. This mesh-like accumulation can help protect the bacteria growing within from antibiotics or disinfectants. These communities are called

biofilms or biofilm

Infectious agents that have a simpler structure than viruses include ______.

both viroids and prions

Which type of microscope transmits a light through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?

bright-field microscope

A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a ______.

capsule

Cell walls of plants, fungi, and bacteria are made primarily of ______.

carbohydrates

Oncoviruses are viruses that can ______.

cause cancer in humans

Tumors are abnormal growths that result from a malfunction in the regulation of ______.

cell growth

Which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?

cell wall

Viable cell counts determine the number of ______.

cells capable of multiplying

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______.

converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP

The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms creates a(n) ______ bond.

covalent

All cells have a _ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.

cytoplasmic

When an enveloped virus gains entry to an animal cell by fusion, the virus envelope fuses with the ______.

cytoplasmic membrane

The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following? cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm extracellular matrix cell wall capsule nucleoid

cytoplasmic membrane cell wall capsule

The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following? extracellular matrix cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm cell wall nucleoid capsule

cytoplasmic membrane cell wall capsule

Nucleic acids contain five bases. Which ones are these?

cytosine thymine guanine adenine uracil

A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the _

cytoskeleton

A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the _ .

cytoskeleton

Previously it was thought that bacteria lacked a(n) _ , a network of interior proteins that provides support and structure to the eukaryotic cell. Recently though, similar proteins have been characterized in bacteria.

cytoskeleton

In order to detect bacteria growing in patient blood samples, clinical labs can use a fluorescent sensor to detect the slight ______ in pH that accompanies the production of carbon dioxide.

decrease

What is the main function of lysosomes?

degradation

Extremes in pH, high temperatures, salts, and certain solvents can cause a change in protein structure that disrupts the function of the protein. This change in shape is called ______.

denaturation

A change in protein structure that disrupts the function of the protein is called

denature

A ______ study aims to address the distributions of diseases and their determinants. This type of study provides a way of organizing and analyzing these data to identify possible risk factors for disease spread in a population.

descriptive

In a _ study, epidemiologists collect data that characterize individuals that are ill and the time and place of a disease outbreak, so that a list of possible risk factors may be compiled.

descriptive

If the chain of infection is known, then researchers and public health workers can ______.

determine how to stop or slow the spread of the disease

A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is one acquired in a ______.

doctor's office hospital urgent care facility long-term care facility

The infectious _ is the minimum number of a particular microbe required to cause disease.

dose

With the respect to the concept, a mole of a given chemical is most analogous to a ______ eggs.

dozen

acteria growing in a natural environment experience ______.

dynamic and complex conditions

An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, which is focused by _______ lenses, to generate a magnified image on a _______ screen.

electromagnetic; fluorescent

Substances that cannot be chemically interchanged or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter are called

elements

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) _ infectious disease.

emerging

Infectious diseases that are newly recognized or have recently increased in incidence are called _ infectious diseases.

emerging

Eukaryotic cells use the process of _ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.

endocytosis

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of

endocytosis

The process by which a virus is taken up by a host cell as a result of the host cell's cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the virion to form a vesicle is called ______.

endocytosis

The _______ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes.

endoplasmic reticulum

Some bacterial species such as members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium, produce a unique type of dormant cell called a(n) _ .

endospore

The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______.

envelope

Proteins are very versatile macromolecules. They include _ , which serve as biological catalysts, and those that make up the _ , which constitutes the structural framework of many cells.

enzymes cytoskeleton

Some secreted proteins will act as _ outside of the cell and catalyze the breakdown of large macromolecules.

enzymes, exoenzymes, or enzyme

Also called "disease detectives," _ collect and analyze data to describe the sources of disease and risk of infection.

epidemiologist

_ is the study of the distribution and causes of disease in populations.

epidemiology

Membrane-bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n) _ cell.

eukaryotic

If human skin can serve as a reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus, then this pathogen will be shed along with the skin cells. Shedding skin cells are therefore the portal of _ for this pathogen.

exit

The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______.

explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur

Some microorganisms live in harsh environments that kill most other organisms. The term used to describe an organism with this characteristic is

extremophile or extremophiles

True or false: A direct cell count typically determines only the number of live cells in a sample.

f

Temperature, water and nutrient supply, and availability of O2, are all examples of ______ that influence the epidemiology of disease by determining which organisms can exist and reproduce in a given environment.

factors in the physical environment

School children become ill with E. coli 0157:H7. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention determines the same strain of bacteria is found in a cafeteria server who didn't wash his hands after using the toilet. This is an example of _ -oral transmission.

fecal

A woman still recovering from shigellosis diarrhea has a bowel movement but doesn't wash her hands afterward. She then shakes hands with another woman, who later touches her mouth with her fingers and develops shigellosis. This is an example of ______.

fecal-oral transmission direct contact

The motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called

flagella

are flatworms with just one opening, a mouth, and two suckers for attachment to and movement along their host.

flukes

The _ microscope is a specially modified light microscope that uses an ultraviolet light source.

fluorescence

Which of the following microscopes exposes specimens to ultraviolet light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength?

fluorescence microscope

_ transduction is the result of packaging errors during the assembly stage of phage replication.

generalized

Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment such as disposable _ if they are at risk of touching blood, mucous membranes, broken skin, or body fluids.

gloves

In the case of animal viruses, the molecules that viral spikes attach to on the host cell in order to gain entry are typically ______.

glycoproteins

If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage _ .

granule

A mycosis is caused when a fungus ______.

grows on or in the human body and causes disease

A _ factor is an organic compound, such as a vitamin or an amino acid, that a given microorganism cannot synthesize and therefore must be provided in the growth medium.

growth

A graphical representation of a changing population size over time is called which of the following?

growth curve

The characteristic pattern that shows the changes in size of a bacterial population over time in a broth culture is called a bacterial

growth curve

The _ are worms, a type of animal, that are divided into two groups: the roundworms (nematodes) and the flatworms.

helminths

When a large portion of a community becomes immune to an infectious disease (usually through vaccination), the spread of disease from person to person becomes unlikely. This is a phenomenon known as

herd immunity

All of the following serve as common reservoirs of infectious agents in healthcare settings EXCEPT the ______.

hospital food

Symptoms of acute viral diseases result from ______.

host tissue damage host immune response

Molds produce intertwined thread-like multicellular filaments called

hyphae

A testable explanation for an observation is called a(n)

hypothesis

The time it takes before a pathogen begins to cause symptoms of disease is called the _ period.

incubation

Many hospitals employ an _ control practitioner (ICP) whose role is to perform active surveillance of the types and numbers of infections that arise in the hospital.

infection

Nearly every hospital has an _ Control Committee composed of various professionals, including nurses, physicians, dietitians, housekeeping staff, epidemiologists, and microbiology laboratory personnel, for preventing healthcare-associated infections.

infection

Viruses are best described as _______.

infectious agents

For Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis, snails are considered the ______ because they house a sexually immature stage of the parasite.

intermediate host

A vegetative cell is one that ______.

is a typical multiplying cell

A light microscope uses visible light and a series of _ to magnify objects.

lenses

Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _ as a source of energy.

light

A life form commonly found on rocks that results from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism is called a(n)

linchens

The term _ is used to describe a diverse group of non-polar, hydrophobic organic molecules.

lipids

_ are the general class of macromolecules that are not very soluble in polar substances like water.

lipids

Infection of bacteria by _ phages always ends with the lysis of the host cell

lytic

How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?

magnification is higher

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are examples of chemical substances called _ _ , which are the essential components of the cell's macromolecules.

major elements

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes ribosomal RNA sequences

method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes

The Germ Theory of Disease states that ______.

microorganisms cause certain diseases

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are ______.

more diverse

The terms yeast, mold, and mushrooms refer to fungal _______.

morphology

The term _ is used to describe a disease caused by a fungus growing on or in the human body.

mycosis

The smallest virus is approximately 10 ______ in diameter.

nanometers

Anions have a ______ electrical charge that results from the ______ of an electron.

negative; gain

A worm with a cylindrical, tapered body with a digestive tract that extends from the mouth to the anus is called a roundworm or

nematode

Diseases that do not spread from one host to another are ______ diseases.

non-communicable diseases

Hospital-associated infections, or _ infections, are a subset of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and refer to infections acquired while patients are receiving treatment in a hospital.

nosocomial

Which of the following carry genetic information?

nucleic acids

The subunits that make up nucleic acids are known as

nucleotides

In eukaryotes, the genetic material is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the

nucleus

In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is found in the

nucleus

Where is DNA contained in eukaryotes?

nucleus

A(n) _ aerobe, or strictly aerobic organism, requires O2 for survival.

obligate

Viruses are ______.

obligate intracellular agents

Viruses that can cause cancer in humans aoncogenic, oncoviruses, or oncoknown as _ viruses.

oncogenic, oncoviruses, or onco

Viruses that specifically target and kill cancer cells are called _ viruses.

oncolytic

A species grows most rapidly at its _ growth temperature.

optimal

Proteins are folded into complex three-dimensional shapes based on their primary structure, that is, the _ of their amino acids.

order

Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells?

outer membrane

The _ scale, measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14, is used to indicate the relative acidity of a solution.

pH

Some microorganisms produce acids during metabolism. Which of the following would be a strong indication of this activity?

pH of the culture medium should be lower after growth

Medically important helminths are ______.

parasitic worms that can invade human tissues

A(n) _ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

A _ bond is a covalent bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

peptide

The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen of these two amino acids is specifically referred to as a(n) _ bond.

peptide

The amino acid subunits (monomers) of a protein molecule are bonded to each other by ______.

peptide bonds

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called

peptidoglycan

The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of

peptidoglycan

The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a _ bilayer embedded with proteins.

phospholipid

The cytoplasmic membrane is a _ bilayer embedded with _ .

phospholipid proteins

An autotrophic organism that uses light for energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source is termed a

phototautotroph

In addition to chlorophyll, some algae have other _ , which give them their characteristic colors.

pigments

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in a four-year span (1347-1351)?

plague

If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse out due to osmosis. This will result in

plasmolysis

The molecule that is created when amino acids are joined together into a linear chain is called a(n)

polypeptide, Protein, peptide

The molecule that is created when amino acids are joined together into a linear chain is called a(n) _

polypeptide, peptide, protein

If a pathogen normally grows in the nose of a human, and the human sneezes, the nose is considered to be the ______ for the pathogen.

portal of exit

The function of the cell wall is to ______.

prevent the cell from bursting

Which of the following is properly written? staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus Aureus staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus

Where are algae most likely to be found? As common human pathogens Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams Moist terrestrial habitats In layers of sediments at the bottom of lakes

Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams Moist terrestrial habitats

True or false: Different isotopes of atoms in a given element have the same mass number.

F

_______ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

Influenza

Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled _ that divide via the process of _ _ .

Prokaryotes binary fission

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called _ cells.

Prokaryotic

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as _ , a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

Protist

The function of a protein relates to the protein's ______.

Shape

Electrons are transferred in a chemical reaction, and the process typically involves making and breaking

bonds

Peptidoglycan is found in the ______.

cell walls of bacteria

All living organisms are now classified into three different taxonomic units called

domains

You are reading a newspaper article and you see the name of a bacterium written as: bacillus anthracis. You write to the editor telling them that this is an incorrect scientific notation because the full name should be in _ or underlined, and there needs to be an upper-case letter _ .

italics B

Atoms that _______ an electron become _______ charged and are called cations.

lose; positively

Organisms living today ______.

may be classified in three domains

A(n) _ contains 6.022 x 1023 particles.

mole

In living organisms, carbohydrates play important roles in all of the following EXCEPT ______.

primary structure of the cell membrane

Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?

smallpox

What is the only shared feature of all microbes?

Small size

Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as _______.

probiotics

Because they are often caused by a Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with ______.

antibiotics

Proteins play an important role in all of the following EXCEPT ______. enzyme catalysis signal reception regulation support transport genetic code motility

genetic code

Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents? protista viroids viruses prions archaea

viroids viruses prions

A chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms is a _ bond.

Covalent

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England was controlled by ______.

destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle

Which of the following can cause an infectious disease to reemerge? parents refusing to vaccinate their children increasing rates of vaccination increased funding for public health programs pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications

parents refusing to vaccinate their children pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.

composed of cells

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following? They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes They compete with pathogens, thereby preventing disease They aid in digestion by helping degrade foods we otherwise could not digest

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.

T

Active transport moves compounds against their concentration gradient. The form of energy used for this purpose is either _ or the _ _ force.

ATP Proton Motive

Which term is used to describe organisms that can obtain energy directly from sunlight?

Phototrophs

List the steps of an animal virus infection cycle in the correct order. Start with the earliest at the top.

1. attachment 2. penetration's and uncoating 3. synthesis of viral protein and replication of the genome 4. assembly 5. release

The number of electrons in a nitrogen atom is seven. Therefore, the shell closest to the nucleus would hold _ electrons, while the next shell has _ electrons.

2 5

The shell of an atom closest to the nucleus holds no more than ______ electrons, and the next shell holds no more than ______ electrons.

2; 8

Carbon atoms form ______ covalent bonds, and a chain of carbon atoms may join to form a linear chain, a branched chain, a ring, or any combination of these. Because of this characteristic, an incredible assortment of organic molecules exists.

4

In most compounds, carbon makes a total of _ single bonds, allowing for an incredible assortment of organic molecules.

4

The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______.

40S + 60S = 80S

An organism that must consume organic matter is called a(n)

: heterotroph, chemoheterotroph, chemoorganoheterotroph, chemoorganotroph, organotroph, or chemotroph

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation? Cheese Ice cream Yogurt Beer Fresh milk

Cheese Yogurt Beer

Which device is used to keep cells in a state of constant growth?

Chemostat

Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?

Chloroplast

Which of the following does not describe interactions of mixed microbial communities?

Conditions in mixed microbial associations are readily reproduced in the laboratory.

What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division?

Cytoskeleton

Consider interactions of mixed microbial communities. Match the descriptions in the left column with those that best correlate with them in the right column.

Difficult to reproduce in the laboratory matches Conditions in close microbial associations Simpler to reproduce in the laboratory matches Pure cultures Inhibit competitors matches Synthesis of toxic compounds Nutrients for another microbe matches Production of metabolic wastes by one microbe Creation of low O2 microenvironment matches Consumption of O2 by aerobic growth

Match the component of an atom with the description. Electron Proton Neutron

Electron: - Charged Proton- + charged Neutron- uncharged

Which types of viruses are released by budding?

Enveloped viruses

Vaccination programs have led to dramatic decreases in the number of deaths caused by all of the following EXCEPT ______.

Escherichia coli

______ studies are used to assess the value of a particular intervention or treatment, and also to judge the cause-and-effect relationship between the risk factors and disease.

Experimental

True or false: There is no need to classify viruses because they are not living organisms.

F

Which type of organism requires organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?

Heterotroph

The electron-rich oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the electron-poor hydrogen atom of an adjacent water molecule. This attraction between molecules is called a(n) _ bond.

Hydrogen

The weak attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule is called a(n) _ bond.

Hydrogen

Match the type of host to its definition: intermediate host and definitive host

Intermediate host matches Houses a sexually immature stage of the parasite Definitive host matches Where sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place

Which of the following describes the optimum temperature of a psychrophile relative to a thermophile?

It is lower than a thermophile.

Which of the following about classifying viruses is FALSE? Viruses can be classified based on different viral characteristics. It provides a useful way to identify and study viruses. An online database classifying viruses is kept by the ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). It is not as important as classifying organisms since they are not living entities.

It is not as important as classifying organisms since they are not living entities.

Which is the best general description of a medium used to support bacterial growth in a Petri dish?

It may have very few nutrients, or it may have many different nutrients to support widely varying growth requirements.

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons? Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms. There are fewer species of microorganisms, so studying them is simpler. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms lack cells, making them easier to observe with a microscope. Microorganisms are cheaper to study.

Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms are cheaper to study.

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.

function as ATP-generating powerhouses and are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.

Mitochondrion or Mitochondria

The CDC publication that lists new cases of reportable infectious diseases is titled ______.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true? More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined. Because of advances in vaccination, antibiotics, and sanitation, Americans were mostly spared the ravages of influenza in 1918-1919. Immediately following this dreadful pandemic, scientists developed the first flu vaccine, which we still take annually to this day.

More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.

Bacteria of the genus _______ do not have cell walls, and so they are naturally resistant to the antibiotic _______.

Mycoplasma; penicillin

Which of the following describes a microbe that must have O2 to survive?

Obligate aerobe

_______ are viruses that are capable of infecting and selectively killing cancer cells.

Oncolytic viruses

A nucleotide consists of three parts: a(n) _ sugar, a(n) _ group, and a(n) _ base.

Pentose phosphate nitrogenous

In which type of infection does the virus remain in the host for years, sometimes without symptoms?

Persistent

Which are the two major categories of viral infections?

Persistent Acute

Which of the following statements regarding amoebae is FALSE? Intestinal amoebae are typically able to form cysts. They include pathogenic forms. Their mode of locomotion involves pseudopods. They are differentiated by the size of their mitochondria.

They are differentiated by the size of their mitochondria.

Which describes the various laboratory media used to cultivate bacteria?

They are diverse in nutrient content and consistency.

How are liquid batch cultures most often aerated to support the growth of aerobic microbes?

They are grown in tubes or flasks that are shaken continuously.

Which statement is true of nucleotides?

They are the building blocks of DNA.

Which of the following correctly describe facultative anaerobes?

They can grow without O2. Their growth is faster when O2 is available.

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy?

They degrade organic materials.

Human cells are larger than viruses by which size factor?

Thousand

Which of the following processes are required for production of virus particles in a host cell?

Translation of viral genes Replication of viral genome Transcription of viral genes

_______ describes the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid.

Turbidity

The World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the ______.

United Nations

Why are cells growing in a colony on solid media likely to be in many more different phases of growth than cells growing in liquid culture?

Unlike cells on the edge of a colony, those in the center of a colony face depleted levels of nutrients and O2, yielding different phases of growth. Cells in liquid culture experience a relatively uniform environment, so they are much more likely to be in the same phase of growth.

A worm with a flat, ribbon-shaped body, and no digestive system is called a tapeworm or

cestode

The study of matter is called ______.

chemistry

A continuous culture system that adds nutrients and removes waste in order to maintain a constant growth rate and cell density is called a

chemostat or bioreactor

In plant and algae cells, _ are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.

chloroplasts

John Snow performed an epidemiological study in the 1800s to figure out the cause of an outbreak of the disease

cholera

The bacterial _ is typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the essential genetic information required by a cell.

chromosome or genome

An isolated _ is a distinct mass of microorganisms appearing on a solid medium, arising from the multiplication of a single cell.

colony

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are ______.

composed of long microtubules flexible structures

Infectious disease ______ is one of the most important aspects of disease prevention; it involves both recognizing and reporting disease cases to public health authorities.

surveillance

Some species of microorganisms can be found in environments where no unprotected human could survive.

t

True or false: Because of the widespread use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals, many organisms causing nosocomial infections have become resistant to these medications.

t

True or false: Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.

t

True or false: Diseases with a long incubation period can spread extensively before the first symptomatic cases appear.

t

True or false: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic information.

t

True or false: Water makes up over half of the mass of a living organism.

t

A ______ phage can either cause a lytic infection or can incorporate its DNA into the host genome as a prophage.

temperate

Bacteriophages that can enter into a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle are called _ phages.

temperate

Factors in the physical environment that can influence the epidemiology of disease by determining which organisms can exist and reproduce include ______.

temperature water and nutrient supply oxygen level

Slime molds are ______.

terrestrial organisms

A 20-year old male developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of his stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella organisms were in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough. What is the reservoir for the infection in this case?

the chickens from which the eggs came

All of the following are emerging diseases EXCEPT ______. the common cold Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Zika virus disease Ebola disease

the common cold

In acute viral infections, although the infected host cells may die, the host may survive because ______.

the host's immune system may gradually eliminate the virus

The minimum number of a particular microbe required to cause disease is called ______.

the infectious dose

Some arthropods and worms are included in the study of microscopic Eukarya because _____.

they play important roles in human disease they are often carried or transmitted in forms that are microscopic

A direct cell count determines the number of ______ in a sample

total cells

Bacteriophages play a fundamental role in a type of horizontal gene transfer called

transduction

What term is used to describe the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage?

transduction

A bright-field microscope ______.

transmits light through a specimen

Certain types of protozoa produce a growing feeding form called a(n) _______, and an infectious survival form called a _______.

trophozoite; cyst

Which of the following are microscopic fungi? protists monera algae yeasts archaea molds

yeasts molds

Microscopic fungi that are single-celled are called ______, and that that are multicellular and filamentous are termed _______.

yeasts; molds

Most bacteria divide by a process called _ _ , in which one cell enlarges and then divides.

Binary Fission

When two or more atoms share electrons, a chemical _ is formed.

Bond

______ are compounds that help prevent changes in the pH of a solution.

Buffers

Which of the following statements is true regarding viruses? Viruses include viroids. Viruses are prokaryotic. Viruses are acellular. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are nonliving.

Viruses are acellular. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are nonliving.

Which of the following statements is true regarding viruses? Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are acellular. Viruses are prokaryotic. Viruses include viroids. Viruses are nonliving.

Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are acellular. Viruses are nonliving.

Isotopes are elements with ______.

the same atomic number but different mass numbers

Which of the following constitutes the genetic information needed to build a cell?

DNA

is the storage form of a cell's genetic information.

DNA

Matter is categorized into _ , which are substances that have unique chemical properties and cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.

elements

What does the scientific name of an organism include?

genus and species

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? energy sources used shapes and sizes method of multiplication prokaryotic cell structure ribosomal RNA sequences

energy sources used shapes and sizes method of multiplication prokaryotic cell structure

Which of the following can be characteristics of algae? eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic parasitic prokaryotic unicellular acellular

eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic unicellular

he work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______.

explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur


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