Microbiology Final Exam (Mcgraw-Hill) ch1-4 and 12-13 and 19
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) focus on all of the following activities EXCEPT ______. researching infectious disease primary patient care publishing the MMWR collecting data on diseases affecting public health supporting infectious disease labs
primary patient care
An infectious agent that consists of protein and no nucleic acid is called a(n)
prion
Members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium ______.
produce dormant cells called endospores
All of the following are examples of the commercial contributions of fungi EXCEPT ______.
production of toxins which can cause human disease
All of the following are examples of the commercial contributions of fungi EXCEPT ______. synthesis of antimicrobial medications use as model systems for the study of eukaryotic processes genetically engineered to produce medically important molecules production of toxins which can cause human disease
production of toxins which can cause human disease
Which mechanisms of energy transformation match which types of organism? prokaryote eukaryotes
prokaryote:Choice Cytoplasmic membrane plays a critical role in transforming energy eukaryotes:Membrane-bound organelles transform energy
The common amino acids can be linked together in a nearly limitless number of combinations to form a(n)
protein
All _ are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.
proteins
Amino acids are joined together to form macromolecules called _______.
proteins
Which two macromolecules are the major components of cytoplasmic membranes? nucleic acids proteins carbohydrates waxes lipids
proteins lipids
_ are defined as being unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi.
protozoa
are defined as being unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are not fungi.
protozoa
None of the Archaea have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. However, some have a similar molecule called _ .
pseudopeptidoglycan
Match the term on the left with the description of the optimum temperature environment. psychrophile psychrotroph mesophile thermophile
psychrophile Choice cold Arctic regions psychrotroph Choice refrigeration mesophile matches human body thermophile matches compost heap
Microbial cells must maintain a near-neutral internal pH. Because of this, bacteria that grow in acidic environments have mechanisms to ______.
pump out H+ that enter the cell
A _ culture contains only ONE species of microorganisms descended from a single cell.
pure
After Gram staining, Gram-positive cells are _ and Gram-negative cells are _
purple or violet pink or red
The stage of viral multiplication at which budding occurs is ______.
release
Suppose that the concentration of an ion is higher in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular environment. If the bacterium wants to bring in more of that ion into the cell, which description best describes this type of transport?
requires energy from the cell, moves against the concentration gradient
The natural habitat of a pathogen, which might include humans, non-human animals, or the environment, is called the _ of infection.
reservoir
Humans have been enormously successful in eliminating or reducing the occurrence of certain diseases through efforts in ______.
reservoir and vector control antibiotic treatment improved sanitation vaccination
Compounds that interfere with the synthesis or structural integrity of peptidoglycan can ______.
result in bursting of a bacterial cell
The joining of amino acids to synthesize proteins is facilitated by cytoplasmic structures called _ .
ribosomes
Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would ______.
run out
Many members of the Archaea have _ - _ , which are sheets of flat proteins or glycoprotein subunits.
s-layers
As important decomposers, fungi obtain nutrients by ______.
secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment
The cytoplasmic membrane is a(n) _ permeable barrier of the cell.
selectively, semi, or selective
In a bacterium, pili are typically _______ than flagella.
shorter but more numerous
A procedure that requires the use of a single dye to stain a specimen is called _ staining.
simple
Cooperative surveillance coupled with global immunization programs and isolation of cases resulted in the eradication of ______.
smallpox
The mixture of solvent and solute is called
solution
_ transduction is the result of excision errors made as temperate phages transition from a lysogenic to a lytic cycle.
specialized
Attachment of animal viruses to the host cell typically occurs by means of ______.
spikes
A photoautotroph obtains energy from ______ and carbon from ______ in order to make organic compounds.
sunlight; CO2
In 1749, John Needham produced results that _______ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _______.
support; could still give rise to microorganisms
Commercially important contributions attributed to fungi include ______.
the synthesis of antibiotics uses in the wine and cheese industries genetically engineered production of insulin and vaccines
All of the following statements about immunofluorescence are true except one. Which? uses the dye methylene blue uses fluorescently tagged molecules would require a special UV microscope Stained cells often appear bright against a black background. makes use of the specificity in binding of antibodies
uses the dye methylene blue
ervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n) ______
vaccine
In contrast to an endospore, a typical multiplying cell is called a(n) _ cell.
vegetative
Transfer of a pathogen by a pregnant woman to her fetus, or from a mother to infant during birth or through breastfeeding, are examples of _ transmission.
vertical
If you want to determine the proportion of cells that have been killed by a particular antimicrobial treatment, it would be best to do which type of cell count before and after that treatment?
viable cell count
A _______ is a single virus particle.
virion
A complete viral particle, which typically consists of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat, is called a(n)
virion
A(n) _ is an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists only of RNA.
viroid
Bacteriophages that exit the host cell at the end of an infection by lysing it are called _______ phages.
virulent
Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ______.
viruses
To avoid transmitting infectious agents from patient to patient, it is particularly important for healthcare personnel to ______.
wash hands
The most abundant molecule in a cell is
water
Light microscopes that are routinely used in the laboratory can magnify images about _______.
1,000X
An aqueous solution is one in which ______.
water is the solvent
Which of the following describe selective media?
Allow the growth of desired organisms Inhibit the growth of certain species
Proteins are polymers composed of
Amino acids
_______ move by extending and retraction portions of their cytoplasm.
Amoebae
From which body site could a facultative anaerobe be isolated?
Any of these locations
About 75% of all known fungi are members of the phylum _ . These include Penicillium species, morels, and truffles.
Ascomycota or Ascomycetes
Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions?
Assembly
What term is used to describe organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source?
Autotrophs
The two most common examples of endospore-forming genera are _ and _ .
Bacillus and clostridium
What term is used to describe a group of microbes co-existing in polymer-encased communities?
Biofilm
In eukaryotes, a cytoplasmic ribosome is _ , and is made up of a small 40S subunit and a large _ subunit.
Blank 1: 80S or 80 S Blank 2: 60S or 60 S
The _ _ _ (WHO) comprises 193 member states and is devoted to achieving the highest possible level of health around the globe.
Blank 1: World Blank 2: Health Blank 3: Organization
The major categories of animal viral infections are _ infections, characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms of a relatively short duration, and _ infections that can continue with or without symptoms for years.
Blank 1: acute Blank 2: persistent
A generalized infection cycle of an animal viruses can be divided into five steps: 1. ; 2. entry; 3. ; 4. assembly; and 5. .
Blank 1: attachment or adsorption Blank 2: genome Blank 3: synthesis or biosynthesis Blank 4: release or lysis
Gram- _ cell walls have less peptidoglycan than Gram- _ cell walls.
Blank 1: negative or - Blank 2: positive or +
The most significant structural difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is the presence or absence of a membrane-bound _ , which contains the genetic material.
Blank 1: nucleus
In what ways is microbial growth in a colony the same as growth in a liquid?
Both involve a lag phase followed by exponential growth. In both cases, cells compete with one another for available nutrients.
Which of the following best describes how the atmospheric needs of aerobic microbes can be met?
By growing them in the air.
_______ is a roundworm (nematode) that serves as a model eukaryotic organism. Its genome has been sequenced and all of its 959 body cells can be identified.
Caenorhabditis elegans
You are setting up an enrichment culture to look for bacteria that can use phenol as a carbon source. In your medium, you provide a variety of major elements and trace elements, plus phenol. Other than that contained in the phenol, what must you avoid adding if you hope to enrich for phenol-degraders?
Carbon
Penicillin is ineffective against Mycoplasma species because the organism lacks a rigid
Cell Wall
Gram stains and acid-fast stains are _ stains, meaning they are multi-step procedures using two dyes to distinguish different groups of microorganisms.
Differential
The Gram stain is an example of a(n) _ stain because it separates bacteria based on their cell wall structure.
Differential
Which of the following phage types cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell?
Filamentous
_ phages cause productive infections that do not kill the host cell.
Filamentous, M13, Temperate, or Lysogenic
Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal .
Flora
Match the Following Foot-and-Mouth African swine fever Chytridiomycosis cattle, pigs, frogs
Foot-and-Mouth; Cattle African swine fever; Pigs Chytridiomycosis; Frogs
Which of the following are eukaryotes?
Fungi Algae Protozoa Helminths
Small, rigid, protein-bound compartments that provide buoyancy to some aquatic bacterial cells are called _ vesicles.
Gas
Which form of transduction results from packaging errors during phage assembly?
Generalized
For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the _ and gives information about the shape of the organism.
Genus
The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the _ Theory of Disease.
Germ
Which of the following organelles typically receives and then modifies proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum before they are transported to other destinations?
Golgi apparatus
The _ stain is the most widely used staining procedure for distinguishing different groups of bacteria.
Gram
_______ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.
John Needham
Who performed an epidemiological study of a large cholera outbreak in London during the mid 1800s?
John Snow
Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?
Lack a nucleus
Which defines spontaneous generation?
Life arose from non-living matter
_______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.
Louis Pasteur
What term is used to describe chemical substances such as carbon or phosphorous, which are found in large quantities in cells?
Major element
Match each possible outcome of phage replication with the correct definition. Productive infection Latent state
Productive infection matches New viral particles are produced Latent state matches Viral genome remains silent within the cell
Some bacteria are covered with a substance that creates a diffuse irregular layer called a
Slime Layer
All of the following statements about smallpox are true except one. Which? Smallpox is caused by bacteria Smallpox was carried to the Americas by Europeans Smallpox has been eliminated from nature Smallpox killed about one-third of those infected
Smallpox is caused by bacteria
Which environment is more dynamic and complex?
Soil and its surroundings
Why are cells sometimes difficult to see in a wet mount?
Some are transparent. Some move quickly.
The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?
Spontaneous generation
True or false: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful.
T
Some protozoan species can exist as a trophozoite or as a cyst form. How are these forms best described?
The cyst is an infectious survival form. The trophozoite is a growing, feeding form.
Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?
They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.
_______ transmission occurs when a disease-causing agent passes from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth.
Vertical
Which of the following are non-cellular infectious agents?
Viroids Prions Viruses
The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the _ , _ , and _ .
Viruses Viroid Prions
Which of the following statements about viruses are true? .Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both. The viral capsid is composed of protein. The viral capsid is composed of carbohydrates. Viruses contain both DNA and RNA in one capsid.
Viruses contain RNA or DNA but not both. The viral capsid is composed of protein.
A batch culture has which of the following characteristics?
Wastes are not removed. It is a closed system. Nutrients are not renewed. It typically involves growth of bacteria or archaea either on agar plates or in tubes or flasks of broths.
Unlike a stained specimen, living moving cells can be observed using a(n) _ mount.
Wet
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular _ and the multicellular filamentous _ .
Yeast Mold
Match each type of fungus with its description. Yeast: Molds: Mushrooms:
Yeast: Single-celled fungi Molds: Filamentous fungi Mushrooms: Reproductive structures of certain fungi
The capsule stain shows the capsule as ______.
a clear area surrounding a cell
When preparing a wet mount specimen for viewing, what should be placed on top of the specimen?
a coverslip
An endospore is ______.
a dormant cell type
A prion is best described as ______.
a proteinaceous infectious agent
If O2 is present in an environment, it is said to be _______.
aerobic
_ are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single-celled forms.
algae
Fungi associate with ______ to form lichens.
algae cyanobacteria
Different combinations of the common ______ lead to the creation of a wide variety of protein molecules.
amino acids
What subunits are used to synthesize proteins?
amino acids
An environment with little or no O2 present is called a(n) _ environment.
anaerobic
_ studies are designed to determine which of the potential risk factors identified by the descriptive studies are relevant in the spread of the disease.
analytical
Which of the following statements best describes protozoa?
animal-like unicellular organisms
Immunofluorescence uses a(n) _ that has a fluorescent compound to tag a specific protein.
antibody or immunoglobulin
The five groups used to categorize microorganisms with respect to growth temperature (psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, and hyperthermophile) ______.
are based on optimum growth temperatures.
Flukes ______.
are flat and leaf-shaped have a mouth but no anus have two suckers
Slime molds ______.
are terrestrial organisms ingest organic matter are composed of ameboid cells are important in the food chain
Animals such as flies, mosquitoes, ticks and mites are referred to as _______.
arthropods
The majority of medically important fungi are members of what phylum?
ascomycota
A(n) _ force microscope uses a very sharp scanning probe to produce detailed images of surfaces with a very high resolving power.
atomic
A(n) _ requires only carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source.
autotroph, chemolithoautotroph, chemoautotroph, chemolithotroph, or photoautotroph
peptidoglycan provides strength to the cell walls of ______.
bacteria
Penicillin interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, and lysozyme degrades peptidoglycan. Based on this information, you can conclude that penicillin and lysozyme may result in bursting (lysing) of which type of cells?
bacterial
Plague is a _______.
bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas
When bacteria or archaea are grown on agar plates or in tubes or flasks of broth, these closed systems are a _ culture. By contrast, cells can also be grown in an open system, or a continuous culture.
batch
Many bacterial communities secrete polysaccharides and other hydrophilic polymers. This mesh-like accumulation can help protect the bacteria growing within from antibiotics or disinfectants. These communities are called
biofilms or biofilm
Infectious agents that have a simpler structure than viruses include ______.
both viroids and prions
Which type of microscope transmits a light through a specimen in order to illuminate the field of view evenly?
bright-field microscope
A distinct and gelatinous layer surrounding a cell is called a ______.
capsule
Cell walls of plants, fungi, and bacteria are made primarily of ______.
carbohydrates
Oncoviruses are viruses that can ______.
cause cancer in humans
Tumors are abnormal growths that result from a malfunction in the regulation of ______.
cell growth
Which structure provides strength and rigidity to a cell?
cell wall
Viable cell counts determine the number of ______.
cells capable of multiplying
The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotic cells plays a crucial role in transforming energy. This means that the membrane is directly involved in ______.
converting the energy of sunlight or food into ATP
The sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms creates a(n) ______ bond.
covalent
All cells have a _ membrane, also called the cell membrane or the plasma membrane.
cytoplasmic
When an enveloped virus gains entry to an animal cell by fusion, the virus envelope fuses with the ______.
cytoplasmic membrane
The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following? cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm extracellular matrix cell wall capsule nucleoid
cytoplasmic membrane cell wall capsule
The prokaryotic cell envelope consists of which of the following? extracellular matrix cytoplasmic membrane cytoplasm cell wall nucleoid capsule
cytoplasmic membrane cell wall capsule
Nucleic acids contain five bases. Which ones are these?
cytosine thymine guanine adenine uracil
A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the _
cytoskeleton
A flexible molecular framework throughout the cytoplasm that anchors organelles and permits shape changes in some cells is called the _ .
cytoskeleton
Previously it was thought that bacteria lacked a(n) _ , a network of interior proteins that provides support and structure to the eukaryotic cell. Recently though, similar proteins have been characterized in bacteria.
cytoskeleton
In order to detect bacteria growing in patient blood samples, clinical labs can use a fluorescent sensor to detect the slight ______ in pH that accompanies the production of carbon dioxide.
decrease
What is the main function of lysosomes?
degradation
Extremes in pH, high temperatures, salts, and certain solvents can cause a change in protein structure that disrupts the function of the protein. This change in shape is called ______.
denaturation
A change in protein structure that disrupts the function of the protein is called
denature
A ______ study aims to address the distributions of diseases and their determinants. This type of study provides a way of organizing and analyzing these data to identify possible risk factors for disease spread in a population.
descriptive
In a _ study, epidemiologists collect data that characterize individuals that are ill and the time and place of a disease outbreak, so that a list of possible risk factors may be compiled.
descriptive
If the chain of infection is known, then researchers and public health workers can ______.
determine how to stop or slow the spread of the disease
A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is one acquired in a ______.
doctor's office hospital urgent care facility long-term care facility
The infectious _ is the minimum number of a particular microbe required to cause disease.
dose
With the respect to the concept, a mole of a given chemical is most analogous to a ______ eggs.
dozen
acteria growing in a natural environment experience ______.
dynamic and complex conditions
An electron microscope uses a beam of electrons, which is focused by _______ lenses, to generate a magnified image on a _______ screen.
electromagnetic; fluorescent
Substances that cannot be chemically interchanged or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter are called
elements
An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) _ infectious disease.
emerging
Infectious diseases that are newly recognized or have recently increased in incidence are called _ infectious diseases.
emerging
Eukaryotic cells use the process of _ to take in substances too large to move through a transport protein.
endocytosis
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are two of the three examples of
endocytosis
The process by which a virus is taken up by a host cell as a result of the host cell's cytoplasmic membrane surrounding the virion to form a vesicle is called ______.
endocytosis
The _______ of eukaryotic cells is a complex system of flattened sheets, sacs, and tubes.
endoplasmic reticulum
Some bacterial species such as members of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium, produce a unique type of dormant cell called a(n) _ .
endospore
The surface layers of a prokaryotic cell are collectively referred to as the cell _______.
envelope
Proteins are very versatile macromolecules. They include _ , which serve as biological catalysts, and those that make up the _ , which constitutes the structural framework of many cells.
enzymes cytoskeleton
Some secreted proteins will act as _ outside of the cell and catalyze the breakdown of large macromolecules.
enzymes, exoenzymes, or enzyme
Also called "disease detectives," _ collect and analyze data to describe the sources of disease and risk of infection.
epidemiologist
_ is the study of the distribution and causes of disease in populations.
epidemiology
Membrane-bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n) _ cell.
eukaryotic
If human skin can serve as a reservoir for Staphylococcus aureus, then this pathogen will be shed along with the skin cells. Shedding skin cells are therefore the portal of _ for this pathogen.
exit
The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______.
explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur
Some microorganisms live in harsh environments that kill most other organisms. The term used to describe an organism with this characteristic is
extremophile or extremophiles
True or false: A direct cell count typically determines only the number of live cells in a sample.
f
Temperature, water and nutrient supply, and availability of O2, are all examples of ______ that influence the epidemiology of disease by determining which organisms can exist and reproduce in a given environment.
factors in the physical environment
School children become ill with E. coli 0157:H7. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention determines the same strain of bacteria is found in a cafeteria server who didn't wash his hands after using the toilet. This is an example of _ -oral transmission.
fecal
A woman still recovering from shigellosis diarrhea has a bowel movement but doesn't wash her hands afterward. She then shakes hands with another woman, who later touches her mouth with her fingers and develops shigellosis. This is an example of ______.
fecal-oral transmission direct contact
The motility of bacteria is typically facilitated by long appendages called
flagella
are flatworms with just one opening, a mouth, and two suckers for attachment to and movement along their host.
flukes
The _ microscope is a specially modified light microscope that uses an ultraviolet light source.
fluorescence
Which of the following microscopes exposes specimens to ultraviolet light and forms an image with the light emitted at a different wavelength?
fluorescence microscope
_ transduction is the result of packaging errors during the assembly stage of phage replication.
generalized
Healthcare workers should wear personal protective equipment such as disposable _ if they are at risk of touching blood, mucous membranes, broken skin, or body fluids.
gloves
In the case of animal viruses, the molecules that viral spikes attach to on the host cell in order to gain entry are typically ______.
glycoproteins
If a cell has a nutrient in relative excess, it may accumulate that compound in a storage _ .
granule
A mycosis is caused when a fungus ______.
grows on or in the human body and causes disease
A _ factor is an organic compound, such as a vitamin or an amino acid, that a given microorganism cannot synthesize and therefore must be provided in the growth medium.
growth
A graphical representation of a changing population size over time is called which of the following?
growth curve
The characteristic pattern that shows the changes in size of a bacterial population over time in a broth culture is called a bacterial
growth curve
The _ are worms, a type of animal, that are divided into two groups: the roundworms (nematodes) and the flatworms.
helminths
When a large portion of a community becomes immune to an infectious disease (usually through vaccination), the spread of disease from person to person becomes unlikely. This is a phenomenon known as
herd immunity
All of the following serve as common reservoirs of infectious agents in healthcare settings EXCEPT the ______.
hospital food
Symptoms of acute viral diseases result from ______.
host tissue damage host immune response
Molds produce intertwined thread-like multicellular filaments called
hyphae
A testable explanation for an observation is called a(n)
hypothesis
The time it takes before a pathogen begins to cause symptoms of disease is called the _ period.
incubation
Many hospitals employ an _ control practitioner (ICP) whose role is to perform active surveillance of the types and numbers of infections that arise in the hospital.
infection
Nearly every hospital has an _ Control Committee composed of various professionals, including nurses, physicians, dietitians, housekeeping staff, epidemiologists, and microbiology laboratory personnel, for preventing healthcare-associated infections.
infection
Viruses are best described as _______.
infectious agents
For Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of schistosomiasis, snails are considered the ______ because they house a sexually immature stage of the parasite.
intermediate host
A vegetative cell is one that ______.
is a typical multiplying cell
A light microscope uses visible light and a series of _ to magnify objects.
lenses
Bacteria use gas vesicles to float to the surface of water to better access _ as a source of energy.
light
A life form commonly found on rocks that results from a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic microorganism is called a(n)
linchens
The term _ is used to describe a diverse group of non-polar, hydrophobic organic molecules.
lipids
_ are the general class of macromolecules that are not very soluble in polar substances like water.
lipids
Infection of bacteria by _ phages always ends with the lysis of the host cell
lytic
How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?
magnification is higher
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are examples of chemical substances called _ _ , which are the essential components of the cell's macromolecules.
major elements
In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes ribosomal RNA sequences
method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes
The Germ Theory of Disease states that ______.
microorganisms cause certain diseases
Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are ______.
more diverse
The terms yeast, mold, and mushrooms refer to fungal _______.
morphology
The term _ is used to describe a disease caused by a fungus growing on or in the human body.
mycosis
The smallest virus is approximately 10 ______ in diameter.
nanometers
Anions have a ______ electrical charge that results from the ______ of an electron.
negative; gain
A worm with a cylindrical, tapered body with a digestive tract that extends from the mouth to the anus is called a roundworm or
nematode
Diseases that do not spread from one host to another are ______ diseases.
non-communicable diseases
Hospital-associated infections, or _ infections, are a subset of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and refer to infections acquired while patients are receiving treatment in a hospital.
nosocomial
Which of the following carry genetic information?
nucleic acids
The subunits that make up nucleic acids are known as
nucleotides
In eukaryotes, the genetic material is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the
nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is found in the
nucleus
Where is DNA contained in eukaryotes?
nucleus
A(n) _ aerobe, or strictly aerobic organism, requires O2 for survival.
obligate
Viruses are ______.
obligate intracellular agents
Viruses that can cause cancer in humans aoncogenic, oncoviruses, or oncoknown as _ viruses.
oncogenic, oncoviruses, or onco
Viruses that specifically target and kill cancer cells are called _ viruses.
oncolytic
A species grows most rapidly at its _ growth temperature.
optimal
Proteins are folded into complex three-dimensional shapes based on their primary structure, that is, the _ of their amino acids.
order
Which of the following is a component of Gram-negative cells but not Gram-positive cells?
outer membrane
The _ scale, measured on a logarithmic scale from 0 to 14, is used to indicate the relative acidity of a solution.
pH
Some microorganisms produce acids during metabolism. Which of the following would be a strong indication of this activity?
pH of the culture medium should be lower after growth
Medically important helminths are ______.
parasitic worms that can invade human tissues
A(n) _ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.
pathogen
In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?
pathogens
A _ bond is a covalent bond that forms between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
peptide
The chemical bond between the carbon and nitrogen of these two amino acids is specifically referred to as a(n) _ bond.
peptide
The amino acid subunits (monomers) of a protein molecule are bonded to each other by ______.
peptide bonds
Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called
peptidoglycan
The strength of the bacterial cell wall is due to the layer of
peptidoglycan
The cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes is composed of a _ bilayer embedded with proteins.
phospholipid
The cytoplasmic membrane is a _ bilayer embedded with _ .
phospholipid proteins
An autotrophic organism that uses light for energy and carbon dioxide as a carbon source is termed a
phototautotroph
In addition to chlorophyll, some algae have other _ , which give them their characteristic colors.
pigments
Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in a four-year span (1347-1351)?
plague
If the solute concentration is higher outside the cell than inside the cell, water will diffuse out due to osmosis. This will result in
plasmolysis
The molecule that is created when amino acids are joined together into a linear chain is called a(n)
polypeptide, Protein, peptide
The molecule that is created when amino acids are joined together into a linear chain is called a(n) _
polypeptide, peptide, protein
If a pathogen normally grows in the nose of a human, and the human sneezes, the nose is considered to be the ______ for the pathogen.
portal of exit
The function of the cell wall is to ______.
prevent the cell from bursting
Which of the following is properly written? staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus Aureus staphylococcus Aureus Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Where are algae most likely to be found? As common human pathogens Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams Moist terrestrial habitats In layers of sediments at the bottom of lakes
Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams Moist terrestrial habitats
True or false: Different isotopes of atoms in a given element have the same mass number.
F
_______ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.
Influenza
Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled _ that divide via the process of _ _ .
Prokaryotes binary fission
Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called _ cells.
Prokaryotic
Algae and protozoa are also referred to as _ , a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.
Protist
The function of a protein relates to the protein's ______.
Shape
Electrons are transferred in a chemical reaction, and the process typically involves making and breaking
bonds
Peptidoglycan is found in the ______.
cell walls of bacteria
All living organisms are now classified into three different taxonomic units called
domains
You are reading a newspaper article and you see the name of a bacterium written as: bacillus anthracis. You write to the editor telling them that this is an incorrect scientific notation because the full name should be in _ or underlined, and there needs to be an upper-case letter _ .
italics B
Atoms that _______ an electron become _______ charged and are called cations.
lose; positively
Organisms living today ______.
may be classified in three domains
A(n) _ contains 6.022 x 1023 particles.
mole
In living organisms, carbohydrates play important roles in all of the following EXCEPT ______.
primary structure of the cell membrane
Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?
smallpox
What is the only shared feature of all microbes?
Small size
Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as _______.
probiotics
Because they are often caused by a Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with ______.
antibiotics
Proteins play an important role in all of the following EXCEPT ______. enzyme catalysis signal reception regulation support transport genetic code motility
genetic code
Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents? protista viroids viruses prions archaea
viroids viruses prions
A chemical bond that involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between two atoms is a _ bond.
Covalent
An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England was controlled by ______.
destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle
Which of the following can cause an infectious disease to reemerge? parents refusing to vaccinate their children increasing rates of vaccination increased funding for public health programs pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications
parents refusing to vaccinate their children pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications
Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.
composed of cells
Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following? They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes They compete with pathogens, thereby preventing disease They aid in digestion by helping degrade foods we otherwise could not digest
They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes
True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients.
T
Active transport moves compounds against their concentration gradient. The form of energy used for this purpose is either _ or the _ _ force.
ATP Proton Motive
Which term is used to describe organisms that can obtain energy directly from sunlight?
Phototrophs
List the steps of an animal virus infection cycle in the correct order. Start with the earliest at the top.
1. attachment 2. penetration's and uncoating 3. synthesis of viral protein and replication of the genome 4. assembly 5. release
The number of electrons in a nitrogen atom is seven. Therefore, the shell closest to the nucleus would hold _ electrons, while the next shell has _ electrons.
2 5
The shell of an atom closest to the nucleus holds no more than ______ electrons, and the next shell holds no more than ______ electrons.
2; 8
Carbon atoms form ______ covalent bonds, and a chain of carbon atoms may join to form a linear chain, a branched chain, a ring, or any combination of these. Because of this characteristic, an incredible assortment of organic molecules exists.
4
In most compounds, carbon makes a total of _ single bonds, allowing for an incredible assortment of organic molecules.
4
The eukaryotic ribosome found outside the mitochondria is best described as ______.
40S + 60S = 80S
An organism that must consume organic matter is called a(n)
: heterotroph, chemoheterotroph, chemoorganoheterotroph, chemoorganotroph, organotroph, or chemotroph
Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation? Cheese Ice cream Yogurt Beer Fresh milk
Cheese Yogurt Beer
Which device is used to keep cells in a state of constant growth?
Chemostat
Which organelle is the site of photosynthesis?
Chloroplast
Which of the following does not describe interactions of mixed microbial communities?
Conditions in mixed microbial associations are readily reproduced in the laboratory.
What internal structure helps control cell shape and is involved in cell division?
Cytoskeleton
Consider interactions of mixed microbial communities. Match the descriptions in the left column with those that best correlate with them in the right column.
Difficult to reproduce in the laboratory matches Conditions in close microbial associations Simpler to reproduce in the laboratory matches Pure cultures Inhibit competitors matches Synthesis of toxic compounds Nutrients for another microbe matches Production of metabolic wastes by one microbe Creation of low O2 microenvironment matches Consumption of O2 by aerobic growth
Match the component of an atom with the description. Electron Proton Neutron
Electron: - Charged Proton- + charged Neutron- uncharged
Which types of viruses are released by budding?
Enveloped viruses
Vaccination programs have led to dramatic decreases in the number of deaths caused by all of the following EXCEPT ______.
Escherichia coli
______ studies are used to assess the value of a particular intervention or treatment, and also to judge the cause-and-effect relationship between the risk factors and disease.
Experimental
True or false: There is no need to classify viruses because they are not living organisms.
F
Which type of organism requires organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs?
Heterotroph
The electron-rich oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the electron-poor hydrogen atom of an adjacent water molecule. This attraction between molecules is called a(n) _ bond.
Hydrogen
The weak attraction that forms between a hydrogen atom in a polar molecule and an electronegative atom in the same or another polar molecule is called a(n) _ bond.
Hydrogen
Match the type of host to its definition: intermediate host and definitive host
Intermediate host matches Houses a sexually immature stage of the parasite Definitive host matches Where sexual reproduction of the parasite takes place
Which of the following describes the optimum temperature of a psychrophile relative to a thermophile?
It is lower than a thermophile.
Which of the following about classifying viruses is FALSE? Viruses can be classified based on different viral characteristics. It provides a useful way to identify and study viruses. An online database classifying viruses is kept by the ICTV (International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). It is not as important as classifying organisms since they are not living entities.
It is not as important as classifying organisms since they are not living entities.
Which is the best general description of a medium used to support bacterial growth in a Petri dish?
It may have very few nutrients, or it may have many different nutrients to support widely varying growth requirements.
Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons? Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms. There are fewer species of microorganisms, so studying them is simpler. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms lack cells, making them easier to observe with a microscope. Microorganisms are cheaper to study.
Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties. Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms. Microorganisms multiply quickly. Microorganisms are cheaper to study.
Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?
Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.
function as ATP-generating powerhouses and are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondrion or Mitochondria
The CDC publication that lists new cases of reportable infectious diseases is titled ______.
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true? More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined. Because of advances in vaccination, antibiotics, and sanitation, Americans were mostly spared the ravages of influenza in 1918-1919. Immediately following this dreadful pandemic, scientists developed the first flu vaccine, which we still take annually to this day.
More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined.
Bacteria of the genus _______ do not have cell walls, and so they are naturally resistant to the antibiotic _______.
Mycoplasma; penicillin
Which of the following describes a microbe that must have O2 to survive?
Obligate aerobe
_______ are viruses that are capable of infecting and selectively killing cancer cells.
Oncolytic viruses
A nucleotide consists of three parts: a(n) _ sugar, a(n) _ group, and a(n) _ base.
Pentose phosphate nitrogenous
In which type of infection does the virus remain in the host for years, sometimes without symptoms?
Persistent
Which are the two major categories of viral infections?
Persistent Acute
Which of the following statements regarding amoebae is FALSE? Intestinal amoebae are typically able to form cysts. They include pathogenic forms. Their mode of locomotion involves pseudopods. They are differentiated by the size of their mitochondria.
They are differentiated by the size of their mitochondria.
Which describes the various laboratory media used to cultivate bacteria?
They are diverse in nutrient content and consistency.
How are liquid batch cultures most often aerated to support the growth of aerobic microbes?
They are grown in tubes or flasks that are shaken continuously.
Which statement is true of nucleotides?
They are the building blocks of DNA.
Which of the following correctly describe facultative anaerobes?
They can grow without O2. Their growth is faster when O2 is available.
Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy?
They degrade organic materials.
Human cells are larger than viruses by which size factor?
Thousand
Which of the following processes are required for production of virus particles in a host cell?
Translation of viral genes Replication of viral genome Transcription of viral genes
_______ describes the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid.
Turbidity
The World Health Organization (WHO) is an agency of the ______.
United Nations
Why are cells growing in a colony on solid media likely to be in many more different phases of growth than cells growing in liquid culture?
Unlike cells on the edge of a colony, those in the center of a colony face depleted levels of nutrients and O2, yielding different phases of growth. Cells in liquid culture experience a relatively uniform environment, so they are much more likely to be in the same phase of growth.
A worm with a flat, ribbon-shaped body, and no digestive system is called a tapeworm or
cestode
The study of matter is called ______.
chemistry
A continuous culture system that adds nutrients and removes waste in order to maintain a constant growth rate and cell density is called a
chemostat or bioreactor
In plant and algae cells, _ are organelles that contain pigments for photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
John Snow performed an epidemiological study in the 1800s to figure out the cause of an outbreak of the disease
cholera
The bacterial _ is typically a single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all of the essential genetic information required by a cell.
chromosome or genome
An isolated _ is a distinct mass of microorganisms appearing on a solid medium, arising from the multiplication of a single cell.
colony
Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are ______.
composed of long microtubules flexible structures
Infectious disease ______ is one of the most important aspects of disease prevention; it involves both recognizing and reporting disease cases to public health authorities.
surveillance
Some species of microorganisms can be found in environments where no unprotected human could survive.
t
True or false: Because of the widespread use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals, many organisms causing nosocomial infections have become resistant to these medications.
t
True or false: Compounds unique to bacteria or certain other microbial groups can be detected by "alarm systems" in the body.
t
True or false: Diseases with a long incubation period can spread extensively before the first symptomatic cases appear.
t
True or false: Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, which contains the cell's genetic information.
t
True or false: Water makes up over half of the mass of a living organism.
t
A ______ phage can either cause a lytic infection or can incorporate its DNA into the host genome as a prophage.
temperate
Bacteriophages that can enter into a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle are called _ phages.
temperate
Factors in the physical environment that can influence the epidemiology of disease by determining which organisms can exist and reproduce include ______.
temperature water and nutrient supply oxygen level
Slime molds are ______.
terrestrial organisms
A 20-year old male developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of his stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Presumably the Salmonella organisms were in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough. What is the reservoir for the infection in this case?
the chickens from which the eggs came
All of the following are emerging diseases EXCEPT ______. the common cold Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) Zika virus disease Ebola disease
the common cold
In acute viral infections, although the infected host cells may die, the host may survive because ______.
the host's immune system may gradually eliminate the virus
The minimum number of a particular microbe required to cause disease is called ______.
the infectious dose
Some arthropods and worms are included in the study of microscopic Eukarya because _____.
they play important roles in human disease they are often carried or transmitted in forms that are microscopic
A direct cell count determines the number of ______ in a sample
total cells
Bacteriophages play a fundamental role in a type of horizontal gene transfer called
transduction
What term is used to describe the transfer of genetic information from one bacterium to another bacterium by a bacteriophage?
transduction
A bright-field microscope ______.
transmits light through a specimen
Certain types of protozoa produce a growing feeding form called a(n) _______, and an infectious survival form called a _______.
trophozoite; cyst
Which of the following are microscopic fungi? protists monera algae yeasts archaea molds
yeasts molds
Microscopic fungi that are single-celled are called ______, and that that are multicellular and filamentous are termed _______.
yeasts; molds
Most bacteria divide by a process called _ _ , in which one cell enlarges and then divides.
Binary Fission
When two or more atoms share electrons, a chemical _ is formed.
Bond
______ are compounds that help prevent changes in the pH of a solution.
Buffers
Which of the following statements is true regarding viruses? Viruses include viroids. Viruses are prokaryotic. Viruses are acellular. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are nonliving.
Viruses are acellular. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are nonliving.
Which of the following statements is true regarding viruses? Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are acellular. Viruses are prokaryotic. Viruses include viroids. Viruses are nonliving.
Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. Viruses are acellular. Viruses are nonliving.
Isotopes are elements with ______.
the same atomic number but different mass numbers
Which of the following constitutes the genetic information needed to build a cell?
DNA
is the storage form of a cell's genetic information.
DNA
Matter is categorized into _ , which are substances that have unique chemical properties and cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical means.
elements
What does the scientific name of an organism include?
genus and species
In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? energy sources used shapes and sizes method of multiplication prokaryotic cell structure ribosomal RNA sequences
energy sources used shapes and sizes method of multiplication prokaryotic cell structure
Which of the following can be characteristics of algae? eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic parasitic prokaryotic unicellular acellular
eukaryotic multicellular photosynthetic unicellular
he work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______.
explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur
