Mid Term Studyguide
98. How did the French provisional government respond to the worsening depression and rising unemployment in 1848?
Provided employment opportunity in public works projects
46. Junkers
Prussian Nobles
48. The most influential aspect of René Descartes' theories of nature was that....?
The universe functioned in a mechanistic way.
16. The Spanish Inquisition was an attempt to do what?
target Jewish converts who were believed to continue Judaism
37. Political power in the Dutch Republic
Controlled by an oligarchy of wealthy businessmen.
69. Why did Great Britain seek to raise taxes on its American colonies in the 1760s?
Debt from the Seven Years War
78. What two fundamental principles of the French Revolution were incorporated into the Napoleonic Code?
Equality of male citizens, security of wealth, pvt. property.
97. What reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?
Establishment of new revolutionary state bowing to demands of workers.
68. Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by...?
Allowing common-born mistress to exercise influence.
6. During the Great Schism, how did the powers of Europe align themselves?
Along traditional political alliances
58. Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of...?
Debt Peonage
28. What did the Treaty of Tordesillas accomplish?
Divides Atlantic Ocean & Americas between Spain & Portugal
49. Francis Bacon formalized the research methods of Tycho Brahe and Galileo into a theory of reasoning known as...?
Empiricism
33. How did Europeans initially justify the enslavement of Africans?
Enslavement benefited Africans by bringing Christianity
32. Describe the immigration patterns (forced and unforced) of Europeans and Africans to the Americas between 1500 and 1800?
4x as many Africans migrated to America as did Europeans
82. What was the economic effect of Napoleon's Continental System?
French artisans and middle class suffered.
55. The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also...?
Gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
40. Thomas Hobbes
Held that the power of the ruler was absolute and prevented civil war.
25. The European voyages of the fifteenth century were derived from a desire to share in the wealth of the
Indian ocean trade
64. Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
It emphasized a warm and emotional religion.
65. What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?
Napoleon returned from exile.
61. What was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
One's self identity came from consuming practices.
9. John Calvin
Rejected the idea of free will; he believed it would detract from the sovereignty of God.
67. In the eighteenth century, many liberal thinkers believed that representative institutions could defend the liberty and interests of the people. What did this mean in terms of political practice?
Representatives would be restricted to men of property.
45. French foreign policy under Cardinal Richelieu focused primarily on the...?
Subordiantion of all institutions to the monarchy.
80. How did the Concordat resolve the crisis over Catholicism in France in the Napoleonic era?
The French state picked church officers and church activities.
79. What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
The Girondists' more moderate policies.
57. By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society believed what about their circumstances?
The colonial elite came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.
94. In the nineteenth century, how did Ireland's population grow despite extreme poverty?
The cultivation of the potato plant
93. What did Count Henri de Saint-Simon believe in the nineteenth century?
The key to progress was proper social organization.
15. On the Iberian Peninsula, what was the social position of African slaves?
They intermingled & sometimes intermarried with them
72. How did the reaction of kings and nobles in continental Europe toward the French Revolution change over the revolution's first two years?
They were first initially pleased; then they soon felt threatened by radical message.
23. What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?
They were sent home with a warning & ordered to do penance
70. Who forced the king and the royal family to abandon Versailles and return to Paris?
Thousands of Parisian women
101. What was the result of the "June Days" in France in 1848?
Triumph of the republican army under General Louis Cavaignac.
100. Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also urged...?
Abolished marriage, unions based on love and sexual liberty.
34. How did justifications for slavery change from the fifteenth to eighteenth century?
Arguments supporting slavery began to focus more on science and nature and less on religion.
60. How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
76. As the Jacobins gained power, what was their reaction to women's political activity?
Banned women's political activity but welcomed women with full civil liberties.
83. Olympe de Gouges
Believed that men and women should be equal in the eyes of law.
52. How did the idea of "race" transform Europeans' idea of their superiority over other peoples?
European superiority increasingly was defined as biologically superior as well as culturally superior.
74. The legal definition of the composition of the prerevolutionary third estate included...?
Everyone who was not a noble or member of the clergy.
88. Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to...?
Find unique greatness of every people in its folk culture.
63. Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
He refuted doctrine of predestination.
35. How did the Turks' expansion of the Ottoman Empire and their conquest of the Byzantine Empire and its capital Constantinople in 1453 influence European exploration?
It forced Europeans to search for alternate trade routes to Asia.
96. What was the effect of France's Constitutional Charter in the post-Napoleonic period?
It secured most of gains by middle class and peasantry, and permitted intellectual and artistic freedom.
1. What English weapon provided an advantage against the mounted French Knights in the battles of Poitiers and Agincourt?
Longbow
39. How did the Peace of Utrecht resolve the problem of succession to the Spanish throne?
Louis XIV of France's grandson, Philip, was placed on the French throne with the agreement that the French and Spanish thrones would never be united.
19. How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?
Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas
43. How did Frederick William I, King of Prussia, sustain agricultural production while dramatically expanding the size of his army?
Made all men undergo military training and serve as reservists.
87. Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Nationalism among different groups threatened the empire.
51. What was the Republic of Letters?
Network involving western Europe, its colonies, Eastern Europe, and Prussia.
59. Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because...?
Of community pressure on a couple to marry when a woman became pregnant
53. What characterizes the condition of peasants in Western Europe in the eighteenth century?
Peasants were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children
50. A striking feature of the salons was that...?
Philosophes, nobles, and members of the upper middle class intermingled.
95. How did Charles X of France seek to rally political support for himself in 1830?
Promoted constitutional Charter and guaranteed civil liberties.
17. Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation
Salvation through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.
62. The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 is a striking indication of the...?
The power of state over church
38. The guiding force behind Cardinal Richelieu's domestic policies was...?
The subordination of all institutions to the monarchy
77. Why did members of the National Convention turn against Robespierre on the Ninth of Thermidor?
They believed Robespierre might have them arrested and executed.
75. By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
They harnessed forces of planned economy, revolutionary terror, and the harnessed modern nationalism into a total war effort.
92. Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established...?
Through violent revolution
89. Composers in the Romantic Movement...?
Used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
8. Desiderius Erasmus
Was a Dutch Renaissance humanist, catholic priest, social priest, social critic, teacher, and theologian. He was a classic scholar who wrote "The Praise of Folly," a famous written work.
85. Who made up the Loyalist faction in the American Revolution?
Wealthy moderates
99. During the Prussian revolution in 1848, why did the alliance between middle-class liberals and workers dissolve?
Workers demanded series of democratic and socialist reforms.
3. Who benefited from the Black Death?
Workers: demanded high wages, increasing standard living
5. What were the achievements of the Avignon popes before the Great Schism?
reformed financial admin of church & centralized gov.
10. What purposes were served by sumptuary laws?
sought to protect local industries, reinforced social hierarchies, attempted to impose moral standards
12. What did human Italian humanists stress?
study of the classics to reveal human nature
21. The Reformation in England was primarily the result of what?
the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
30. Settlers from the Massachusetts colony dispersed into new communities such as Connecticut and Rhode Island because...?
there were religious disputes among the colonists.
27. 17th Century Dutch East India Company
took over much of the East Indies from Portugal.
44. Social Consequences of Peter the Great's bureaucratic system
Non-nobles were able to rise to high positions.
71. The Abbé Sieyès considered the third estate...?
The true strength of the French nation.
20. Peace of Augsburg
became Lutheran/Catholic pending on preference of prince
102. The Chartist movement in Britain in the 1830s and 1840s demanded
cUniversal male suffrage
31. How did the encomienda system function?
demand tribute from Natives in exchange for food & shelter
29. How did Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe affect Spanish colonization?
distance of Pacific led Spanish to develop American colonies
56. The industrious revolution was a result of...?
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to be used to but consumer goods.
41. Mercantilist Theory
postulated that economic activity should be regulated by and for the state.
24. France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to accomplish what?
prevent Charles V from increasing his power.i
7. The Statute of Kilkenny attempted to do what?
prevent intermarriage or cultural assimilation
11. According to Machiavelli, government should be judged on what?
provided order, security, and safety of the populace
18. What aided Martin Luther as his call for reform emerged?
published his works via the printing press
90. Many Europeans and Americans embraced the Greek Revolution because....?
of a love for Greek culture
22. Edict of Nantes
granted Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.
4. What characteristic distinguished the English Parliament from other representative assemblies?
its permission was required for certain types of legislation
54. In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that...?
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently.
14. Why did a unified Italian state fail to develop in the fifteenth century?
loyalty & feeling centered on attachment to city-state
13. Early Renaissance Italian art....?
manifested corporate powe
26. Which of the following characterizes the role of Europe in the system of world trade prior to the voyage of Columbus?
minor outpost that produced few products desired by others
47. What characterizes the response of various religious perspectives to Nicolaus Copernicus's hypothesis?
Calvin and Luther condemned Copernicus, while Catholic reaction was mild at first and only declared his hypothesis false in the 17th century
66. How did America's Constitutional Convention of 1787 deal with the discord between pro- and anti-slavery delegates?
Came up with the three-fifths compromise.
36. When speaking of "moral economy," historians are referring to...?
Community needs predominant over competition and profit.
84. How did the National Assembly respond to the hopes and expectations of Saint-Domingue's different social groups?
It frustrated the hopes of all the different social groups.
73. How did French armies during the French Revolution offer a mixed message to the people they conquered?
Claimed to be liberators but were more like foreign invaders.
81. How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
Consolidated his rule by employing and seeking support from a combination of Jacobins, Old Regime Officials, returning emigrant nobles, and Catholics
2. What changes around 1300 permitted a significant expansion in the movement of goods?
Improvements in ship design permitted year-round sailing.
86. Congress of Vienna
The victorious allies resurrected the Holy Roman Empire and the allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to avoid the creation of hostility and resentment in France.
91. What was one of Karl Marx's most important criticisms of the French utopian socialists?
Their utopian goals were unrealistic
42. The primary cause of the English Glorious Revolution was...?
a fear of the establishment of Catholic absolutism by James II.