midterm 1 psych 7a
which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value? 0.50, 0.30, 0, -0.75
-0.75
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
the molecules present in the chromosomes that codes hereditary info is called
DNA
what is a mainstream psychologist most likely to think about Sigmund freud
Freudian theory is untestable and not grounded in science
Fertilization
Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
what refers to specific lengths of DNA that carry info needed to make the proteins that are required for proper bodily function
RNA
who is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science
Wilhelm Wundt
your psychology professor tells the class "experience cannot be analyzed successfully into its elements" your professor is most likely
a Gestalt psychologist
a meta analysis is
a combination of results from many related studies
What is a confounding variable?
a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
what is an empirical statement
a statement that relies on experience or observation alone
a hypothesis is
a testable predication about the relationship between variable
based on the conclusions from the walker and Levine study of home movies what signs might one look for in an infant who may eventually develop schizo
abnormal crawling behavior
myelinated axons are useful because they
allow action potentials to travel more quickly
the key role of the cns is to
analyze sensory information and control behavior
which of the following would be most likely to argue that an individual regularly drinks to excess because she grew up in an environment where the adults were heavy drinkers
behaviorist
a what would be most likely to argue that a 13 year old boy took up smoking because his father, older brothers, and friends were smokers
behaviorists
which function is most directly controlled by the brainstem
breathing
the institutional animal care and use committee is responsible for all of the following except: evaluating the rationale for a proposed study ensuring researchers have minimized animal stress and pain inspecting animal care facilities collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals
collecting blood and tissue samples from research animals
The key purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to
determine whether a proposed study is ethical
Brad and George are twins whose parents both have blue eyes. Brad and George also have blue eyes, meaning that the twins are _______ for that trait.
discordant
which neurotransmitter plays an important role in signaling pleasure
dopamine
schizophrenia often presents itself at what stage
early adulthood when people begin to fact the world on their own
the technique that detects voltage changes in the brain is
electrocephalography (EEG)
The thyroid and the pituitary gland are part of the
endocrine system
the goal of psychology is to
explain human thought and behavior
Parents who agree with John Locke's notion of tabula rasa would most likely
expose their children to a rich variety of sensory experiences
psychologist Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark found that doll tests
exposed internalized racism in African American children particularly among children attending segregated schools
Behaviorism examines _______, whereas cognitive psychology examines _______.
external behavior, internal mental processes
a research psychologist is most interested in discovering the answers to questions like "why is empathy helpful to people" and "how does education contribute to social stability?" this approach is most consistent with what perspective
functionalist
The belief that genes determine everything about us, including our behavior, is referred to as
genetic determinism
in the homunculus that corresponds to the mapping of the somatosensory cortex, which body party occupies the largest area
hand
according to Rene Descartes the very fact that he is thinking proves that
he exists
which of the following samples would produce a nearly normal distribution
heights of all adult men in America
the endocrine system controls
hormone production and release
what is the key difference between twin studies and adoption studies
identical twins are separated at birth and raised apart
in experimental research what variable is controlled by the researcher
independent
research participants in early psychology studies might have been given a stimulus such as ticking metronome and would reflect on the experience, reporting what the stimulus made them think and feel. these individuals would have been using a process called
introspection
A heritable trait is one that
is influenced by genes inherited from one's parents
a researcher is interested in understanding how the physical structure of the corpus callous changes from childhood to adulthood. what is the most useful brain imaging technique
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
males receive only one allele on the X chromosome for that gene for color vision
Cooper and zubek showed that gene environment interactions were at play in a study by illustrating that
maze-dull rats raised in enriched environment eventually learned to navigate mazes as well as maze-bright rats raised in enriched environments
messages from the cns are carried to muscles by
motor neurons
which statement about information transmission between neurons is correct
neurons send electrical messages across the synaptic cleft
scientific investigation has revealed that the "Mozart effect" (the notion that children become smarter from listening to the music of Mozart) is
not substantiated through research
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can create visual illusions, a doctor would stimulate his patient's
occipital lobe
when psychologists use the term nature to refer to causes of behavior they mean
our genes and strictly biological influences
your brain's _____________ lobe is most involved in allowing you to feel an annoying pebble in your shoe
parietal
white matter refers to
parts of the brain filled with myelinated axons
an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence indicates that
people are born with specific sexual orientations
the social brain hypothesis states that
people can keep close tabs on only about 150 different personal relationships
the foundations of psychology are most closely related to which of the following disciplines
philosophy
foods contained phenylalanine are problematic for people with
pku
correlations are most useful for
predicting behavior
the key purpose of myelin is to
provide electrical insulation
ethical principles require researchers to
provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study
treatment outcome researchers attempt to prevent initial differences between treatment and control groups by using
randomization
In Plato's cave allegory, a prisoner was temporarily unchained and allowed to see the fire at the mouth of the cave. When he returned to the chains, the other prisoners
refused to believe him
in a behaviorist approach to treatment for a patient with a fear of rats the patient is
repeatedly exposed to stimuli that are gradually more and more like rats
The presence of adoring groupies at a small local club make a rock band confident they will become world famous. They should probably pay more attention to the importance of
representative samples
the Tuskegee syphillis study is famous because
researchers failed to inform participant that they had a treatable disease
a friend is concerned because her brother has started to tell the family that he believes he talks directly to god he is also becoming emotionally withdrawn he is showing signs of
schizo
to allow communication neurons
send chemical messages across small gaps between neurons
what are the two components of the somatic nervous system
sensory and motor
When you scrape your knee, pain is relayed from your knee to your central nervous system by
sensory neurons
If you and your sibling share a trait, then by definition you
share a particular genotype
which is the most likely reason that Hester was the first of the genain quadruplets to develop schizophrenic symptoms
she had the lowest birth weight of the quadruplets
which is true for a twenty year old woman with a gene for Huntington's disease
she is most likely to develop symptoms of Huntington's disease by middle age
results from a recent experiment are consistent with a researcher's expectation that exposing people to unfamiliar groups reduces prejudice. this means that the researcher
should retain her hypothesis for now
computed tomography scans
show brain structures but not areas of brain activity
gene-environment interaction
situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed
which statement reflects a reasonable attitude for a good student of psychology to have toward any claim about human behavior
skepticism is advisable until an idea is proven right
Genes regulate protein synthesis by
specifying which amino acids will be joined together, and in what order
as the number of pirates in the world has decreased, the mean global team has increased. this is an example of a
spurious correlation
whether depression levels are truly lower in a treatment group than in a control group is assessed by determining the what of the difference in scores between groups
statistical significance
a meta analysis most typically focuses on a multitude of
studies
psychologists now believe that subliminal advertising
succeeds because the messages register unconsciously
which of the following research methods would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political orientation and belief in climate change
survey research
kobe, a native English speaker, has moved to Germany and is learning to speak German. which brain region is likely to show the greatest plasticity
temporal lobe
scientists use laboratory experiments primarily to
test cause and effect relationships
an important principle to remember when studying psychology is that
the act of learning changes the physical structure of the brain
Harmful dominant alleles, like those for the huntingtin gene, are not common because in most cases
the carrier does not survive long enough to pass on the allele via reproduction
which of the following is true about the strength of a correlation
the closer a correlation is to 0.00, the weaker the relationship
Variations in eye color are the result of alleles that differ in terms of
the pigment they make
why is it difficult for psychologists to define the specific genes involved in disorders like depression and schizo
there are likely numerous genes that influence the various symptoms of each disorder
PET scans ...
track radioactive markers in the blood.
which technology enables researchers to temporarily inhibit a localized brain region like a reversible brain lesion
transcranial magnetic stimulation
______ temporarily disrupts brain activity
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
the corpus callous is directly responsible for
transferring information between the left and right hemispheres
Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments show that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical résumés. This is an example of
unconscious bias
As you and your roommate watch a news report about a big fight that broke out at a local club, he turns to you and says, "I'm not surprised. It's a full moon, after all. People always go crazy around the full moon." As a student of psychology, your response should be:
when you look at police records, the actual data does not really support that idea
according to the process of natural selection, a mutation
will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction