midterm 2 bio
Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Erwin Chargaff contribute?
The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine
Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between the genome, genes, and proteins?
There is one genome; it consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.
Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell?
Translation
Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?
Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.
Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer?
White blood cells
Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?
X-ray crystallography was used to show DNA is a repeating helical structure
The main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1 cancer is that in Stage 1, the cancer cells have
begun to spread to a few lymph nodes.
Chromosomes are copied
between the growth phase (G1) and preparation for cell division (G2).
Alkylating agents work by
breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.
what is the point of the respiratory system
breathe in oxygen, breathe out co2
During the division of eukaryotic cells, the ______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells
centrioles
whats the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?
chromatin<chromosomes
You are reading an article about a person being diagosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.
connective tissue
definition of homeostasis
constant internal conditions maintained by body systems (temp, pH, salt level, water level, blood sugar) -maintained by negative feedback loops
T/F: the bottom parts of the heart are the left and right atriums
false. bottom=ventricles
how are gases exchanged in the respiratory system?
gasses diffuse across cell plasma membranes
Nucleic acids serve as a
genetic code.
How is cancer diagnosed?
genetic testing/blood work
If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.
incomplete dominance
Tumor
mass of cells
what is radiation
movement of energy in waves or particles
meiosis
produce haploid gametes
Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.
promoter
Hemoglobin
protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains
In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.
sperm; eggs
metastasis
spreading of cancer via circulatory or lymphatic systems
Is this stage 2 or stage 3 cancer? "Tumor is larger but still in originating tissue, lymph nodes may have cancer cells in them"
stage 2
Is this stage 2 or stage 3 cancer? "Tumor is larger, cancer cells detectable in lymph node tissues"
stage 3
what step during transcription is the DNA double helix partially unwound
step 1:initiation and creates transcription bubble
What step in translation does the tRNA bind and detach from ribosome?
step 2: elongation
what step during transcription does the RNA polymerase build and DNA is continuously unwound ahead of RNA polymerase and rewound.
step 2: elongation -RNA Polymerase builds an RNA strand that is complementary to the template strand in the5' to 3' direction
What step in translation is the stop codon in mRNA reached and ribosomes releases mRNA and protein
step 3: termination
what step during transcription does the Specific DNA sequences tell RNA Polymerase to stop transcribing and detach from the DNA template
step 3: termination
DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.
thymine; cytosine
What is the difference between transcription and translation?
transcription converts DNA to RNA whereas translation converts RNA to protein
t/f: blood becomes oxygenated as it moves from right to left
true
how does cancer disrupt homeostasis
tumor interfere with chemical signals
Angiogenesis
tumor releases growth factors, triggering nearby capillaries to grow towards tumor
Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means
two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.
What is radiation therapy?
use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells
What is chemotherapy?
using drugs to kill cancer cells. it sucks because there are alot of side effects
For traits to be transmitted and expressed in the next generation
will depend on the characteristic of the inherited alleles being dominant or recessive.
In chorionic villus cell sampling, a sample is obtained
with a long suction tube to remove cells from the site of placenta development.
A CBC is conducted to look for changes in the blood associated with cancer. Which of the following is/are measured to detect cancer in the blood
-# of normal cells -abnormal proteins -antibodies -# of tumor cells
Select all of the following that are components of DNA. (Check all that apply.) -A deoxyribose sugar -A phosphate group -The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine -Ribose sugar -Two carbohydrate rings with hydroxide groups attached
-A deoxyribose sugar -A phosphate group -The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine
From the list provided, select all the functions of the circulatory system. (Check all that apply.) -Delivery of oxygen to all cells of the body -Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body -Removal of waste from the blood -Generating new red blood cells -Excretion of urine from the body
-Delivery of oxygen to all cells of the body -Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body -Removal of waste from the blood
From the following list, select those that are characteristics of life. (Check all that apply.) -The ability to move -The ability to reproduce -The ability to communicate -The ability to acquire materials and energy -The ability to respond to the environment
-The ability to reproduce -The ability to acquire materials and energy -The ability to respond to the environment
Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.
-a decrease in gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries -chest pain and shortness of breath -anemia
4 examples of chemotherapy
-alkylating agents (breaks DNA) -topoisomerase (diable enzyme) -antimetabolites (mimic nucleotides) -alkaloids/taxanes (block splindles)
example of cancer altering body chemistry
-bone cancer -liver cancer
tell me some things about red blood cells
-deliver and exchange gases -lack a nucleus
6 characteristics of cancer cells
-different appearance -unlimited cell division -less specialization -changed to blood flow -invade surrounding tissues -move to other parts of the body
examples of treatments
-immunotherapy -genome editing
what happens when DNA polymerase makes a mistake? can do 3 things -proofread -mismatch repair -nucleotide excision repair
-proofread: corrects errors during replication -mismatch repair: occurs after, proteins detect, remove, and replace incorrect base -excision repair: complex mistakes, dna is unwound
examples of cancer disrupting organ function
-tumor disrupts oxygen flow to organs -tumor puts pressure on brain that regulate behaviors
from the list, select the most common mutagens -bacteria -viruses -radiation -animals -chemicals
-viruses -radiation -chemicals
If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.
4
negative feedback loop
A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving ex: water and salt balance, blood sugar balance,
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that determines a trait
As cancerous cells accumulate mutations, the cells will continue to divide rapidly. This uncontrolled division results in
All of the answer choices are correct.
The information contained in genes is expressed -by folding the polypeptide into a structural protein. -by translating the mRNA into a polypeptide. -through transcribing the DNA segment into mRNA.
All of these are required for gene expression to be complete.
A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)
Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 2 of breast cancer?
Cancer begins invading more lymph nodes and tissue
Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 0 of breast cancer?
Cancer is localized and less than 2 cm
Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 4 of breast cancer?
Cancer spreads to other organs
Your instructor is showing you a model of prophase in mitosis. There is an arrow pointing to a structure holding the two sister chromatids together. What structure is your instructor asking you to identify?
Centromere
What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?
DNA polymerase
Linear DNA in the human genome is packaged at several levels. Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to most packaged?
DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes
What is a genetic disease?
Disease caused by mutation in DNA that is passed from parent to offspring
How to read a pedigree
Empty Circle- female Empty Box- male Filled in Circle- female w/ trait or disease Filled in Box- male w/ trait or disease
The life span of normal cells and cancerous cells is the same.
FALSE
t/f: Each time the cell divides, the telomerase enzyme shortens the length of the chromosome
FALSE
t/f: Mutations in DNA can result in cancerous cells. These cells are structurally altered but their functions remain normal.
FALSE
t/f: Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the body to the respiratory and circulatory systems
FALSE
T/F Translation occurs in the nucleus
FALSE: translation occurs in ribosomes and rough ER
To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.
False
Which researcher used X-ray crystallography to suggest that DNA is a double helix and was highly repetitive?
Franklin
Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occuring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage, the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.
G0
In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?
Interphase and mitosis
Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?
It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next.
Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?
Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop
There are several ways a person can be tested to assess their risk of cancer. One is genetic testing. What genetic testing technique is shown in the image provided?
PCR
Which of the following scanning tools is used to look for abnormalities in the breast that could be associated with cancer?
Screening mammogram
Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase II phase of meiosis II?
Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate
Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?
Sister chromatids are pulled apart
T/f: veins are vessels where blood is moving towards the heart
TRUE
t/f: Arteries are vessels where blood is moving away from the heart
TRUe