midterm 2 bio

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Erwin Chargaff contribute?

The percent of adenine is equal to the percent of thymine and the percent of guanine is equal to the percent of cytosine

Which of the following statements best describes the relationships between the genome, genes, and proteins?

There is one genome; it consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.

Which of the following plays the role of interpreting the genetic information, from the mRNA, into a structural protein that is used by the cell?

Translation

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer?

White blood cells

Several different researchers contributed to the study of the structure of DNA. What did Rosalind Franklin contribute?

X-ray crystallography was used to show DNA is a repeating helical structure

The main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1 cancer is that in Stage 1, the cancer cells have

begun to spread to a few lymph nodes.

Chromosomes are copied

between the growth phase (G1) and preparation for cell division (G2).

Alkylating agents work by

breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.

what is the point of the respiratory system

breathe in oxygen, breathe out co2

During the division of eukaryotic cells, the ______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells

centrioles

whats the difference between chromosomes and chromatin?

chromatin<chromosomes

You are reading an article about a person being diagosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________.

connective tissue

definition of homeostasis

constant internal conditions maintained by body systems (temp, pH, salt level, water level, blood sugar) -maintained by negative feedback loops

T/F: the bottom parts of the heart are the left and right atriums

false. bottom=ventricles

how are gases exchanged in the respiratory system?

gasses diffuse across cell plasma membranes

Nucleic acids serve as a

genetic code.

How is cancer diagnosed?

genetic testing/blood work

If a person shows an intermediate phenotype, such as that observed in a person who is heterozygous for familial hypercholesterolemia, this indicates the pattern of inheritance to be __________.

incomplete dominance

Tumor

mass of cells

what is radiation

movement of energy in waves or particles

meiosis

produce haploid gametes

Transcription starts with RNA polymerase binding to the start of the gene called a/an __________.

promoter

Hemoglobin

protein composed of 4 polypeptide chains

In humans, male gametes are called ______, while female gametes are called ______.

sperm; eggs

metastasis

spreading of cancer via circulatory or lymphatic systems

Is this stage 2 or stage 3 cancer? "Tumor is larger but still in originating tissue, lymph nodes may have cancer cells in them"

stage 2

Is this stage 2 or stage 3 cancer? "Tumor is larger, cancer cells detectable in lymph node tissues"

stage 3

what step during transcription is the DNA double helix partially unwound

step 1:initiation and creates transcription bubble

What step in translation does the tRNA bind and detach from ribosome?

step 2: elongation

what step during transcription does the RNA polymerase build and DNA is continuously unwound ahead of RNA polymerase and rewound.

step 2: elongation -RNA Polymerase builds an RNA strand that is complementary to the template strand in the5' to 3' direction

What step in translation is the stop codon in mRNA reached and ribosomes releases mRNA and protein

step 3: termination

what step during transcription does the Specific DNA sequences tell RNA Polymerase to stop transcribing and detach from the DNA template

step 3: termination

DNA strands are complementary of each other. This means if one strand has an adenine the other has a __________, and if one strand has a guanine the other has a/an __________.

thymine; cytosine

What is the difference between transcription and translation?

transcription converts DNA to RNA whereas translation converts RNA to protein

t/f: blood becomes oxygenated as it moves from right to left

true

how does cancer disrupt homeostasis

tumor interfere with chemical signals

Angiogenesis

tumor releases growth factors, triggering nearby capillaries to grow towards tumor

Sickle-cell disease is a recessive genetic disease. This means

two copies of the recessive allele must be present in order for the disease to be expressed.

What is radiation therapy?

use of high-energy particles to destroy cancer cells

What is chemotherapy?

using drugs to kill cancer cells. it sucks because there are alot of side effects

For traits to be transmitted and expressed in the next generation

will depend on the characteristic of the inherited alleles being dominant or recessive.

In chorionic villus cell sampling, a sample is obtained

with a long suction tube to remove cells from the site of placenta development.

A CBC is conducted to look for changes in the blood associated with cancer. Which of the following is/are measured to detect cancer in the blood

-# of normal cells -abnormal proteins -antibodies -# of tumor cells

Select all of the following that are components of DNA. (Check all that apply.) -A deoxyribose sugar -A phosphate group -The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine -Ribose sugar -Two carbohydrate rings with hydroxide groups attached

-A deoxyribose sugar -A phosphate group -The nitrogenous bases thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine

From the list provided, select all the functions of the circulatory system. (Check all that apply.) -Delivery of oxygen to all cells of the body -Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body -Removal of waste from the blood -Generating new red blood cells -Excretion of urine from the body

-Delivery of oxygen to all cells of the body -Delivery of nutrients to all cells of the body -Removal of waste from the blood

From the following list, select those that are characteristics of life. (Check all that apply.) -The ability to move -The ability to reproduce -The ability to communicate -The ability to acquire materials and energy -The ability to respond to the environment

-The ability to reproduce -The ability to acquire materials and energy -The ability to respond to the environment

Sickle crisis requires immediate medical attention. This medical condition is characterized by __________.

-a decrease in gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries -chest pain and shortness of breath -anemia

4 examples of chemotherapy

-alkylating agents (breaks DNA) -topoisomerase (diable enzyme) -antimetabolites (mimic nucleotides) -alkaloids/taxanes (block splindles)

example of cancer altering body chemistry

-bone cancer -liver cancer

tell me some things about red blood cells

-deliver and exchange gases -lack a nucleus

6 characteristics of cancer cells

-different appearance -unlimited cell division -less specialization -changed to blood flow -invade surrounding tissues -move to other parts of the body

examples of treatments

-immunotherapy -genome editing

what happens when DNA polymerase makes a mistake? can do 3 things -proofread -mismatch repair -nucleotide excision repair

-proofread: corrects errors during replication -mismatch repair: occurs after, proteins detect, remove, and replace incorrect base -excision repair: complex mistakes, dna is unwound

examples of cancer disrupting organ function

-tumor disrupts oxygen flow to organs -tumor puts pressure on brain that regulate behaviors

from the list, select the most common mutagens -bacteria -viruses -radiation -animals -chemicals

-viruses -radiation -chemicals

If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain, the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.

4

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving ex: water and salt balance, blood sugar balance,

What is a gene?

A section of DNA that determines a trait

As cancerous cells accumulate mutations, the cells will continue to divide rapidly. This uncontrolled division results in

All of the answer choices are correct.

The information contained in genes is expressed -by folding the polypeptide into a structural protein. -by translating the mRNA into a polypeptide. -through transcribing the DNA segment into mRNA.

All of these are required for gene expression to be complete.

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called __________.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 2 of breast cancer?

Cancer begins invading more lymph nodes and tissue

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 0 of breast cancer?

Cancer is localized and less than 2 cm

Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 4 of breast cancer?

Cancer spreads to other organs

Your instructor is showing you a model of prophase in mitosis. There is an arrow pointing to a structure holding the two sister chromatids together. What structure is your instructor asking you to identify?

Centromere

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides to synthesize the new daughter strand?

DNA polymerase

Linear DNA in the human genome is packaged at several levels. Which of the following represents the levels from least packaged to most packaged?

DNA strand, nucleosomes, chromosomes

What is a genetic disease?

Disease caused by mutation in DNA that is passed from parent to offspring

How to read a pedigree

Empty Circle- female Empty Box- male Filled in Circle- female w/ trait or disease Filled in Box- male w/ trait or disease

The life span of normal cells and cancerous cells is the same.

FALSE

t/f: Each time the cell divides, the telomerase enzyme shortens the length of the chromosome

FALSE

t/f: Mutations in DNA can result in cancerous cells. These cells are structurally altered but their functions remain normal.

FALSE

t/f: Sickle-cell anemia limits its effects within the body to the respiratory and circulatory systems

FALSE

T/F Translation occurs in the nucleus

FALSE: translation occurs in ribosomes and rough ER

To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

False

Which researcher used X-ray crystallography to suggest that DNA is a double helix and was highly repetitive?

Franklin

Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occuring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage, the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.

G0

In eukaryotic cell division, what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?

Interphase and mitosis

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a genetic disease?

It is a change in the genetic information that may be passed on from one generation to the next.

Which event (or events) occur in the telophase I phase of meiosis I?

Nuclear membrane begins to form, and a cleavage furrow begins to develop

There are several ways a person can be tested to assess their risk of cancer. One is genetic testing. What genetic testing technique is shown in the image provided?

PCR

Which of the following scanning tools is used to look for abnormalities in the breast that could be associated with cancer?

Screening mammogram

Which event (or events) occur in the metaphase II phase of meiosis II?

Sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate

Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids are pulled apart

T/f: veins are vessels where blood is moving towards the heart

TRUE

t/f: Arteries are vessels where blood is moving away from the heart

TRUe