Midterm 2 Part 1

The preacher and former slave Sojourner Truth pointed out that women, both white and black, endured a slavery all their own in her Pg 963

"Ain't I a Woman?" speech.

"Beauty is truth, truth beauty" comes from

"Ode to a Grecian Urn" by John Keats.

How did Charles Garnier react to the Eiffel Tower?

He ridiculed it as a mere "framework."

The view that history is an evolutionary process in which conflicting ideas resolve themselves in a new synthesis is an example of the Pg. 898

Hegelian dialectic.

Which author used the image of the Promethean hero toward dark, expressive purposes? Pg. 960

Herman Melville

In which of these works does the bourgeoisie play a significant role? pg 929

Honoré de Balzac's "Lost Illusions"

In her novel Frankenstein; or the Modern Prometheus, Mary Shelley intends to express that Pg 900

ambition and power can become unmanageable.

Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People depicts

an allegorical representation of popular unrest using realistic details.

What did Sojourner Truth and Frederick Douglass have in common? Pg 962

an attraction to the new medium of photography

Designed by Charles Garnier, the Paris Opéra was originally intended as

an expression of aristocratic values.

Automated Listening Guide: Hector Berlioz, Symphonie fantastique, I In Symphonie fantastique, Hector Berlioz departs from Classical music in

the more pronounced emotional expression.

The primary genre of Romantic poetry was Pg. 884

the natural world.

The French painter Camille Pissarro had a particularly deep interest in Pg 1026

the new science of color theory.

When Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels said, "WORKING MEN OF ALL COUNTRIES, UNITE," they were calling for

the forcible overthrow of the capitalist system.

Essayist and social theorist John Stuart Mill was an advocate of utilitarian theory, believing that

the goal of any action should be to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number.

Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III How does Gustav Mahler incorporate Eastern European Jewish music into Symphony No. 1, III? Pg 1104

the high-pitched clarinets

In "Walden," Henry David Thorough calls for, in his words,

the indescribable innocence and beneficence of Nature.

In Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People, the bare-breasted figure of Lady Liberty most closely symbolizes the concept of

the nurturing power of freedom.

Émile Zola's 1885 novel "Germinal" concerns

the plight of France's coal miners.

Romantic writers shared with Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in this notion: Pg 898

-History is driven by the spiritual rather than the material.

Which of these works speak out against Naoleonic France?

"The Third of May, 1808" and "Grande hazara!" (Great courage! Against corpses!) only

Francisco Goya and Ludwig van Beethoven had all of these in common except 906

********-an eventual descent into madness. -a profound sense of loneliness. -an artistic interest in the Promethean hero. -an expressive idiom that could best be called Romantic.

Select the statement that does not reflect John Stuart Mill's views.

******Women should be able to work outside the home after marriage. -The goal of any action should be to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. -People should work to limit the power of government to interfere in their individual affairs. -The subjugation of one sex to the other is wrong.

Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 1812 Overture All of the following statements are true of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture EXCEPT:

*****Like much of his music, it was written to accompany a ballet. -It includes a Russian folk song, suggesting Slavic pride, and thus an affinity with the music of Modest Mussorgsky. -It commemorates Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. -The combination of the French national anthem with Russian folk music can be interpreted as implying a theme of Russian nationalism.

The philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche's writings do all of the following EXCEPT:

*****call for a life based on conventional morality. -define a philosopher as one who lives where everyone else is "least at home." -argue for a society led by an Übermensch, or "higher man." -announce the death of God.

Six of the poems in Charles Baudelaire's "Les Fleurs du mal" were Pg 993

****censored in France for a century. When Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary first appeared in magazine installments in 1856, its author had been brought to trial, charged with giving "offense to public and religious morality and to good morals." Eight months later, in August 1857, Baudelaire faced the same charge for his book of 100 poems, Les Fleurs du mal. Unlike Flaubert, Baudelaire lost his case, was fined, and was forced to remove six poems concerning lesbianism and vampirism, all of which remained censored for the next century.

In his book propounding the theory of evolution, The Origin of Species, Charles Darwin argued all of the following except:

***Evolution is intrinsically driven by a higher force.*** -Evolution occurs through a process of natural selection. -Only the fittest survive. -A species' ability to adapt is fundamental to its survival.

Which statement about this painting is FALSE regarding the painting "Kaaterskill Falls" by Thomas Cole? Pg 954

***It is based upon Transcendentalist thought.**** -It is a Hudson River School painting. -Cole would have regarded this as a distinctly American landscape. -It has much in common with James Fenimore Cooper's The Pioneers.

This painting (shop of tingqua, the Painter) illustrates Pg 1005

***a shop in China specializing in making copies of European art and producing Chinese scenes for export

When Édouard Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe was rejected by the jury for the Salon of 1863, it was Pg 994

**exhibited at the Salon des Refusés. Édouard Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass) was rejected by the jury for the Salon of 1863, which drew tens of thousands of visitors a day to the Louvre and was the world's most prominent art event. The public reacted with outrage when Manet's painting appeared at the Salon des Refusés, an exhibition hurriedly ordered by Louis-Napoleon after numerous complaints arose about the large number of rejected artworks. While many of the paintings included in the Salon des Refusés were of poor quality, others, including Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe, were vilified because of their supposedly scandalous content or challenging style.

All of the following are true of George Sand except:

-She was the editor of the France's Bulletins of the Republic. ***-She avoided discussion of relations between the sexes. -She published more than 100 volumes of prose. -She was appointed Minister of Propaganda of the new French Republic.

When Paul Gauguin returned to France from his first trip to Tahiti, he did all of the following except Pg 1099

-*******spend several months painting in Arles with Vincent van Gogh. -initiate a regular salon where he lectured on his paintings. -write a sensationalized account of his time in Tahiti. -arrange for two exhibitions of his work at a Paris gallery.

Comparing the work of Charles Dickens and that of French realist writers, select the statement that is INCORRECT:

--Dickens and the French realists both wrote in serial form. --Dickens focused more on the ill effects of the Industrial Revolution. ****Dickens and the French realists created similarly fully rounded characters.***** --Dickens tended more toward caricature. Literary realism was not restricted to England, although elsewhere in Europe writers rarely confronted the effects of the Industrial Revolution as forcefully as Charles Dickens did. As in England, the work of French novels often appeared in serial form, designed to appeal to a growing middle-class audience. However, French authors aimed at creating fully rounded characters and were less inclined to caricature than Dickens was.

The English Factory Act of 1833 instituted all the following reforms EXCEPT: page 925

--It permitted child laborers only in factories where at least one parent was present. Children of poor families often worked as assistants in the factories. The English Factory Act of 1833 banned employment of children under the age of nine. Children nine to thirteen years of age could work a nine-hour day (down from twelve hours), and employers had to provide two hours of education to child workers each day.

In which city did Art Nouveau take on decidedly sexual overtones? Pg 1088

--Vienna In Vienna, the Art Nouveau movement took on decidedly sexual overtones. The leader of the Art Nouveau movement there-which called itself the Secession, suggesting its revolt from tradition was Gustav Klimt, who sought to liberate art from the confines of conventional morality, believing that human life was driven by sexual desire. His paintings therefore seek to explore not only the sexual instincts of his sitters and models, but his own-and the viewer's.

In Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust, the devil Mephistopheles leads Faust through innumerable temptations. After Faust abandons his love, Gretchen, she (Pg. 903)

--loses her mind and murders their illegitimate child. ......After a tumultuous love affair with a young woman named Gretchen-"Feeling is all!" Faust proclaims-he abandons her, which causes her to lose her mind and murder their illegitimate child. For this she is condemned to death, but the purity of her love wins her salvation in the afterlife.

All of the following could be described as Realist works except Pg 929

-Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary. ******Eugène Delacroix's Odalisque.****** -Charles Dickens's Hard Times -Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers.

Select the incorrect statement about nineteenth-century London.

-Inequity among classes was acute. ******Industrialization saw increased wealth for all.****** -Workers were increasingly dispossessed of the means of production. -Population explosion contributed to water pollution.

All of the following happened during the era of Reconstruction except:

-Schools were established for African Americans. **African-American women were given the right to vote.** -African Americans were granted citizenship. -A Freedmen's Bureau was established to help freed salves.

All are true of Édouard Manet's Olympia except:

-She looks like a factory-girl-turned-prostitute. -***She appears to exist in mythological space. -Her nudity differs in meaning from that of contemporaneous nudes. -Her gaze positions the viewer as customer.

Which was NOT an effect of Haussmanization in Paris? Pg 988

-The city came to be dominated by the upper classes and the bourgeoisie. -The "National Workshops" were instated. -Industry moved to the suburbs. NO -Parkland in the city expanded by nearly 100 times. NO

Select the correct statement about Chinese attitude and policy toward Western traders from the seventeenth century onward. Pg

-They refused to export tea, porcelain, or silk. -They completely eliminated British imports of opium from India to China. -***They only admitted foreign ships to Canton. -They extracted a treaty from Britain ending the import of machine-made products

Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth Symphony was highly innovative in its incorporation of Pg 910

-a chorus singing a Friedrich Schiller poem. .......Four years after composing the Piano Sonata No. 30 in E Major, Beethoven returned to orchestral music with his Ninth Symphony, a choral work in four traditionally sequenced movements. The chorus sings a text adapted from Friedrich Schiller, producing an unprecedented exploration of the expressive possibilities of a Romantic symphony.

When the German writer and poet Friedrich von Schlegel coined the term "Romanticism" in 1789, he regarded it as Pg 884

-a reaction against the Enlightenment. ......Romantic artists revolted against the classical values of order, control, balance, and proportionality championed by Neoclassical artists. They approached the world instead with an outpouring of feeling and emotional intensity that came to be called Romanticism. Originally coined in 1798 by the German writer and poet Friedrich von Schlegel, "Romanticism" was an overt reaction against the Enlightenment and classical culture of the eighteenth century.

What do Gustave Courbet's "Burial at Ornans" and Eugène Delacroix's "Scenes from the Massacres at Chios" have in common?

-a refusal to uphold the ideals of French Neoclassicism

The French Impressionist painter Gustave Caillebotte is notable for Pg 1031

-financially supporting the artistic careers of his fellow Impressionists. Gustave Caillebotte was by far the wealthiest of the Impressionists, having inherited his father's considerable fortune, and he thought it his duty to support his Impressionist colleagues. As a result, he amassed a substantial collection of works by Degas, Cézanne, Manet, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, and Sisley, which he bequested to the state upon his death in 1894. His bequest-Renoir was his estate's executor-became the basis for the great collection of Impressionist painting today housed in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.

Which of these would NOT be explicitly covered under the liberties outlined by John Stuart Mill? Pg 1044

-freedom to not believe in God or follow any religious practice NO -freedom to organize a peaceful protest against a war -*****freedom to organize a coup d'état to overthrow a corrupt leader**** -freedom to wear unconventional clothing in public every day

Mehmet Ali did all of the following except Pg 1007

-invade Turkey. ******build the Suez Canal. -turn Egypt into a thriving cotton exporter. -industrialize Egypt. An Ottoman Turk who had arrived in Egypt in 1801 in order to consolidate Ottoman authority, Mehmet Ali soon established himself as the country's titular viceroy, ostensibly reporting to the Ottoman Empire but effectively ruling the country on his own. He enlisted the services of European experts, by and large French, to help him industrialize Egypt. Soon munitions factories, steelworks, shipyards, and, above all, cotton mills filled the Nile Delta. Cotton soon became Egypt's chief cash crop. In 1838, Ali informed both the French and British that he intended to declare Egypt's independence from the Ottoman Empire, and a year later, he invaded Turkey.

J.M.W. Turner and John Constable shared in a belief that pg. 893

-nature provoked their imaginations.

During the nineteenth century, European imperialism was fueled by all of the following EXCEPT: Pg 1106

-professed humanitarianism. NO -nationalism. NO -a desire to extinguish "slave morality." -economic self-interest.

What aspect of Antoine-Jean Gros's Napoleon in the Pesthouse at Jaffa most closely alludes to Jacques-Louis David's painting The Oath of the Horatii? Pg. 897

-the composition with a shallow foreground space

When the British civil servant Henry Cole called for the "harmony of beauty and utility," he argued for all of the following EXCEPT: Pg 1040

-the creation of a design journal. -an international exhibition of art and industry. -government-sponsored design schools. -******the suburbanization of London.**** Civil servant Henry Cole wrote that the "harmony of beauty and utility" would help the public understand the virtue of moderation and restraint. Cole argued for the creation of government-sponsored design schools-of which he became the director-and for the creation of the Journal of Design. Finally, in order to demonstrate the lack of standards in British design, he proposed an Exhibition of the Art and Industry of All Nations in London, which was held in 1851.

In advancing the cause of socialism, George Sand argued that Pg 999

-women were the principal victims of wretchedness.

Frédéric Chopin is known for composing all of the following except Pg 913

-études, or "studies." -nocturnes, or character pieces related to the serenade. -ballades, or dramatic narrative works. ********-scherzos, or joke compositions.********

The difference between Neoclassical and Romantic sensibilities might be characterized as similar to the difference between __________, respectively.

????? -objective and subjective -temporary and eternal -natural and cultural NOOOOO -lyrical and monumental

The first American battlefield ever photographed before the dead were properly buried was

Antietam.

Which of these could be classified as works of Art Nouveau? Pg 1087

Antoni Gaudi's Casa Milà Apartments, Hector Guimard's desk, and Gustav Klimt's The Kiss

Why did Cabanel's Birth of Venus, painted the same year as Manet's Olympia, not shock the public?

Cabanel depicted a mythical event in a suitably mythological space, as opposed to a real woman in a specific interior space.

The paintings of __________ can best be classified as sublime.

Caspar David Friedrich

The representation of isolation and the invocation of the sublime in this work are instructive in determining it to have been painted by

Caspar David Friedrich.

Édouard Manet's painting "Olympia" is an apt illustration of the saying by Pg 994

Charles Baudelaire: "One must shock the bourgeoisie."

When Alexander Gardner wrote, "Such a picture conveys a useful moral: it shows the blank horror and reality of war, in opposition to the pageantry," he was speaking of Pg 972

Civil War battlefield photographs of the dead. Alexander Gardner, an employee of the photographer Mathew Brady, visited the battlefield at Antietam and took many photographs of the dead, something that had never been done before on an American battlefield. In his "Gardner's Photographic Sketchbook of the War," published in 1866, he wrote of the "dreadful details" represented in the photograph A Harvest of Death, taken after the Battle of Gettysburg.

Character pieces were the specialty of Pg. 913

Clara Schumann.

Most popular at the Exposition Universelle of 1889 was the

Eiffel Tower.

T or F? Francisco Goya's "black paintings" are generally viewed as containing messages of hope and affirmation despite the dark themes.

FALSE.... Beethoven was doing things at the ame time that were mesages of hope and affirmation... Goya failed at that theme...

The typically Romantic expression of individual expression of genius can be heard in "double stopping" in Pg 912

Felix Mendelssohn's Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, I only

Which statement is true regarding the general sympathies of France and England with regard to the American Civll War? Pg 977

France and England openly sympathized with the Confederacy. Under Napoleon III, the emperor who had come to power after the revolution of 1848, France, and England too, openly sympathized with the Confederacy. Both the French and English textile industries depended on Southern cotton, and the Union blockade of the Confederate ports had crippled them.

Friedrich Schelling's notion "nature is visible Spirit; Spirit is invisible Nature" might be thought to best apply to the work of Pg 958

Frederic Edwin Church Ralph Waldo Emerson's book Nature became the intellectual beacon for a group of Concord locals that became known as the "Transcendental Club." It took its name from theSystem of Transcendental Idealism, written by Friedrich Schelling, which argued that scientific observation and artistic intuition were complementary, not opposed, modes of thought. "Nature," Schelling wrote, "is visible Spirit; Spirit is invisible Nature." This notion can be applied to the landscape painter of sublime scenes, Frederic Edwin Church.

Which would have been most likely to have been performed in a salon concert?

Frédéric Chopin's character pieces

The pen name of Aurore-Lucile Dupin was Pg 990

George Sand.

The leading painter of the Vienna Secession, a movement dedicated to liberating art from the confines of convention, was

Gustav Klimt.

Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Richard Wagner, Prelude to Tristan und Isolde Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Giuseppe Verdi, Quartet from Act III of Rigoletto In what way does Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto differ from Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde

In Rigoletto, the melody is carried by the voice.

What did the Fourteenth Amendment do?

It gave African Americans citizenship.

What aspect of this photograph is critical in distinguishing it to be a daguerreotype, not a calotype?

It is on a metal plate.

This painting ("The battle of the Kearsarge and the Alabama" by Edouard Manet) differs from Hudson River School landscapes in all of the following ways except: Pg 977

It lacks an aspiration to a sensibility of sublimity. -It represents a specific current event. NO -It lacks a nationalistic spirit. -It witnesses the drama of culture play out across the landscape.

Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Claude Debussy, La Mer, I Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 1, III In what way is Claude Debussy's La Mer, I closer than Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 1, IIIto the goals of the Symbolist writers?

It prioritizes suggestion over direct allusion.

Which is true of the "fin de siècle"?

It saw the disintegration of traditional values and customs.

What aspect of the American Civil War differed from previous wars? Pg. 970

It was impersonal.

Which of these is not from the Hudson River School? Pg 957

J.M.W. Turner's "The Whale Ship"

All of these artists were members of the Hudson River School except

J.M.W. Turner.

The term ukiyo-e refers to Pg 1009

Japanese pictures of the transient world of everyday life. The Japanese woodblock prints known as ukiyo-e, "pictures of the transient world of everyday life," often display the nightlife of the Yoshiwara pleasure district of Edo (modern Tokyo). Yoshiwara, an area of drinking establishments and other night spots, was populated by entertainers, stage actors, geishas, and wealthy patrons. Ukiyo-e are usually printed in multiple colors.

Which of these is a work of Japonisme?

Japonaiserie: Flowering Plum Tree only

Who wrote about the centrality of preserving the "natural" in every child's education? Pg 884

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Which literary figure suffers from ennui?

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust

In October 1859, relations between whites and slaves in America changed dramatically when

John Brown raided a federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, intending to ignite a slave revolt.

Which writer is well known for examining the negative consequences of social Darwinism?

Joseph Conrad

British architect Owen Jones used the words "no principles, no unity? novelty without beauty, beauty without intelligence, and all work without faith" to describe Pg 1041

Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace. Although the Great Exhibition of 1851 was a roaring success, not everyone appreciated its implications. If it bred confidence in the speed and utility of technological innovation, it also demonstrated, in the words of Owen Jones, an architect who was the director of the Fine Arts exhibits, "no principles, no unity . . . novelty without beauty, beauty without intelligence, and all work without faith."

Based on visual similarities to works in the chapter, identify which of these paintings is Pre-Raphaelite?

La Pia de' Tolomei only

Who is responsible for creating the Salon des Refusés?

Louis-Napoléon, president of the Second French Republic

Composer E.T.A. Hoffmann said that this composer's music evokes "the machinery of awe, of fear, of terror, of pain." Pg 909

Ludwig van Beethoven

Ludwig van Beethoven associated his "Eroica" Symphony with Pg 907

Napoleon Bonaparte.

The painting "The Snake Charmer" by Jean-Leon Gerome" could most accurately be classified as

Orientalist.

Based on visual similarities to a work in the chapter, identify which Post-Impressionist painted this work.

Paul Gauguin

In Richard Wagner's famous aria Dich, teure Halle ("Thou, Beloved Hall"), Elisabeth is excited because Pg 1002

Tannhäuser has built the concert hall where Elisabeth will star. Tannhäuser has returned to sing where he formerly sang.

The painters Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat are all Pg 1094

Post-Impressionists.

Which character in Crime and Punishment rationalizes his or her actions by asserting that extraordinary individuals have the right to commit immoral acts in pursuit of greatness?

Rodion Petrovich Raskolnikov

Who undertook one of the earliest efforts to document war photographically?

Roger Fenton

Much like Gustave Courbet's contemporaneous paintings, Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary is, at its core an attack on

Romantic sensibility.

Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones admired the linear contours of which Italian Renaissance artist? Pg 1042

Sandro Botticelli Leonardo da Vinci

Which state was first to secede from the Union?

South Carolina

What is the significance of the title of The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters?

Spain ignored reason and rationality, which allowed irrationality and superstitions to prevail.

REALISM (ch 28):

There is an emphasis on direct observation and the objective reporting of real conditions (in paintings, lit, and science).

What aspect of the work of the Travelers most demonstrates a difference from Western European traditions of the nineteenth century? Pg 1039

They brought their work throughout the country for peasants to see.

What did "Jim Crow laws" do?

They nullified post-Civil-War laws.

William Henry Fox Talbot's photogenic drawings differ from Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre's daguerreotypes in all of the following ways except Pg 945

They required fixing a negative image..... NO They used the chemistry of light-sensitive materials. They are on paper instead of a metal plate. NO *****They made multiple prints possible.****** Whereas the daguerreotype is a positive image, produced on a metal plate, and only capable of a single copy, the photogenic drawing is paper-based. Producing a negative image capable of multiple images, the photogenic drawing, sometimes called a calotype, is the forerunner of modern photography.

Which artist is known for painting a series of the insane? Pg 914

Théodore Géricault

T or F? Seeking out the picturesque gave momentum to tourism in the nineteenth century.

True

The music capital of the world in the first half of the nineteenth century was

Vienna

The first American to achieve an international literary reputation was Pg 955

Washington Irving.

Which of these paintings most clearly witnesses an aspiration to the work of Jan van Eyck?

William Holman Hunt's The Awakening Conscience

What does Édouard Manet's The Gare Saint-Lazare have in common with his earlier painting Olympia?

a concern with the limits of women's possibilities in French society.

Honoré Daumier's Rue Transnonain, April 15, 1834 depicts Pg 939

a crime scene in which a mother killed her family and then herself. an event from the French Revolution. the police massacre of a family in a private home in Paris.

Which of these would be a member of the proletariat?

a factory worker

Automated Listening Guide: Hector Berlioz, "Symphonie fantastique." What do Hector Berlioz's "Symphonie fantastique" and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther" have in common? Pg. 911

a guiding motif of passionate emotion

Charles Baudelaire can be said to be a flâneur, meaning Pg 994

a man-about-town observing the subtleties of modern life.

Klezmer music, of Eastern European Jewish origin, is characterized by Pg 1104

a notable bass sound and a shrill sound of a clarinet. Klezmer music, of Eastern European Jewish origin, is characterized by its notable bass sound-"like a parody," as Gustav Mahler, who incorporates it in his Symphony No. 3, indicates in the score-and the shrill sound of a clarinet.

Claude Debussy's "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune" was inspired by Pg 1093

a poem by Stéphane Mallarmé.

In the lithographic process p. 940

a prepared stone is rolled with ink that sticks only to a drawn image. Lithography, which means "stone writing," is a printing process that depends on the fact that oil and water do not mix. The printmaker draws on a stone with a greasy pencil, and then treats the entire stone with nitric acid, water, and gum arabic (a very tough substance obtained from the acacia tree that attracts and holds water). Then ink, applied with a roller, sticks only to the greasy drawing.

Édouard Manet's painting The Execution of Maximilian illustrates the execution of

a puppet ruler in Mexico by indigenous troops.

What did Mark Twain and Henry David Thoreau have in common?

a rejection of the conventional morality regarding slavery

During the Civil War, the twenty-five-year old American painter Winslow Homer was

a special artist.

The term "Gesamtkunstwerk" refers to Pg 1003

a total work of art in multiple media. Richard Wagner's "Ring" forms an epic cycle based on Norse mythology involving the quest for a magical but accursed golden ring, the possessor of which can control the universe. Collectively, it represents Wagner's dream of composing a Gesamtkunstwerk, or total work of art, synthesizing music, drama, poetry, gesture, architecture, and painting (the latter two through stage design).

Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick tells the story of

a vengeful quest for an elusive whale.

An odalisque is

a woman in a harem.

The plot of Leo Tolstoy's Anna Karenina centers on

a woman's adultery.

"Mont Saint-Victoire" exemplifies the way in which Paul Cézanne uses a consistent intensity of color and uniform size of brushstroke to Pg

achieve tension between spatial perspective and surface flatness.

In musical composition, the use of chromatic scales, which move in half-steps across a keyboard, creates a sense of Pg 1093

aimless wandering. The composer Claude Debussy's "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune" is considered a defining moment in the history of music. His use of chromatic scales, which move in half-steps through all the black and white keys on a keyboard, lends his "Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune" a sense of aimless wandering.

What do these two paintings by Winslow Homer have in common? Pg 972

ambiguity of meaning One of the first paintings of the Reconstruction era, "The Veteran in a New Field" points to the possibilities of a prosperous future. It depicts a Union solder at work in his agricultural field after having recently returned home from war. It is, however, as if the veteran is slashing not so much at grain as at his memories. Similarly ambiguous, "A Visit from the Old Mistress" depicts a mistress visiting her former slaves; neither the intention of the visit nor the feelings of its characters are fully disclosed.

Théodore Géricault intended his enormous canvas The Raft of the "Medusa" as Pg 932

an indictment of aristocratic privilege. On July 2, 1816, a government frigate named the Medusa, carrying soldiers and settlers to Senegal, was shipwrecked on a reef 50 miles off the coast of West Africa. The captain and crew saved themselves, leaving 150 people, including a woman, adrift on a makeshift raft. Only fifteen survived the days that followed, days marked by insanity, mutilation, famine, thirst, and finally cannibalism. Géricault was outraged. An inexperienced captain, commissioned on the basis of his noble birth and connections to the monarchy, saved himself, providing a profound indictment of aristocratic privilege.

Maxime Du Camp became known for photographs of Pg 946

architectural and scenic wonders.

The Pre-Raphaelites were

artists in England who denounced contemporary art.

The Jockey Club provided its members with silver whistles in order to Pg 1002

assert aristocratic privilege during the performance of Richard Wagner's Tannhäuser.

Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" recounts the

bad luck of a sailor who wantonly kills an albatross.

In the aftermath of Commodore Matthew Perry's visit to Japan in 1853, Japan Pg 1008

began to modernize along Western lines. Until the American Commodore Matthew Perry sailed into Tokyo Bay on July 8, 1853, Japan had been closed to the West for 250 years. The Japanese realized that they had to accommodate Perry as well as cope with the longer-term challenge from Western nations. The Tokugawa shogunate was replaced with a new coalition intent on political reform and industrial modernization. Its goal was to modernize along Western lines but maintain sovereignty as well as Japan's ancient cultural traditions.

The hero of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's novel "The Sorrows of Young Werther" was emulated by young men throughout Europe, who Pg 902

began to wear Werther's trademark blue jacket and yellow trousers. .... tells the story of a young man who feels increasingly disillusioned with life, even as he finds himself hopelessly in love with a happily married woman. Werther ends his life by committing suicide. Goethe's novel became a best seller. Across Europe, young men began to wear the blue jacket and yellow trousers that Goethe describes as Werther's habitual dress, and some of these, disappointed like their hero, committed suicide, copies of the book in their pockets.

The term "Uncle Tom," from Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin eventually came to be used as a derogatory term to refer to any

black person considered to be deferential to white people.

In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels stated that the class struggle that characterized industrial society was between the

bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

Vincent van Gogh's paintings are particularly distinctive in their Pg 1097

brushwork and use of color. Vincent van Gogh was often overcome with intense and uncontrollable emotions, an attribute that played a key role in the development of his unique artistic style. Color, in van Gogh's paintings, becomes symbolic, charged with feelings. And yet, the staccato rhythms of this brushwork seemed to van Gogh himself deeply autobiographic, capturing almost stroke by stroke the pulse of his own personality.

The white whale in Herman Melville's "Moby Dick" has been interpreted as symbolizing all of the following except Pg 960

civilization.

When Vincent van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo, "Is it not emotion, the sincerity of one's feeling for nature, that draws us?" he was expressing his

commitment to a universal harmony in which all aspects of life are united through art.

In Dance Class, Edgar Degas depicts the

competitive world of the aspiring ballerina.

Francisco Goya made Los Caprichos (The Caprices) in order to

condemn Spanish society at the end of the eighteenth century.

One of the main criticisms of Olympia was that the

courtesan looks down at the viewer, who is in the place of a customer.

Excerpt from John Ruskin, "On the Nature of Gothic," in The Stones of Venice (1851-53): "We have much studied and much perfected, of late, the great civilized invention of the division of labor? It is not, truly speaking, the labor that is divided; but the men?." Statements by British writer John Ruskin such as this inspired William Morris to Pg 1041

create a new design firm.

The term "avant-garde" refers to

creative groups on the cutting edge.

Both Charles Dickens and Thomas Carlyle were

critics of living conditions in industrial London.

Like Théodore Géricault, the painter Eugène Delacroix was inspired by

current events.

The Harvard professor of zoology and geology Louis Agassiz commissioned photographs of South Carolina plantation slaves in order to

demonstrate his theories of the racial inferiority of black Africans.

Unlike minstrel shows, Stephen Foster's plantation melodies such as "Old Folks at Home"

depict African Americans with a full range of emotion.

Gustave Courbet's monumental canvas "The Stonebreakers" was daring for the time because it p 923

depicted the mundane conditions of the working class on a grand scale. The leading realist painter of the era was undoubtedly Gustave Courbet. A farmer's son and self-taught artist, Courbet's goal was to paint the world just as he saw it, without any taint of Romanticism or idealism. When the public first saw his work at the Salon of 1850-1851, they were astonished by the monumental scale of his paintings. Such a grand size was usually reserved for paintings of historical events, but Courbet's subjects were the mundane and the everyday.

As seen in Snow Storm-Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth, the later landscape paintings of the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner are notable for their... Pg. 893

depiction of the raw experience of nature. .... This painting (1842) was originally subtitled "The author was in this storm on the night the Ariel left Harwich." Turner said, "I wished to show what such a scene was like. I got the sailors to lash me to the mast to observe it . . . and I did not expect to escape: but I felt bound to record it if I did." Most likely, Turner did not experience the scene but instead imagined it. Turner's depiction of the raw experience of nature in its most elemental form clearly represents a Romantic view of the world. It is the opposite of the Enlightenment ideal of the natural world characterized by clarity, order, and harmony.

"Excerpt from William Wordsworth, "Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye during a Tour, July 13, 1798" (1798):" "For thou art with me here upon the banks Of this fair river; thou my dearest Friend, My dear, dear Friend; and in thy voice I catch The language of my former heart, and read My former pleasures in the shooting lights Of thy wild eyes." "When William Wordsworth writes these lines in "Tintern Abbey," he wishes to

discover the moment when man's passions are incorporated in nature. Pg 886

Francisco Goya's "The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters" could most accurately be suggested to Pg. 904

display the follies of Spanish society.

Abraham Lincoln was initially reluctant to emancipate the slaves, fearing that doing so would

divide the Union.

Influenced by his sister-in-law, Berthe Morisot, the painter Édouard Manet adopted Impressionist-style techniques of the younger generation, particularly the Pg 1034

emphasis on capturing the effects of light. Throughout the 1870s the influence of Édouard Manet's sister-in-law, Berthe Morisot, caused Manet increasingly to adopt the Impressionist techniques of the younger generation, particularly the loose application of paint and the emphasis on capturing the effects of light. But whereas the Impressionists tended to celebrate the good life, Manet never gave up his penchant for critiquing it.

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec's oil painting At the Moulin Rouge depicts

entertainers, dancers, and customers in a Parisian cabaret.

During the nineteenth century, about 22 million Russians were serfs, who were

essentially slaves who worked their entire lives for no income.

Thomas Cole's "The Oxbow" is divided into two parts, the stormy wilderness on the left and the sunny, cultivated fields in the valley on the right, suggesting that civilization will Pg 956

eventually overwhelm the wilderness. "The Oxbow", of a bend in the Connecticut River in Massachusetts, describes the boundary between those lands "which the hands of man has touched" and the "undefiled" wilderness. The painting suggests, as the storm departs to the left, that civilization will eventually overwhelm the wilderness, a prospect Cole anticipated with distress.

Mark Twain's portrayal of Huck's actions and thoughts in relation to Jim

exposes an instance of ambivalent feeling with regard to race.

Toward the end of his life, Francisco Goya painted a series of "black paintings," which Pg. 906

express a sense of insurmountable despair. .....In 1819, when Goya was 72 y.o., he moved into a small house outside Madrid. The move was inspired at least in part by his relationship with his 30 year-old companion, which scandalized Madrid society. It was also a more general expression of Goya's growing preference for isolation. Goya spent the next four years executing a series of fourteen oil paintings directly on the plaster walls of this house. Today they are known as the "black paintings." Among these works are paintings of a woman leaning on a tomb and one of two skeletal old people eating soup.

When Percy Bysshe Shelley called poets "the unacknowledged legislators of the world," he was

expressing his belief in art as a power for reform and change.

Typical of the Art Nouveau style, Victor Horta used Pg 1088

floral patterns resembling tendrils and young plants. tiny, scientifically applied dots of color.

In order to lead the way in rebuilding French culture, painters, sculptors, and other artists

founded a Société anonyme for the exhibition of art.

The psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud developed a technique in which patients say whatever crosses their minds, a practice known as

free association.

Minstrel shows generally perpetrated stereotypes of African Americans as Pg 968

fun-loving.

When Auguste Rodin made his Monument to Balzac, he did all of the following except Pg 1091

have Balzac pose for him to make the facial features accurate.

Architect Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin advocated the implementation of Gothic ornament in his designs for buildings such as the Houses of Parliament in London because

he thought medieval architecture represented a society that was guided by Christian principles. Pugin saw in medieval architecture an expression of a way of life that would help reform nineteenth-century English society. For Pugin, the advantage of medieval society was that it was guided by Christian principles. Pugin believed that architecture served not just a functional purpose, but also a moral one, and that a building should itself embody a spirit of ethical conduct.

In "Ode on a Grecian Urn," John Keats employs the metaphor of (pg. 888)

heard music and unheard music. .......Keats contemplates an ancient Greek vase, probably a composite of scenes found on vases in the British Museum. He admits ignorance about the symbolism of the decorative motifs and which "deities or mortals, or both" are painted on this vase. Yet the vase's scenes come alive in his poetic imagination, even if the actual images are eternal, fixed, and silent. For him, the melodies being played by the musicians on the vase would be beautiful, "but those unheard / Are sweeter."

In the quartet in Act III of Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto, Gilda is shocked and dismayed when she Pg 1001

hears the duke seducing Maddalena. The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi believed that opera should be, first of all, dramatically realistic. For Act III of Rigoletto, Verdi composed a quartet in which each of the characters conveys contrasting emotions. Two scenes are presented simultaneously. The duke tries to seduce Maddalena inside the inn while Rigoletto and Gilda watch from the outside. Rigoletto is demonstrating to the innocent Gilda the duke's moral depravity, and she reacts with shock and dismay.

The French painter Paul Delaroche exclaimed, "From now on, painting is dead!" after seeing Pg 944

his first daguerreotype.

The scale of "Burial at Ornans" was traditionally reserved for depictions of

historical events.

Like William Wordsworth, the English painter John Constable believed that his art could be traced back to (Pg 889)

places he had known since his childhood.

This photograph (the Barricades on the rue Saint-Maur-Popincourt before the Attack by General Lamoricière's Troops on Sunday, 25 June 1848.) was historically notable because Pg 986

it was the first photograph used to illustrate a newspaper story.

European reformists criticized industrial society for all of the following reasons except Pg 926

its desire to profit at any cost. its materialism. NO its substitution of machinery for people. its improvement of workers' lives at the expense of the wealthy.

Songs that set the poetry of Friedrich Schiller and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to music are called Pg. 912

lieder

In reaction to the Industrial Revolution, William Morris Pg 1042

longed to return to a handmade craft tradition. William Morris was deeply affected by the writings of John Ruskin, who argued in his essay "On the Nature of Gothic" that the benefits of mass production were illusory: in mass manufacture, people were deprived of the satisfaction of making a thing from start to finish. Morris and a group of friends created a new design firm. Morris longed to return to a handmade craft tradition, in which workers, as with the medieval craft guilds, would no longer be alienated from their labor. In effect, he was declaring war on the Industrial Revolution.

Pierre-Auguste Renoir's paintings are notable for

lush color.

The goal of the Paris Commune was to

make Paris autonomously self-governing.

Édouard Manet was above all a painter of Pg 977

modern bourgeois France.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's fame as a composer came from his Pg 1039

modernization along the lines of Haussmann's Paris. improved sanitation. mazurkas and polonaises. increased industrialization. increased attention to Christian values.

Faced with the increased industrialization and urbanization around Paris, Claude Monet

moved increasingly further into the country.

A distinctive feature of Paul Cézanne's still life paintings is the PG 1100

multiplicity of viewpoints or perspectives.

Fyodor Dostoyevsky's "Crime and Punishment" concerns the guilty conscience of a

murderer.

When the composer Robert Schumann said, "Chopin's works are cannons buried in flowers," he was expressing a recognition that Chopin's Pg. 999

musical compositions contain political messages. Ever since Beethoven stopped writing his musical directions in Italian, replacing them with German, nationalism had become a growing force in music. Composer Frédéric Chopin, a native of Poland, lived in Paris as part of a group of Poles forced into exile after the Russians had taken control of their country. The composer Robert Schumann immediately recognized Chopin's works as political compositions. If the Russian czar "knew what a dangerous enemy threatened him in Chopin's works," Schumann wrote, "in the simple tunes of his mazurkas, he would forbid this music. Chopin's works are cannons buried in flowers."

The scramble for the control of Africa began with the Pg 1106

opening of the Suez Canal. opening of the first DeBeers mine in South Africa. Belgian capture of the Congo.

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

outlawed Chinese immigration and denied citizenship to those already in the United States.

Leo Tolstoy differs from Fyodor Dostoyevsky in his Pg 1036

outward turn to the epic stage of Russian history.

As seen in Claude Monet's works, painting en plein air is deliberately sketchy because the

paintings aim to capture the natural effects of light.

In utilizing a strict geometric structure to depict the carnage of a shipwreck, Théodore Géricault's composition may be interpreted as Pg 931

parodying Neoclassicism's ideals of order.

Identify an advantage of lithography over daguerreotype photography: Pg 945

personalization of pictures reproducibility in multiples

An ode is a

poem of exaltation, exhibiting deep feeling.

The early Japanese woodblock artist Suzuki Harunobu was especially noted for his

portrayals of beautiful women.

Edvard Munch's artwork is known for its

powerful sense of isolation and despair.

Designed for the 1851 Exhibition of the Art and Industry of All Nations, Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace revolutionized architectural design through its Pg 1041

prefabricated modular construction To house the more than 14,000 exhibitors at the Great Exhibition, Joseph Paxton designed a remarkable new type of building. Known as the Crystal Palace, it revolutionized architectural design. All of its components were standardized, modular, and factory-made, brought together on site, and required a minimum of traditional building skills to assemble. Its vast expanses of glass solved the problem of lighting individual exhibits and aisles (an especially difficult issue in the era before electricity). Above all, Paxton's design made clear that industrial mass production, prefabrication, and systematic site assembly had the potential to revolutionize architecture and construction.

The Impressionists were also called the École de Plein Air because they

preferred to paint out of doors.

The practice of commercial photography arose in the mid-nineteenth century in part to meet Pg 946

public desire for views of the world's scenic wonders. The public response to the new photographic media was wildly enthusiastic. Although photographs were developed by people with artistic intentions, the public marketplace yearned for wondrous scenic images from around the world. Very quickly, the public's taste for views of the world's architectural and scenic wonders helped give rise to the practice of commercial photography.

The long narrative poem that established Lord Byron's reputation, "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" Pg 899

recounts Byron's restless travels.

Written after he had spent two years on Ralph Waldo Emerson's property at Walden Pond, Henry David Thoreau's "Walden," or " Life in the Woods"

recounts a life lived simply in communion with nature.

The term "Haussmannization" refers to Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who Pg 986

redeveloped Paris by tearing down working-class neighborhoods and building grand avenues.

The Exposition Universelle included a "colonial" display of indigenous peoples from Asia and Africa in order to Pg 1086

represent the past, as opposed to the modern progress on display elsewhere in the fair. The future was the chief attraction of the Paris Exposition, and invention was the key word of the day. Twenty-eight million visitors to the fair circulated among the artistic, commercial, and engineering marvels displayed by more than 6,000 exhibitors on over 235 acres. The exciting future was embodied by the Eiffel Tower. The past was also represented at the fair in the form of a village of 400 native Africans and similar displays of numerous other indigenous peoples from Asia and Africa in a "colonial" section.

According to Auguste Comte, all of these are stages through which society passes except

romantic. According to Auguste Comte, society passes through three successive stages in its quest for knowledge of any subject---theological (religious), metaphysical (abstract, philosophical), and positive (scientific). It was only through the application of the scientific method that truth could be obtained about the natural world, technology, or human society.

The Transcendental Club, which formed around Ralph Waldo Emerson, believed that Pg 958

scientific observation and artistic intuition are complementary. Ralph Waldo Emerson, a Unitarian minister, wrote his first book, "Nature," in 1836. The book became the intellectual beacon for a group of Concord locals, mostly ministers, who became known as the "Transcendental Club." It took its name from the System of Transcendental Idealism, written by Friedrich Schelling, which argued that scientific observation and artistic intuition were complementary, not opposed, modes of thought.

The theory of eugenics advocates

selective breeding to improve human stock.

View The Sublime, the Beautiful, and the Picturesque. When compared to the sublime, the beautiful is, by contrast,

self-contained

When Ralph Waldo Emerson declares, in his essay "Self Reliance," "Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist?. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind," he is proclaiming that

self-reliance is fundamental to transcendental experience.

When the French journalist and anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon declared, "property is theft," he was criticizing

the bourgeois lifestyle.

What aspect of this painting most recalls the work of Gustave Courbet? Pg 1032

the color palette the subject the lighting

As a result of a satirical political cartoons, published in a weekly paper, Honoré Daumier was P 939

sentenced to jail and fined. The new medium of lithography made Honoré Daumier's regular appearance in newspapers possible. He could literally create a drawing and publish it the same day. A cartoon that appeared in the weekly paper La Caricature depicted the king gorging himself with taxes that are carried up a ramp to his waiting mouth. The king was not amused. Daumier, his publisher, and their printer were charged with inciting contempt and hatred of the French government and with insulting the king. Daumier was sentenced to six months in jail and fined 100 francs.

The British industrialist Robert Owen's utopian community in New Harmony, Indiana, failed because Pg 925

settlers lacked the skills necessary to sustain its economy.

In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House, the protagonist, Nora, finally awakens to the truth of her existence, that

she has been continually treated like a child by her husband.

In her painting Summer's Day, like many Impressionists, Berthe Morisot

shuns outlines altogether.

When John Constable wrote, "A sketch will not serve more than one state of mind?" he meant that a Pg 890

sketch reflects just one emotion. ..... Constable felt that a sketch reflected just one emotion. "A sketch," he wrote, "will not serve more than one state of mind & will not serve to drink at it again & again-in a sketch there is nothing but one state of mind-that which you were in at the time." This critique of the sketch goes a long way toward explaining the power of Constable's painting: it contains more than one state of mind.

Minstrel shows evolved out of

skits in which white actors impersonated black street musicians.

The naturalism in Émile Zola's novels is distinct from realism because it

smoothes over the brutal realities of human nature. concerns itself with nature and not with people. ****expresses the author's personal and subjective views. Émile Zola was interested in the gritty realities of modern life. He practiced a brand of literary realism called naturalism-that is, in his words, "nature seen through a temperament." It is distinct from realism because it does not pretend to be objective reporting. Zola was, in other words, completely aware that the artist's own personality definitively influenced the work and his view of the world.

The belief that Europeans were the "fitter" race and destined to dominate the world is an example of the ideology known as

social Darwinism.

Charles Baudelaire and Édouard Manet can each be said to be a flaneur, meaning a(n)

solitary dandy devoted to observing modern city life.

By exhibiting their paintings across the country, the school of Russian painters known as the Travelers sought to Pg 1039

spread a message of social reform.

Edgar Degas's "Aux Ambassadeurs" features the use of pastels, which are

sticks of powdered pigment bound with resin or gum.

A piano polonaise by Frédéric Chopin would be a

stylized version of a Polish dance.

Caspar David Friedrich's "The Wanderer Above the Mists" can be said to illustrate the idea of the Pg 896

sublime.

The paintings of Georges Seurat are characterized by their

systematic exploration of color theory.

Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 1812 Overture Strains of the French national anthem, "The Marseillaise," can be heard during Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture because Pg 1039

the Overture commemorates Napoleon's retreat from Russia. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's nationalism is clearly apparent in his 1812 Overture, written in 1880 and commemorating Napoleon's retreat from Moscow. It is one of the most nationalistic works ever composed, capturing in music the same drama as Tolstoy's War and Peace. The work opens with a Russian hymn, "God Preserve Thy People." As horns and drums imitate Napoleon's march on Moscow, strains of the French national anthem, "The Marseillaise," can be heard.

What, foremost, did Sigmund Freud have in common with Paul Gauguin and Stéphane Mallarmé? Pg 1109

the belief that the symbol is the vehicle for indirect expression

Paul Gauguin's work reflects the "primitif," which refers to Pg 1099

the primal, essential forces of nature. In his fictionalized account of his first journey to Tahiti, Paul Gauguin presents himself as a primitif--a word that in French suggests a primal, original, or irreducible essence-and his paintings as visionary glimpses into the primal forces of nature.

What aspect of the painting "Negro Life in the South" by Eastman Johnson most suggests an affinity with minstrel shows? Pg. 967

the representation of blacks as carefree

What aspect of the work, "The Gleaners" by Jean-Francois Millet would have seemingly been most objectionable to the bourgeoisie? Pg 941

the romanticization of rural subjects

For reformist writers, which inspired most ambivalence?

the steam locomotive

-Click to view: Automated Listening Guide: Johannes Brahms, Symphony No. 4, IV. What aspect of Johannes Brahms's Symphony No. 4, IV most alludes to the Baroque compositions of Johann Sebastian Bach? Pg 1104

the structure of a series of variations in triple time

What aspect of Claude Lorrain's "A Pastoral Landscape" would have most interested John Constable?

the treatment of light ..... Two 17th-century French painters, Nicolas Poussin and Claude Lorrain influenced the British artists. Lorrain's use of light and color, in particular, inspired the young John Constable, among the most popular of the English Romantic painters.

In contrast to the practices of both Neoclassicism and Romanticism, Honoré Daumier sought in his art to reveal Pg 939

the truth of everyday experience. In his focus on ordinary life, Daumier openly lampooned the idealism of both Neoclassical and Romantic art. No longer was the object of art to reveal some "higher" truth. What mattered instead was the truth of everyday experience. In his paintings, such as The Third-Class Carriage, Daumier clearly demonstrates his interest in the daily lives of working people.

William Wordsworth's poem "Tintern Abbey" embodies the Romantic imagination by suggesting Pg 885

the unity of all things.

In this photograph (A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania), why, primarily, are both the foreground and background blurred?

to draw attention to the corpses in the middle ground

Why did Giuseppe Verdi insert ballets in the second act? Pg 1001

to please a group of aristocrats Giuseppe Verdi, the most popular opera composer of the day, was also a pragmatist. To have his operas produced in Paris, Verdi had to accommodate French taste. All Paris operas traditionally included a second-act ballet, a requirement of the Jockey Club, an organization of French aristocrats who came to the opera after dinner, long after the opera had begun, and expected a ballet when they arrived.

While living in Paris, Frédéric Chopin wrote many mazurkas, which are

traditional Polish folk dances.

The French thinker Auguste Comte developed the philosophy of positivism, holding that Pg 923

truth can only be obtained through the scientific method.

Which terms apply to the woodblock print on paper work, "Geisha as Daruma Crossing the Sea" by Harunobu Suzuki? Pg 1009

ukiyo-e and nishiki-e

Charles Baudelaire's poetry was passionately attacked by the public because of its Pg 993

unconventional themes and subject matter. Poet Charles Baudelaire recognized the bourgeoisie as his audience, but their hypocrisy was his constant target. Although he admonished them to love art, he felt the bourgeoisie to be incapable of understanding true artistic innovation. His poetry was passionately attacked for its unconventional themes and subject matter, which were chosen to shock bourgeois minds. Baudelaire criticized George Sand, who was the editor and principal author of the new French government's official publication, for being not against, but of the bourgeoisie.

The operetta is a genre of musical theater that

usually mixes spoken dialogue with sung numbers.

Charles Fourier could best be described as a

utopian socialist.

In his own words, Francisco Goya painted The Third of May, 1808 in order to

warn men never to do it again.

When Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary first appeared in magazine installments, its author Pg 993

was brought to trial on morality charges.

Like many of the novels of the period, Charles Dickens's "Hard Times" and Gustave Flaubert's "Madame Bovary" both P. 928

were published first in serial form in magazines.

Stéphane Mallarmé's work is typical of Symbolist poetry in that Pg 1092

what is said is less important than the feelings a poem evokes.

In color theory, mixing light is called an additive process because

when all the primary colors of light are mixed, they create white.

In Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace, Natasha Rostov is a woman Pg 1037

who lives life boldly, determined to enjoy it to the fullest. There are scores of characters in War and Peace, but Natasha Rostov is one of the great characters in all of fiction. Along with his brilliant accounts of war, Tolstoy's depiction of her is the hallmark of his realist style. We first meet her at age thirteen, when she bursts into the drawing room where her parents are receiving guests. Her exuberance, her ability to dominate any room into which she walks, is immediately established. From this moment, Natasha lives life boldly, determined to enjoy it to the fullest, and over the course of the novel, she grows into a woman of real wisdom and understanding.

The runaway slave Frederick Douglass became a leader in the fight against slavery

with the publication of his autobiography, "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass: An American Slave."

Based on visual similarities to works in the chapter, Utagawa Hiroshige's Plum Orchard, Kameido can be determined to be a Pg 1009

woodblock print

From 1902 until his death in 1926, Claude Monet Pg.

worked on a series of mural-sized paintings of water lilies.

The proletariat was a class of

workers.

Two English influences on Impressionist painting were the Pg 1040

works of J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. The Impressionist interest in depicting light had been heralded by the work of J.M.W. Turner, and its looseness in depicting landscape by John Constable, both of whom had influenced the Impressionist approach to painting. Thomas Carlyle and A. W. N. Pugin were British thinkers who argued that the problems inherent in industrialization, mechanization, and materialism could be solved through increased attention to moral values. Joseph Paxton and Owen Jones were British architects, and William Morris was a designer who was deeply influenced by the writings of John Ruskin.

When Édouard Manet exhibited his painting Olympia, Émile Zola Pg 998

wrote a book praising him for his style.

As shown in this painting (A Studio in the Batignolles), a group of young artists around 1870 looked to this artist as a spiritual forebear in their movement away from the traditional apparatus of the French art world?

Édouard Manet