Final Exam Plant Science

Southern

Australis

Northern

Borealis

authority

Complete Linnaean names have a third element ________ the abbreviated name of the scientist who named the species.

common ancestor

Corn, teosinte & Tripsacum (a perennial grass) descended along independent lines directly from a ___________________.

Carl von Linne

Devised a system of categorizing plants that led to modern taxonomy or nomenclature of plants.

Physical

Each descending rank more closely defines the ___________ characteristics common to member of the rank.

binomial

Each plant has a two-word ______ latin name, which is international, and understood universally. The first name refers to the genus, the second its species.

Corn mutates easily, forming new types

Even today, it is an extremely variable species, from grain color, to the size & shape of the grains & ears.

"Shattering"

In cereals, this procedure starts to separate the _________ types the seed separates from the head from the "non shattering" types. -Most types of the seeds that shatter fall to the ground, while non shattering seeds are harvested and ca be resown.

Occasionally the genus is known but the exact species is not.

In such a case, the genus is given, followed by lowercase letters "sp." for species (singular) and "spp." (plural). • The singular and plural spelling of species is the same. • The "sp." or "spp." is never underlined or italicized.

New World

In the _____________ , agricultural begins in two areas. - Mexico and Central America- plant cultivation began about 5000 to 7000 bce. - The second is a broad "noncenter" stretching from Chile northward to the Atlantic Ocean and eastward into Brazil. No major cultivated crop originated in the present-day U.S.— agriculture here relies in a large measure on introduced crops. The only food crop to originate in the continent of Australia was the macadamia, or Queensland nut.

"Turkey Red" wheat

Introduction of _______________________ by Russian immigrants established the U.S. hard red winter wheat industry.

"pod corn"

It developed from ________________ a type in which each individual kernel is enclosed in floral bracts.

teosinte

It originated from teosinte, by gradual selection under the influence of harvesting by humans.

USDA

The ______ has divided the U.S. into several different cold hardiness zones and many plants are classified by their ability to grow in the different zones.

family

The _______ is a group of c;ousel related genera. Relationship can be based on plant structures or chemical characteristics but flower structure is the usual basic. The first letter of family names is always capitalized and names are sometimes underlined or italicized. Family names may be writing entirely in capital letters.

family

The _______ is usually the highest taxon commonly included implant identification or study.

group

The __________ category is used for some vegetables & some ornamentals like lilies, orchids, roses & tulips. - Below species, not used as frequently as the cultivar. A group includes more than one cultivar of a particular kind of plant. - When a species has many cultivars, cultivars that are similar are categorized into groups.

primitive

The ___________ type contains a valuable trait—multiple-aleurone layers in the grain—transferred by plant breeders to modern dent corn.

Hybrid corn

The development of ___________________ in the 1930s is one of the outstanding achievements of modern agriculture. In 1935, 1% of corn planted in the U.S. was of the hybrid type—by 1970, almost all corn produced was hybrid.

Domain

The first taxon _________ divides living things into: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes .

Flower

The latin wod for _______ is flora; add the prefix grand and it becomes grandiflora, as in Magnolia grandiflora. The southern Magnolia.

Taxa

The scientific system classifies living things by groups based unphysical characteristics

Clones and Lines

There are two main categories of cultivars

The two major wheat species today are:

Triticum aestivum—used for flour in making breads and pastries T. turgidum (Durum group)—for macaroni, spaghetti & noodles.

edible parts

Vegetables are classified into groups according to their edible parts.

Foresters

classify trees into two broad groups hardwoods and softwoods. hardwood types are oaks, maples, birch, beech. Soft woods:pines, cedars, redwood and spruce.

Dense

compactus

Cool-seasong

crops grow best at average monthly temperatures average 60-65 F

Domestication

of seed propagated plants probably began as purposeful harvesting of wild grass seeds. Some of which sown to produce the next years crop.

Economic life

of the ancient American civilizations—the Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas—depended on corn. At the time of Columbus's expeditions to the New World, corn was being grown by Indian tribes from Canada to Chile.

Certain plants

parts might not be available because of season—when needed to identify the plant. - It might be necessary to preserve flowers for future examination or describe them thoroughly when abundant. • Then wait for the fruit to develop to accurately determine its characteristics.

Warm season

plants grow best where monthly temperature average. 65-80 F

creeping

repens or reptans

Phyla

seedless and seeded plants are classed by:

Simplified dichotomous key

used to identify some commonly known seed-bearing plants (Spermatophyta).

Tomato

Solanum lycopersicum L.

Eggplant

Solanum melongena

Potato

Solanum tuberosum

climatic requirements

Some annuals have specific ____________ and are distinguished as winter or summer annuals.

woody plants

Some of the oldest cultivated ____________ are the easiest to propagate by vegetive methods such as hardwood cuttings. -grape, fig, olive, mulberry, pomegranate and quince.

Botanical binomial

Sometimes a _____________ is not sufficient to identify a species wild or cultivated. Botanists and horticulturists may from subspecific categories, such as botanical variety, cultivar and group.

From China

chinensis or chilensis

Dwarf

nanus or pumilus

Wild or naturally

occurring plants are named under the International code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

After phylum plants are classified in descending rank by:

A tripartite theory that...

(a) cultivated corn originated from pod corn. (b) teosinte is a derivative of a hybrid of corn and Tripsacum. (c) the majority of modern corn cultivars are the product of an admixture with teosinte or Tripsacum, or both.

farming culture

The Chinese center became important about 4000—___________________ in southeast Asia & Indonesia domesticated rice about 6000 bce.

Field

campestris

Basic rules of nomenclature:

- The generic name always begins with a capital letter; it is underlined if hand- or type-written, italicized in print. - The specific epithet usually begins with a lowercase letter—but may be capitalized if it is a person's name. - To complete the binomial name, authority for describing and naming the plant is given after the genus and species. Authority names are often abbreviated and taxonomy books have a list of the full names of these authorities. - When several plants in the same genus are listed, the genus name is given in full for the first, then shortened to the first initial (capitalized) for the other plants in the list. This procedure should not be used if there is any chance of confusion with another genus with the same first initial.

Wheat

- The most widely cultivated plant in the world today, the chief cereal, and is used worldwide for making bread. - Evolved from wild wheat-like grass found and cultivated by ancient humans in the Near East region about 7000 bce. - Probably improved by spontaneous hybridizations, by chromosome doubling & mutations to increase fertility.

Numerous flowers and vegetables

can be classified as early, midseason or late maturing.

cultivar

A ___________ is often a distinct variant selected because it was uniquely different from any plant in cultivation. The name is always capitalized but never underlined or italicized. Either single quotes or the term "cv." is used, but never both. - Tables or lists usually use "cultivar" or "cv." in the heading to avoid single quotes around each name.

botanical variety

A plant group can be so different in the wild from the general species it warrants a _______________________ classification below that species

Small leaf

Microfolius or microphylla

crop plants

Most ________ important today were cultivated in a primitive way long before recorded history. Most are still cultivated, but in much improved forms. - Others unknown to early humans have been added to make our present-day selection of food plants.

aesthetics

Much later, people became more concerned about ____________ & added shade trees, shrubs, flowering plants & lawn grasses to the list of cultivated plants.

Leaves

Names that refer to _______ include folius, phyllo, or phyla usually as suffixes. Names can also have prefixes, such as macro or micro.

Plants

Naming _______ began with simple names referring to the plants use, growing habit, or other attribute. A difficulty is that often names are only used locally. Any system of classifying plants depends on how the classifications to be used.

Corn

Originated in the New World about 5000 to 6000 bce. Probably in several places in both Mexico and South America.

Harvesting seeds

Planting _________ closely in cultivated plot kept free of competing weeds automatically selects for the stronger more vigorous plants.

flower and fruit

Plants can be classified by the seasons in which they are most likely to ______________. Or when product quality can be expected to be maximum. Many can be classed early, midseason or late maturing.

important crops

Present, improved cultivars of __________________ have been so adapted to conform to human cultural practices that they all now completely depend on our care for their continued existence.

Willow leaf

Salicifolius

Climbing

Scandens

Naturalist

Since the early __________ wrote their books inLatin Linnaeus used names of Latin form. Most names he gave are phonetic, and give a clue to plant characteristics, native habitat , or for whom it is named.

The nightshade family SOLANACEAE includes:

Solanum (potato), Lycopersicon (tomato), Capsicum (pepper) ,Nicotiana (tobacco), Datura (deadly nightshade), Petunia, and many others.

surname

When a varieties epithet is formed from a ________, it may or may not capitalized depending on the personal reference of the author, The trend is to not capitalize them, as recommended by the International Codes.

Farmers

_______ and others who grow plants commercially have to be identify and name crops. And distinguish which crops and plants suit their climate. Plants can be classified into distinct groups by climate.

Agricultural

____________ existed about 8000 to 9000 bce in the Fertile Crescent. - Radiocarbon dating suggests plants & animals were being domesticated in this area by at least 5000 to 6000 bce. _________ was developing from domesticated native plants about 4000 bce in a belt across central Africa.

Vavilov

______________ concluded that various cultivated plants originated in eight independent centers. - Central China; India; Indochina and Malay Archipelago. - The Turkey-Iran region; The Mediterranean area. - The Ethiopia-Somalia and areas of east Africa. - Mexico and Central America - The Peru-Ecuador-Bolivia and Brazil-Paraguay area.

Hybrid cultivars

_______________, along with fertilizers, irrigation, and mechanization, dramatically improved production. Corn is now one of the world's chief food crops.

Specialty corns

________________ —such as white, waxy, hard endosperm food grade, high oil, nutritionally enhanced, high amylase and high extractable starch corn—are being developed. Ethanol production from high-starch corn as a replacement for some petroleum fuels has become a major use of corn.

Wheat cultivars

_________________ resistant to the devastating stem rust disease must continually be developed to cope with the mutating stem rust pathogen.

Theophrastus

a student of Aristotle, classified plants by their texture form. He classified many as herbs, shrubs and trees, noted annual, biennial perennial growth and described differences in flower parts.

From Canada

canadensis

Tall

altus or alta

Treelike

arboreus

Trees

are also classified according to the hardiness zones in which they can survive.

Cultivated Plants

are covered by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants.

Family characteristics

are determined by observing and studying certain flower characteristics. - Once the family is known, & species are identified by referring to taxonomic books with detailed keys.

Houseplants

are often classified according to their foliage, flowers, or growth habits.

Summer Annuals

are planted in the spring and bloom through the summer and fall.

Winter annuals

are plants in the fall and bloom early the following Spring.

Wheat plants

are self-pollinated, allowing farmers to save their perfect flowers, making cross pollination difficult.

Ornamentals

are sometimes classified by use, as are plants outside the home.

ancient plants

brought domesticated by early people were easily maintained and increased by unsophisticated vegetative methods.

To use a key

eliminate the alternative that does not pertain to the plant in question and proceed to the next pair of numbers directly under the proper choice. This procedure is followed until th plant to be identified "fits" a given set plant characteristics.

Holly leaf

illicifolius

island

insularis

Keying plants

is a process of elimination by making yes or no decision to characteristics offered in the key rejected those that do not apply. To use a key you need to know the vocabulary of plant structure.

The Eukaryote Domain

is divided into the Kingdoms: Bryophytes and Vascular Plants.

Maize

is known only as a domesticated plant. There is no wild form except apparently, teosinte a close relative.

From Japan

japonica, nipponica, nipponicus.

Large leaf

macrophylla

mountain

montanus

common names

most plants are generally known by their __________ easier to remember, prince and use. Names often evolve due to certain plant characteristics. A common name has value in conversation only if both persons known exactly what plant is being discussed most likely with persons from the same community and the plant name cannot be mistaken.