The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 17
Analogical reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case
Reasoning from principle
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
Hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence
False cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
Ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Either - or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist
Red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion
Bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
Appeal to tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
Invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike
Fallacy
an error in reasoning
The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility
competence and character
The two major elements of logos
evidence and reasoning
Reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
Causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
Evidence
supporting material used to prove or disprove something
Credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
Terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech
Initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak
Derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech
Logos
the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker
Ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility
Pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
Reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence