midterm

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements

are determined primarily by the task.

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

articulatory suppression.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.

control

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect.

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects

intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.

invariance

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.

less than one second

The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following?

likelihood principle

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle.

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

localization of function.

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function.

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.

long-term

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus.

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning.

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.

organization

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational context

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.

parietal

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe.

parietal

The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____. You Answered

perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision.

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____.

physical regularity

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence.

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over.

As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.

salience; fixation; increase

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called

same-object advantage.

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.

selective

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic.

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

short-term memory to long-term memory.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before.

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.

sparse

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information.

Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

"know."

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less.

Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year?

1992

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a physical regularity in your text?

Angled orientation

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

Axons

Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?

B. F. Skinner

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B. F. Skinner

Verbal Behavior was written by

B. F. Skinner.

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

Behavior of people with brain damage

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?

Brain

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?

Cell body

Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?

Cognitive mapping

What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?

Cognitive psychology

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?

Consistent

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"?

The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The propaganda effect

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?

It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?

Object discrimination problem

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?

Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?

Scale

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

Semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

Semantic memory

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?

Sensory memory

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?

Specificity coding

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival

What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?

Synapse

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?

We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?

We interpret it.

What is the process of unconscious inference?

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as

analytic introspection.

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.

binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.

both the first and last words

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created

by the person whose memory will be tested.

The key structural components of neurons are the

cell body, dendrites, and axons.

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task.

The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as

cognitive neuroscience.

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

complexity

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making.

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect.

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of

elapsed time.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory.

emotional

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding.

Which of the following best describes the result of attention in the context of perception?

enhancement

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.

task

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

the color and the name differed.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

A synapse is

the gap that separates two different neurons.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that

the rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing.

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that

working memory is engaged in processing information.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

working memory.