Midterm!

Homo floresiensis

- 95,000-13,000 yep - found in Indonesian island Flores. - new dwarf hominin, Pleistocene coastlines, homo sapiens related to us but because of disease mutation in genes they weren't able to grow and reach their genetic potential, bigger is not necessarily better, small don't need as much food.

Wallacea

- An imaginary line that separates the Oriental (SE Asia) and Australian biogeographical regions. - Alfred Russell Wallace, biogeographic line that separates the flora and fauna

Lingling-o

- double headed pendant associated with late neolithic through iron age Austronesian

Balangay

- plank boat, oldest water craft found in the Philippines as evidence for early Philippine craftsmanship and seamanship skills during pre-colonial periods. - early migrants settled the philippines on board these boats

Palawan

- the Philippine Island that was part of the Sunda landmass.

H. Otley Beyer

- Cultural anthropologist and archaeologist " father of Philippine Anthropology" - teaching Philippine indigenous culture after US takes over philippines in 1898. - responsible for the theory stating that the rice terraces in Ifugao were constructed as early as 2,000 years ago (theory has not been debunked). - St. Louis exposition (1904): Philippine exhibit to show colonialism was working and the Philippines were becoming civilized. - Wave of migration Theory: expanded on migration theory and made it more scientific. - earliest colonization of the Philippine archipelago was facilitated by land bridges.

Eugene Dubois

- Discovered Java Man -a homo erectus skull in Trinil ; believed to be 1.8 million years old

Alfred Marche

- French employer who led the first archaeological expedition in the Philippines in the late 19th century. - had a particular interest in burial sites.

Sunda

- Huxley's Line separates Sunda and Sahul

Taro

- Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1k ybp (10/22 lecture).

rice terraces

- Originated in Southern China and then brought to SE Asia. - Domesticated in China more than 3k years before mainland SE Asia.

Island Southeast Asia

- Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei. - In dimolit philippines, archaeologists found pottery that was a clear indication of farming. - name major islands*

Lapita

- The distinguishing feature of Lapita pottery (described in Carson et al 2013) is a red slip. -common ancestor of the contemporary cultures of Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. - The culture takes its name from the site of Lapita where its distinctive pottery was discovered. - Lapita art is best known for its ceramics, which feature intricate repeating geometric patterns that occasionally include anthropomorphic faces and figures. - an archaeological culture that is considered as the ancestors of present day Polynesians

Sinodonty

- a dental pattern characterized by shovel-shaping of the two upper first incisors.

Formosa (Spanish Formosa)

- a small colony of the Spanish Empire - established in northern tip of the island known to Europeans as Formosa (now Taiwan) from 1626 to 1642.

Austronesian

- a term used to refer to a language family spoken in Taiwan, Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and most of the Pacific - According to Bellwood and Bust, the Austronecian homeland is Taiwan. - The movement of people into Island Southeast Asia was based on the austronesian language. Migrated by boat to various islands in the region. - Languages tend to move faster than people bc the interaction is faster (before a group of people moves to a new place the language has probably already been shared). Examples of Austronesian/SEA languages: - Tagalog - Thai - Vietnamese The most linguistically diverse region is the island of New Guinea (450 languages).

Cagayan Valley

- an administrative region in the Philippines located in the northeastern portion of Luzon. -composed of five provinces: Batanes Isabela, Cagayan Nueva Vizcaya, and Quirino.

OKV (Old Kiyyangan Village)

- an early Ifugao settlement dated between ca. 1000 years before present (ybp) and abandoned at ca. 200 ybp. - Philippine deer dominated the faunal remains at the site, comprising 70% of the recovered materials; domesticated and wild pig comes second at a surprisingly low 25% incidence.

Homo Luzonensis

- discovered on Luson island - It is a new species of homo - put Philippines on the map archaeology

Rizal, Kalinga

- famous for its Pleistocene sites which possess artifacts like rhino bones. - The butchered rhino bones were proof of ancient hominids in the Philippines dating back to 709k years ago, the oldest hominid evidence in the entire Philippine archipelago. - The discovery was confirmed in 2018, and has been a game-changer in Philippine prehistory.

Elephas

- fossilized tooth of a dwarf elephant species. - Middle Pleistocene age 750k years old.

Pericolonialism

- groups who were not directly colonized by a foreign force, but shows parallel culture change with groups who were directly colonized.

Malaya-Polynesian

- is a subgroup of the Austronesian languages - approximately 385.5 million speakers. - spoken by the Austronesian peoples of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean

Pliestocene

- known as the last Ice Age - associated with Paleolithic - sea level fluctuations - 43k-10k (pleistocene-holoscene)

Tabon Cave

- largest and oldest cave dwelling found in southwest of Palawan. - findings of late pleistocene human fossil and stone tools.

Callao Cave

- located in Cagayan Province in Philippines - where the 67k year old modern human was discovered (earliest known hominin discovery). - Hominin footbone 66.7k years ago (during the pleistocene) - estimated 4 feet tall.

Ifugao

- province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. - resisted colonial rule from the Spanish through the rice terraces.

Cabalwanian

- refers to Paleolithic stone tool technology in Northern Luzon

Neolithic

- relating to later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and implements prevailed. - when agriculture started. - when evidence of emergence of Austronesian people was discovered in the Philippines.

Proto-Austronesian

- spoken in Taiwan around 4000 BC - Neolithic settlers from China introduced grain agriculture, pottery, and domestic animals to the island, -- We can track the rate of their settlement archaeologically with the distribution of Lapita pottery throughout Melanesia and the Polynesian islands - by 3500 BC cultural resemblances were apparent in populations from Philippines to Indonesia - linguistic evidence indicates a steady movement south and eastward to the coast of New Guinea and on to the western Pacific about 2000 BC.

Robert B. Fox

- the archaeologist who headed the excavations in Tabon Cave. - In 1958 he led a National Museum team in conducting extensive excavations on Calatagan, Batangas - first systematic excavation involving the National Museum in the country.

Java (person) Man

- the oldest hominin ever discovered in Southeast Asia - Middle Pleistocene: only fossil remains of Homo erectus found in Indonesia (Java) - dates for tools associated with Homo erectus back to 1.8 million yrs ago (Java)

Three Age System

- the periodization of history into time periods divisible by three; the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age - developed by C. J. Thomsen, to classify the museum's collections according to whether the artifacts were made of stone, bronze, or iron.

Domestication

- types of domestication in SE Asia: agricultural, horticultural and arboricultural.

Butuan

- where they found the first balangay sailing boats - best in gold and boat manufacturing

Waves of Migration

-Beyer's theory was the first model developed to explain the origins of peoples who settled the islands that now comprise the Philippines. - The model claims that a succession of different groups arrived in waves, with varying biological and cultural sophistication; there was a very specific racial typology - islands were colonized consisted of Indonesians (live on the fruit of the mountain), -Malaysians (live on the land with more cultural sophistication), -Negritos (hunters and gatherers/foragers) they were categorized by skin color. - Philippines narratives are WOM theory, popularized by H.O. Beyer. - model was initially introduced by Spanish friars early in the Spanish colonial period.

Nusantao

-term for early peoples speaking Austronesian language who represent maritime population that evolved in the southern Philippines, estern Borneo, and western New Guinea. - The Nusantao are envisioned as sailors and maritime traders, thus allowing for a transfer of formal elements of the Sa-Huynh-Kalanay Tradition within a variety of social and cultural contexts" (Hutterer p. 245)

Domesticated plant foods from SE Asia

Banana - Taro - Initial cultivator in Ifugao, at least 1k ybp (10/22 lecture). Rice - Soybeans -

Sahul

The landmass that encompassed Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level

Holocene

after pleistocene

Adze

an edge tool used to cut and shape wood, chop trees used in the Neolithic

Paleolithic

relating to the earliest period of the Stone Age -The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans.