MIDTERM

equal time rule.

If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be in violation of the

constitutional unconstitutional

In 2003, the Supreme Court ruled on two different University of Michigan cases related to affirmative action. They ruled that it was _________ to use race as one of a number of considerations while also ruling that it was _____ to give minority applicants a specific number of bonus points in the application scoring system.

individual Self-Defense

In 2008, a landmark Supreme Court ruling recognized a(n) _____ right to bear arms for the purpose of _________

Restrictions on media ownership have been relaxed

How has the media landscape changed as the FCC's regulatory powers changed in the past several decades?

voting in an election-traditional political participation attending a campaign event-traditional political participation writing a blog post-digital political participation participating in a protest-traditional political participation

Identify the forms of political participation as traditional or digital. voting in an election attending a campaign event writing a blog post participating in a protest

5

About ________ million Americans have lost their voting rights as a result of felony convictions.

Picture Any group should be allowed to hold a rally for a cause (Somewhat surprisingly, the most controversial of the three values is democracy. Roughly one-third of American citizens do not support the idea that groups should be able to hold a rally for a particular cause.)

According to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, which fundamental value is most controversial among Americans? Select the value on the image to answer.

enabling privately owned companies to advertise their products to the public.

All of the following are important roles for the media in American democracy EXCEPT A.helping inform the public about current political issues and events. B.providing a forum through which candidates, politicians, and even the public can debate policies and issues. C.enabling privately owned companies to advertise their products to the public. D.serving as a watchdog on the actions of politicians and other political actors.

permanent absentee ballots-increases turnout- same-day registration-increases turnout- voter ID laws-decreases turnout- early voting-increases turnout-

Identify whether these electoral rules increase or decrease voter turnout in states. -permanent absentee ballots -same-day registration -voter ID laws -early voting

Politics Political Power (Power involves being able to make others do things they might not otherwise do.Politics and power are both nuanced concepts. Politics can encompass any number of activities such as protesting, voting, or engaging in political debate. Power is a more abstract concept than a specific expression.)

Conflict over the direction, identity, and resources of an organization is _________The ability to influence that process is ________

leads candidate B by anywhere between 2 and 8 percentage points.

If a national survey finds candidate A leads candidate B by 5% in the upcoming election and the margin of error in the survey is 3%, it means candidate A

right of rebuttal

If a radio station airs a conservative commentator's critique of a liberal author and does not allow the author an opportunity to appear on air, what regulation could it have violated?

Correct Answer(s) tax cuts especially for corporations expansion of military funding reducing the size of the federal government Incorrect Answer(s) regulation on business government involvement in health care

In contemporary politics, which political positions are more likely to be supported by conservatives?

Each person within the specified population has an equal probability of being selected a respondent (A simple random sample is critical for pollsters to make inferences about the national population.)

In public-opinion polling, what is a simple random sample?

Correct Answer(s) You receive the message but do not accept it. Incorrect Answer(s) You accept the message but do not sample from it when asked for your opinion on tax cuts. You accept the message and sample from it when asked your opinion on tax cuts. You do not receive the message and thus cannot accept it.

In the Receive-Accept-Sample (RAS) model of public opinion, what happens when you hear a media report that goes against your beliefs about tax cuts?

-increased -remained constant

In the past twenty years, the number of media sources has __________ In that same period of time, political knowledge in the electorate has __________

Correct Answer(s) The Court decided that affirmative action policies must survive strict scrutiny. The Court ruled that particular affirmative action policies violate the Fourteenth Amendment. Incorrect Answer(s) The Court struck down the affirmative action policies of many colleges because diversity is not important in education. There was no longer any need for affirmative action policies.

In what ways did the Supreme Court weaken affirmative action laws?

The Court ruled that specific points given to minority students too closely resembled a quota. -Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) The Court ruled that quotas for minority students were unconstitutional. -Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) The Court ruled that creating a diverse student body is a compelling state interest in college admission, as long as it is not "mechanical." -Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)

Match each Supreme Court decision with its correct affirmative action outcome.

guaranteed equal protection of the laws- 14th amendment guaranteed voting rights for Black men - 15th amendment abolished slavery - 13th amendment

Match each amendment to its specific goal.

White evangelical Protestants-Republicans African Americans-Democrats White non-Hispanics-Republicans women-Democrats young voters-Democrats

Match each group to the party it tends to support in elections.

equal representation for each state-New jersey plan and Connecticut compromise bicameral legislature - Virginia Plan and Connecticut compromise representation based on population - Virginia Plan and Connecticut compromise unicameral legislature-New jersey plan

Match the appropriate Constitutional Convention plan with its features.

Federal- expressed, implied State- Reserved Federal and state - Concurrent

Match the type of power to the correct level of government.

they vote at higher rates, and they are more likely to contribute money to political campaigns.

More affluent and educated citizens wield an outsized influence over policy makers because

Picture looked for information about protests/rallies in area encouraged others to take action on issues important to them changed their hashtag related to a political social issue taken part in a group that shares an interest in an issue/cause

Order these activities from those with the greatest partisan gap to those with the smallest partisan gap.

Annapolis Convention Shays's Rebellion Constitutional Convention

Place in chronological order the events that led up to the end of the Articles of Confederation.

Stamp Act Boston Tea Party Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation adopted Constitution adopted

Place the events in chronological order.

President Johnson promotes minority employment among the federal civil service and companies doing business with the U.S. government. The federal government makes affirmative action a prominent goal. The Supreme Court subjects affirmative action policies to strict scrutiny.

Place the following affirmative action policy changes in order from oldest to most recent.

government-issued photo ID

Strict voter identification laws require that voters present a(n) ________ in order to cast a ballot.

Picture South Carolina Iowa California Connecticut

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic to answer the question that follows. Order the following states according to which state receives the most federal spending per dollar of federal taxes to which state receives the least federal spending per dollar of federal taxes.

picture Correct Answer(s) Youth turnout surged during 2018, compared to the 2014 election, and it far outpaced the overall increase in voter turnout within the total population. Incorrect Answer(s) Although youth turnout did experience an increase from the 2014 election to the 2018 election, the level of turnout was not significantly higher than the increase seen in the total population. Youth voter turnout increased in 2018 compared to 2014, yet turnout among the total population declined significantly from 2014 to 2018. Youth turnout declined from the 2014 election to the 2018 election, which is likely due to voter apathy among America's youth.

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question that follows.Which of the statements are correct, and which are incorrect?

Correct Answer(s) Federal grants-in-aid have doubled since about 1995. Federal grants-in-aid had their sharpest increase in the period 1990-2005. Incorrect Answer(s) Federal grants-in-aid have increased every year since 1995.

Study the graph on federal grants-in-aid, and determine which of the following statements are accurate.

Nullification (The most extreme form of arguments in favor of states' rights, nullification is the idea that states do not have to obey any laws they believe exceed the national government's constitutional authority. John C. Calhoun, vice president under Andrew Jackson, was one of the most prominent proponents in favor of nullification.)

Suppose a state believes that it does not have to obey a federal law, because the law exceeds the national government's authority. What is this belief called?

False (Constitutional revision can come in different forms. The Supreme Court has a key role in constitutional revision through the power of judicial review in which it interprets the Constitution as it reviews cases.)

The Supreme Court has no role in constitutional revision.

Government Action Civil Rights Act of 1964 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) President Eisenhower sending 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce the integration of Central High School Political Action Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from a Birmingham Jail" Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycotts (1955) Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee formed to organize protests, sit-ins, freedom rides

The civil rights movement's success was the result of both formal actions by various branches of the federal government (government action) and the actions of various groups in society putting pressure on government officials to strengthen civil rights protections for African Americans (political action). Identify the government and political actions below.

the newspaper industry's reluctance to alienate readers with liberal or conservative political views.

The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of

Correct Answer(s) Employment discrimination against African Americans persisted. Many African Americans still could not exercise their right to vote. Housing remained racially segregated. Incorrect Answer(s) De jure school segregation continued in the North and South

What challenges did African Americans face in the years immediately after the Brown v. Board of Education decision in 1954?

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (The Court developed most of the laws on sexual harassment from Title VII, identifying two forms of harassment: the quid pro quo type and the hostile environment type.)

What congressional action did the Supreme Court use as their foundation for opposing sexual harassment?

Correct Answer(s) Underlying values tend to shape specific attitudes. Underlying values are formed through political socialization. Incorrect Answer(s) Specific issues are formed through political socialization. Specific attitudes tend to shape underlying values.

What is true regarding socialization, the attitudes about political issues, and underlying political values?

Correct Answer(s) protection of the rights of the individual a confederation of small "republic" states Incorrect Answer(s) rule by the elite a strong executive branch concentrated powers for the national government

What kind of government did Antifederalists want to develop?

Powers Granted by the Constitution power to resolve conflicts between state and federal laws lifetime appointments Powers Not Granted by the Constitution judicial review authority to determine its own size and composition

What powers did the Constitution grant to the judicial branch and the Supreme Court?

Data Mining (Campaigns have started to rely heavily on "big data" to develop their message and to improve the way they contact voters.)

When a political campaign relies on social media, consumer purchasing patterns, and even Netflix cues to complement public-opinion polls, what is it called?

5th Amendment (The Fifth Amendment prevents people from being subjected to double jeopardy—that is, being tried twice for the same crime.This was one of the earlier amendments to the Constitution.)

Which amendment specifies the right to bear arms?

Strict (Strict scrutiny is the highest level of scrutiny the Court can apply.)

Which level of scrutiny must affirmative action policies now meet?

television

Which media source is regulated by the federal government?

Online (Citizen journalism in general, and social media in particular, facilitates the rapid spread of information.)

Which news source is most likely to report on a story about riots or protests first?

Correct Answer(s) wording of survey questions a large sample ability to randomly select respondents Incorrect Answer(s) ensuring that respondents make socially desirable answers

Which of the following elements do pollsters have to consider before conducting a poll that will forecast the election?

Correct Answer(s) equal time provision right of rebuttal Incorrect Answer(s) fairness doctrine

Which of the following federal regulations on the media are still in effect?

the process through which political beliefs and values are formed (Political socialization is the introduction of individuals into the culture and the learning of the values and beliefs on which the system is based.)

Which of the following is the best definition of political socialization?

social media

Which of the following methods became much more important in generating turnout in 2016 compared to past elections?

Correct Answer(s) passage in a national convention, followed by ratification by conventions in three-fourths of the states passage in the House and Senate, followed by ratification by three-fourths of the states Incorrect Answer(s) proposal by the president, followed by two-thirds majority in the Congress proposal by the Supreme Court, followed by ratification by a national convention

Which of the following methods for amending the Constitution are provided in Article V?

Unlike traditional media (radio, television, print media), political ads on Google, Twitter, and Facebook are not regulated.

Which of the following statements about government regulation of political advertisements is most accurate?

Citizens with high levels of knowledge are generally better able to evaluate new information to determine its relevancy to their beliefs.

Which of the following statements about public opinion in America is most accurate?

Asian Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than Whites.

Which of the following statements about race and political participation is most accurate?

Tweeting

Which of the following would NOT be considered a form of traditional political participation?

Correct Answer(s) -protesting the government's involvement in a military conflict that you oppose -contacting your representative about an issue that is important to you -gathering signatures for a candidate or policy initiative to appear on the ballot Incorrect Answer(s) -sharing a meme on Twitter

Which of these actions would constitute citizenship, according to the definition posed by the ancient Greeks? -protesting the government's involvement in a military conflict that you oppose -contacting your representative about an issue that is important to you -gathering signatures for a candidate or policy initiative to appear on the ballot -sharing a meme on Twitter

Circumstances Beyond Their Control high-income earners college graduates Democrats women Lack of Effort Republicans

Which of these groups are more likely to attribute a person's being poor to a lack of effort on their part, and which are more likely to attribute being poor to circumstances beyond their control?

the full faith and credit clause (The full faith and credit clause says that states must honor the "public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings" of other states. If a family adopts a child, they can move anywhere in the country and the adoption will still be legal.)

Which part of the Constitution ensures that an adoption that occurs in Florida is still valid in Tennessee?

Correct Answer(s) vetoing legislation passed by Congress recognizing foreign countries granting pardons appointing major departmental personnel Incorrect Answer(s) declaring laws unconstitutional regulating commerce closing federal courts during emergency declarations

Which powers does the Constitution grant the president?

Correct Answer(s) Death penalty usage and sentences have decreased over time. The Supreme Court has never banned the death penalty. The Supreme Court has restricted the cases in which the death penalty can be applied. Incorrect Answer(s) Procedural changes in the 1970s remedied the uneven application of the death penalty.

Which statements about the death penalty are correct?

Correct Answer(s) The way the media present a story can influence public opinion. Media coverage of corruption in government has undermined public trust. Incorrect Answer(s) The media have little effect on public opinion.

Which statements about the media's influence over public opinion are correct?

Correct Answer(s) The attendees recognized the need to revise the Articles of Confederation. It initiated the movement toward the Constitutional Convention. Incorrect Answer(s) The convention benefited from broad attendance. The delegates resolved to replace the Articles of Confederation.

Which statements accurately describe the Annapolis Convention?

Antifederalists demanded it for ratification of the Constitution. (Antifederalists agitated for a bill of rights as part of the ratification of the Constitution.)

Why was a bill of rights added to the Constitution?

More Responsive older citizens high-income individuals well-educated individuals voters Less Responsive less-educated individuals young citizens low-income individuals nonvoters

Would an elected official be more or less responsive to the following groups?

Twenty-four of the 50 states

________ have an initiative process that lets citizens draft legislation, circulate petitions, and place the issue on the ballot for a popular vote.

Digital media

features the most interaction between audience and the press

it has supported publication of leaked information

How has the Supreme Court responded to newspapers' attempts to publish leaked information?

California Texas Colorado South Carolina Mississippi Louisiana

Study the Who Participates? Infographic, and then answer the question that follows. Order the states from those experiencing the greatest increase in turnout to those experiencing the greatest decline.

Innovations such as compulsory registration and voting are likely to increase turnout

Study the table, and then choose the statement that it best supports.

Correct Answer(s) ability to pay poll taxes literacy tests property ownership racial restrictions gender restrictions

Select all of the voter eligibility requirements put into place by states during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

10th Amendment (Many argue that Supreme Court decisions in the 1930s weakened the force of the Tenth Amendment.)

Which amendment to the Constitution is most frequently cited to bolster arguments in favor of states' rights?

right to privacy (Roe v. Wade dealt with the right to an abortion, which the Court interpreted as being guaranteed due to a right to privacy.)

Which constitutional civil liberty was the decision of Roe v. Wade based on?

Correct Answer(s) declare war make treaties appoint senior officers of the United States Army coin or borrow money Incorrect Answer(s) appoint a president levy taxes regulate commerce between the states

Which of the following are examples of the powers of Congress under the Articles of Confederation?

liberty (The Bill of Rights lays out Americans' civil liberty protections from the government by stating what the government cannot do to citizens.)

The Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution primarily addresses which core American value?

False

Turnout rates among eligible voters are higher today than they used to be in the 1800s.

collection of 85 essays supporting ratification of the Constitution (Written by prominent Federalists, these essays were instrumental in convincing states to adopt the Constitution.)

What are the Federalist Papers?

the concentration of media ownership by a few large corporations.

What is a media monopoly?

Correct Answer(s) The more education one has, the more tolerant of racial minorities one is. The more education one has, the more likely one is to be involved in politics. Incorrect Answer(s) The more education one has, the more ideologically conservative one becomes.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements regarding the role education plays in political socialization.

(picture)

Based on their platforms, match each candidate to the correct ideological description.

Correct Answer(s) The Constitution prohibits states from passing laws that favor their citizens over citizens of other states. The Constitution requires states to honor the public acts and judicial proceedings of each other. States need congressional approval to enter into agreements with one another. Incorrect Answer(s) The Constitution prohibits states from regulating licensing and private property.

How does the Constitution promote the idea that the states are part of a larger nation and not independent entities?

Picture Correct Answer(s) Fox News was significantly more popular with Trump voters than with voters in general. Both Clinton and Trump voters were more likely to get their news from television than other sources. Incorrect Answer(s) Facebook was the dominant news medium for most voters. Both Clinton and Trump voters were more likely to get their news from the same television sources.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about the differences in media consumption between Trump and Clinton voters.

Correct Answer(s) expansion of federal social services extensive government intervention in the economy protection of rights for LGBTQ persons Incorrect Answer(s) state-sanctioned expressions of religion cutting taxes and reducing government spending

In contemporary politics, which of the following political positions are more likely to be supported by liberals?

Upheld Approving

In recent years, the Supreme Court has _____________ a woman's right to seek an abortion, while _________ various state restrictions to abortion access.

basic principles that shape a person's opinions about issues and events (The political values of liberty, equality of opportunity, and democracy are widely held by Americans.)

In the context of understanding public opinion, which of the following is the best definition of values?

Correct Answer(s) if police entered your house without a warrant or probable cause if police used drug dogs on the front porches of houses Incorrect Answer(s) if police obtain a warrant before searching a house for weapons if police search a car for alcohol after noticing an intoxicated driver

In which scenarios would evidence be subject to the exclusionary rule?

Two officers with beards worn for their Sunni Muslim beliefs were dismissed because of a policy banning facial hair for employees with only an exception for health reasons. -Free Exercise A law is passed that bans Muslims from running for public office. -Free Exercise A law prohibits the teaching of evolution in public schools.-Establishment A state law requires individuals convicted of driving under the influence (DUI) to attend a faith-based alcohol abuse recovery and treatment program.-Establishment

Label each scenario of government action or public policy with the aspect of the First Amendment it most likely violated: the free exercise clause, the establishment clause, or both.

government efforts to block the publication of material-prior restraint protection of public spaces traditionally used for assembly-public forum doctrine speech accompanied by actions such as protesting-speech plus

Match each First Amendment concept to its definition.

Abolished slavery- 13th Amendment defines citizenship and applies due process to the states-14th Amendment protects freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press-1st Amendment reserves certain rights for the states or people-10th Amendment

Match each amendment to its correct description.

(picture) Correct Answer(s) States on the West Coast tend to have background checks for all firearms. States can determine for themselves whether or not to require a background check for the sale of a firearm by an unlicensed dealer. In most states, no background check is necessary to buy a firearm from an unlicensed dealer. Incorrect Answer(s) Most states in the South require background checks for handguns only.

Review the figure on background checks for gun purchases across America, and then answer the question. Which of the following statements about background checks are accurate?

False (Research shows that not everyone votes at the same rate, and elected officials are more responsive to those who vote (which tends to be wealthier, more highly educated, older citizens).)

Since each person has one vote, elected officials respond to all citizens and this produces moderate policies.

elites the majority

The Antifederalists were particularly concerned about tyranny of ________ , whereas Federalists were primarily concerned about tyranny of ________

False (This sounds like a trick question, but it is really a crucial distinction. The Bill of Rights is full of civil liberties—one's personal freedoms that the government cannot take away. Civil rights, things the government must do to protect us from discrimination, are found elsewhere in the Constitution.)

The Bill of Rights describes the civil rights afforded to all Americans.

14th Amendment (The Fourteenth Amendment has a number of clauses that suggest a single national citizenship, rather than upholding the idea of dual citizenship. Although the process of selective incorporation did not begin until 1897, the Fourteenth Amendment offered the constitutional basis for this process.)

Which amendment was most responsible for selective incorporation, in which some Bill of Rights protections were applied to the states?

picture West South Northeast Midwest

Order the regions from those experiencing the greatest population growth between 1900 and 2018 to those experiencing the greatest population decline.

False (The Supreme Court has expanded the right to privacy in the areas of birth control, abortion, and LGBTQ rights.)

Over time, the Supreme Court has been more restrictive in its protection of the right to privacy.

1 amendment (The First Amendment protects the right to free speech, the press, religion, petition, and assembly.)

Peaceful assembly and protest against the government is protected by which amendment? Enter 1 for the First Amendment, 2 for the Second, and so on.

attending a protest outside your state capitol building.

Which of the following would NOT be considered an example of digital political participation?

fake news

A widely circulated story that the pope endorsed Donald Trump for president in 2016 was a good example of

television

Despite its widespread availability, ________ typically report(s) on the narrowest range of topics and provide(s) the least depth of news coverage.

126 million

Fake political ads and posts published on Facebook from accounts controlled by Russian operatives are estimated to have reached ________ Americans.

1st Amendment (The First Amendment covers such important freedoms as the press, religion, and speech.)

Freedom of the press is found in the ______ Amendment.

Picture small differences in survey wording can have big differences in results. (The precise words used in a question can have a big impact on the answers respondents give.)

Given survey respondents' varying answers to the same basic question as shown in this box, what should we conclude about surveys?

Correct Answer(s) Affirmative action programs disadvantage those in dominant majority groups. Affirmative action programs are designed to assist victims of past injustices. Incorrect Answer(s) Affirmative action programs are designed to prevent harm to minority groups. They are motivated by a desire to promote civil rights.

How are cases on affirmative action different from those such as Brown v. Board of Education and Loving v. Virginia?

political ideologies.

Liberalism and conservatism are examples of

judicial review interpret

The Supreme Court exercises the power of ___________ which allows the Court to ________ the Constitution.

Federalism Separation of powers

The division of power, by a constitution, between a central government and regional governments is known as ____________. The division of power among several institutions that must cooperate in decision-making is known as __________

False (At the time of its enactment, the framers were primarily concerned with the state militias, a view upheld by the Court in 1939.)

The original purpose of the Second Amendment was to provide for an individual right to bear arms.

excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.

The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by

Cheap, tabloid style newspaper produced in the nineteenth century. or rose to popularity in the 1800s

What was the penny press?

Disney

Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?

-AM radio -FM radio -television stations

Which of the following media forms is the Federal Communications Commission able to regulate content on?

Cues are easy; cues from trusted officials are usually consistent with a person's underlying preferences.

Why do most people use cues from party elites and elected officials to help them form their political attitudes?

newpaper

oldest form of media

Party machines were no longer mobilizing voters as in the past.

How did the decline of party machines during the early twentieth century contribute to a drop in turnout?

Decisions are primarily by what the audience wants

How does the profit motive affect the media in America?

Antifederalists feared elite power argued for inclusion of individual liberties wanted states to retain more power Patrick Henry Federalists feared "excessive democracy" favored a strong national government Alexander Hamilton

Identify the beliefs and leaders of the Antifederalists and the Federalists.

True (Citizen participation in the political process is vital for the health of a democracy.)

Political participation is the source of democratic legitimacy.

describes the process in which individuals learn the underlying beliefs and values on which a political system is based.

Political socialization

less less (Pollsters are increasingly relying on online surveys, as they can be more efficient. Nonetheless, getting a random sample online is even more difficult than it is in a telephone survey.)

Pollsters are using online surveys, which are ________ costly and less time-consuming than telephone surveys. However, online surveys are _______ likely to collect a random sample than telephone surveys.

there is not a complete list of all Americans that can be used to identify the population.

Pollsters use random digit dialing to gather national samples for public-opinion polls because

Same Question

Same Question

False (The government's claims are often disputed by the media, interest groups, and opposing forces within the government itself, making large shifts in public opinion difficult.)

The government can easily and substantially influence public opinion.

Limits the National Government's Powers checks and balances Tenth Amendment Bill of Rights Expands the National Government's Powers the elastic clause the supremacy clause

Which constitutional features expand the power of the national government, and which limit it?

Correct Answer(s) the electoral college indirect election of senators Incorrect Answer(s) direct popular elections closed primaries

Which constitutional features reflect a fear of tyranny of popular majorities?

False (Although it passed Congress in 1972 and quickly gained the support of many states, it failed to be ratified by enough states to be added to the Constitution.)

The Equal Rights Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1972.

Searches and seizures Inadmissible (The exclusionary rule came about as a result of a 1961 court case.The Fourth Amendment is one of the foundations on which the rights of the accused are based.)

The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable _____ by making illegally obtained evidence_____ in court

A number of state and territorial governments adopted women's suffrage before the federal government granted women the vote.

Which of the following statements about women's suffrage is most accurate?

Correct Answer(s) It can advance citizen interests. It helps protect their rights. It increases knowledge of available services. Incorrect Answer(s) It means that government will always act in citizens' best interests.

Why is political knowledge necessary for citizens?

the bandwagon effect (Bandwagoning or momentum can be a big part of presidential nomination races.)

After former Vice President Joe Biden won the South Carolina Democratic primary, many voters in the Super Tuesday states shifted their support to Biden, believing that he had the best chance of winning. What is this phenomenon called?

Picture 30% (There is a 30-percentage-point gap between older voters and younger voters. Because older voters vote at much higher rates than younger votes, older voters have a much larger impact on elections. Nearly 7 in 10 older voters voted in 2018, whereas less than 4 in 10 younger voters voted in 2018.)

By how many percentage points are Americans 65 and older more likely to vote than Americans ages 18 to 29?

has a conservative ideology.

Donald Trump called himself a "law and order" president. This supports the idea that the president

Picture

Fill in the blanks to complete the table.

-priming - agenda setting

Following the terrorist attacks of September 11 2001 the media wrote many stories about President Bush's performance on protecting the nation from terrorism and few stories on the economy. what two means of media influene is this an example of

Many tend to be concerned with the structure of the government. (Many successful amendments detail the framework within which the government will operate: who votes, how the government is organized, and how government is funded.)

How are the various successful constitutional amendments similar?

The power of the federal government has increased.

How has the power of the federal government developed over time?

declining steadily and now average less than 10%.

In recent years, response rates for random digit dial surveys have been

The federal government did not trust states to implement new federal policies in areas such as civil rights and the War on Poverty. (The federal government gave grants-in-aid directly to local governments and nonprofit organizations. Federal politicians did not trust state governments to equitably care for all their citizens.)

In the 1960s, state governments began to lose power relative to the federal government. What was the primary cause of this change?

Desegregation Integration (The focus on desegregation can be seen in the push for the 1964 Civil Rights Act.Perhaps the clearest sign of this focus on integration came in the push for school busing to integrate schools.)

In the 1960s, the federal government proposed ______programs, but in the 1970s the government proposed ____________ programs.

Correct Answer(s) literacy tests language of education Incorrect Answer(s) eligibility of immigrants for citizenship immigration standards

In the 1970s, the federal government made several policy changes that had an important impact on the rights of many Asian Americans. Which policy areas changed, in particular?

increase; younger

It is likely that eliminating state-level voter registration laws would ________ voter turnout among ________ voters.

voter identification required-decrease competitive elections-increase same-day registration-increase gerrymandering-decrease

Label the following by whether they increase or decrease voter turnout. voter identification required competitive elections same-day registration gerrymandering

The federal government sets a new environmental standard for emissions, and states are required to follow it.- regulated A limited national government helps build roads and promote infrastructure, but otherwise most responsibilities are left to the states. - Dual The federal government provides grants to the states to encourage them to use more evidence-based practices in their education curricula. - Cooperative

Match each kind of federalism with an example of it.

Palko v. Connecticut (This decision established the doctrine of selective incorporation, by which the Supreme Court extends certain limitations found in the Bill of Rights to include the states.)

Selective incorporation was established in which Supreme Court case?

increased Latin America and Asia.

Since the 1920s, immigration to the united states has _______. This has been particularly true of people emigrating from________

had very little impact on the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

The dramatic rise in political information and the increasing diversity of the media have

-6-10.99 percent. -11+ percent - 0-5.99 percent.

The majority of states have a voter-roll-purge rate of _______________. Georgia and Oklahoma, which are conservative states, have ________ voter-roll-purge rates, whereas California and New York, which are liberal states, have voter-roll-purge rates of ________.

More

The media have been ________ aggressive in investigating the government in recent years than it used to be.

indirectly appointing Supreme Court justices

The president can work __________to modify the Constitution by ______

America Asia Africa Europe

This graphic breaks down where immigrants to the United States came from, by continent, between the 1900s and the 2010s. Study the graphic, and then answer the question that follows.Comparing the 1900s to 2010s, order the continents from those that experienced the greatest growth in proportion of the U.S. immigrant population to those experiencing the least growth (or greatest decline).

it undermined popular control of government

What is a consequence of Americans' lack of political knowledge?

the fact that respondents report what they think the interviewer wishes to hear or whatever they think is socially acceptable rather than what they actually believe

What is the "social desirability effect"?

face to face interaction with a canvasser

What is the most effective way to boost voter mobilization?

19th Amendment (The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920 and gave all American women the right to vote.)

Which amendment formally guaranteed all women in America the right to vote?

Correct Answer(s) People may support policies against their own self-interest. Political opinion can be manipulated by political elites. Incorrect Answer(s) Public opinion is irrational and volatile. People are not capable of making informed decisions.

Which of the following are results of the low levels of political knowledge among many Americans?

Correct Answer(s) gender race income religion age Incorrect Answer(s) height eye color

Which of the following factors influence Americans' attitudes or opinions?

Correct Answer(s) large states versus small states slave states versus nonslave states national power versus state power Incorrect Answer(s) amending the Articles of Confederation versus replacing them completely city power versus state power

Which of the following were tensions at the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Correct Answer(s) -face-to-face canvassing -election appeals made by Facebook friends -get-out-the-vote registration drives Incorrect Answer(s) -voter ID laws

Which of these are activities aimed at voter mobilization? -face-to-face canvassing -election appeals made by Facebook friends -get-out-the-vote registration drives -voter ID laws

male candidates are more likely to have the advantage of incumbency in office.

Women are disadvantaged as candidates for office because

increase, midterm

statewide ballot initiatives tend to_________ turnout, especially in _________ election years.

Digital media

the most open to new participants such as citizen journalists

Federal Intergovernmental relations

In a __________ government system, some powers are shared by different levels of government and others are not. The process of determining how the different levels of government will assume responsibility over a policy is known as __________

Target individuals by zip code in Google, and run political ads expressing their opinion on Facebook.

A campaign for the 2020 presidential election plans to target voters through Google, Twitter, and Facebook. Which of the following approaches is possible?

False (The mere act of holding an election does little to distinguish between democracies and autocracies. Autocracies often will hold elections; however, the elections are generally not free and fair in the same sense as they are in a democracy.)

A key defining characteristic that distinguishes autocracies from democracies is that democracies hold elections, whereas autocracies do not.

person's family.

A person's political party preference is primarily acquired through the influence of the

Correct Answer(s) someone who believes the rising costs of health care is one of America's most important problems someone who already tends to support government expansion of health care someone with low information about politics Incorrect Answer(s) a conservative who generally believes in limited government someone knowledgeable about politics (Those with less political knowledge are generally more open to new information. More knowledgeable citizens can more easily reject messages that do not align with their predispositions.)

A political action committee launches a new advertisement aimed at building support for a policy that would expand health insurance to low-income Americans through increased government funding. According to Zaller's Receive-Accept-Sample (RAS) model, who would be most susceptible to this message?

Correct Answer(s) Devote resources to competitive states with more electoral votes. Devote resources to the battleground states. Incorrect Answer(s) Follow a 50-state strategy spending equal money and time in each state. Focus on the candidates' home state first and foremost.

A political consultant is advising a presidential candidate on where to devote the most resources to win the electoral college. What advice would the consultant give?

True (The Alien and Sedition Act of 1798 criminalized the very things protected by the First Amendment and expired shortly after being passed.)

The United States has passed laws that make it illegal to say anything that might challenge the government.

Correct Answer(s) The survey could have a very high non-response rate, which could produce bias. The survey may provide biased results due to sample selection bias. Incorrect Answer(s) The landline phone survey will always be more accurate than an internet survey. The survey will give unbiased and reliable estimates as long as there are a sufficient number of respondents.

A polling organization conducts a survey of voter intentions relying on a list of landline phone numbers. What might be the result of conducting the survey in this way?

Advantage of a Strong National Government The national interest sometimes overrides the local needs of the states. Competition between different state and local governments to attract businesses to their communities can undermine other policy goals. Disadvantage of a Strong National Government Federally administered programs are not always fully funded by the federal government. State and local governments understand the needs of their citizens better than does the federal government.

A strong federal government, and its influence over policy, offers some advantages that devolution and greater state control over more policies might not. Identify the potential advantages and disadvantages of having a strong national government with a strong influence over policy.

State and local governments understand the needs of their citizens better than does the federal government.-disadvantage of a strong national government Federally administered programs are not always fully funded by the federal government.-disadvantage of a strong national government Competition between different state and local governments to attract businesses to their communities can undermine other policy goals.-Advantage of a strong national government The national interest sometimes overrides the local needs of the states.-Advantage of a strong national government

A strong federal government, and its influence over policy, offers some advantages that devolution and greater state control over more policies might not. Identify the potential advantages and disadvantages of having a strong national government with a strong influence over policy.

picture (Somewhat surprisingly, the most controversial of the three values is democracy. Roughly one-third of American citizens do not support the idea that groups should be able to hold a rally for a particular cause.)

According to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey, which fundamental value is most controversial among Americans? Select the value on the image to answer.

Correct Answer(s) The income of most Americans has only risen slightly since the 1975. The richest 5 percent have seen their incomes increase dramatically since 1975. Incorrect Answer(s) The income of the highest fifth of the population only started increasing in 2010. Income inequality has increased because the poor have seen their income drop over time.

According to the graph, which of the following statements are correct, and which are incorrect? -The income of most Americans has only risen slightly since the 1975. -The richest 5 percent have seen their incomes increase dramatically since 1975. -The income of the highest fifth of the population only started increasing in 2010. -Income inequality has increased because the poor have seen their income drop over time.

Correct Answer(s) The largest group of immigrants in the first half of the twentieth century came from Europe. Today most immigrants come from Asia or the Americas. Incorrect Answer(s) The decade with the greatest percentage of immigrants from the Americas was the 2000s. The big expansion in Asian immigration came in the 1950s.

According to the graph, which of the following statements are true?

True

African Americans and Latinos express greater trust in government than Whites.

-ballot initiatives - increase

Allowing citizens to vote directly on things like legalization of marijuana or changing the minimum wage are examples of __________. These have a tendency to -_________ turnout.

Conservative Maintaining or increasing

Although more Americans identify as _________most Americans support _______funding for Social Security.

False (Americans tend to express overwhelming support for both liberty and equality of opportunity, and these values shape their political attitudes.)

Although the vast majority of Americans support liberty, Americans tend to be divided over their support for equality of opportunity.

Protestantism and Catholicism

Americans' concerns over immigration were originally heightened by religious disputes between which two faiths?

Protestantism and Catholicism (Although the first wave of immigrants to the United States were largely Protestant, the second wave of Germans and Irish immigrants were largely Catholic.The early religious oppositions to immigrants were not between members of Christianity and some other religion, but within Christian denominations.)

Americans' concerns over immigration were originally heightened by religious disputes between which two faiths?

Correct Answer(s) Either Candidate Smith or Candidate Jones could win this election since they are in a statistical tie. Incorrect Answer(s) Three percent of the voters in the poll remain undecided between the candidates. Candidate Jones is projected to win the election. Candidate Smith is projected to win the election assuming the poll used a random sample.

An election poll of 1,000 people indicates that 48 percent of voters favor Candidate Smith and 50 percent of voters favor Candidate Jones, with a 3 percent margin of error.

Picture Correct Answer(s) More Americans today identify themselves as conservatives than liberals. Incorrect Answer(s) More Americans today identify themselves as either liberals or conservatives compared to moderates. More Americans today identify themselves as liberals than conservatives.

Analyze the graph on the percentage of Americans who claim each ideology, and then answer the question. Which statement about Americans' ideology is correct?

95%

Approximately ________ of African Americans who voted in 2012 cast their ballot for Barack Obama.

Smaller Undermines (There is a dangerous downward spiral of trust and participation. Declining levels of political participation lead to a less responsive federal government, which further erodes political trust and decreases the likelihood that people will participate.)

As political efficacy and trust decrease, government decisions are made by a _________ group of people, which __________ the notion of government by the people

Direct (Direct democracy usually only works on a small scale or on limited things. Could you imagine having to vote every day on the potentially hundreds of complex issues that Congress deals with on a daily basis?

Ballot initiatives and referenda in the United States are examples of what kind of democracy?

Picture 39 (Although 71 percent of Democrats attributed being poor to circumstances beyond the person's control, only 32 percent of Republicans did so. This is a 39-percentage-point partisan gap.The partisan gap in what Democrats and Republicans attribute to the source of being poor is the largest of all groups shown in the figure. These partisan differences in attitudes about what leads one to be poor have important implications for their support for redistributive public policies.)

By how many percentage points are Democrats compared to Republicans more likely to attribute being poor to circumstances beyond the individual's control?

Information shortcuts Often (Individuals with low levels of knowledge are able to make relatively informed choices by relying on these cues from friends, relatives, political parties, and the media.)

By using __________, average citizens form opinions that are __________ consistent with their underlying preferences.

False (Civil rights are positives—things the government must do to guarantee citizenship and protect citizens from discrimination.)

Civil rights are what the government must not do.

In 2018, just four years later, turnout rose 17 points to 53 percent, a record for midterm elections since 1966. the composition of the 2018 electorate resembled recent presidential electorates more than that of midterm elections, with younger voters, voters of color, and political independents making up a substantially larger share of the electorate than in traditional congressional elections.

Click on the statements in the paragraph that provide support for the claim that Americans hold their elected officials accountable when they are dissatisfied with government. America's overall rate of voting participation, or turnout, remains relatively low. The United States ranked 32nd in voter turnout among developed countries in 2016, below Belgium (87 percent), Sweden (86 percent), and France (71 percent). In the 2014 midterm elections, only 36 percent of eligible citizens voted. In 2018, just four years later, turnout rose 17 points to 53 percent, a record for midterm elections since 1966. The composition of the 2018 electorate resembled recent presidential electorates more than that of midterm elections, with younger voters, voters of color, and political independents making up a substantially larger share of the electorate than in traditional congressional elections.

categorical grants: federal funds to states for a specific purpose offer more power to the federal government block grants offer more flexibility federal funds to states for a general policy purpose offer more power to states

Contrast the differences between block grants and categorical grants by matching each characteristic to the correct term.

Various Supreme court have recognized the right to privacy (Court cases regarding birth control and abortions have expanded the right to privacy.)

How has the government protected the right to privacy?

Full Faith and Credit Clause A marriage license granted in one state must be recognized in all the others. You can drive from one side of the country to the other without having to stop and get a new driver's license in each state. Privileges and Immunities Clause A state cannot deny welfare benefits to new residents just because they have only recently moved to that state. A state must charge all people the same sales tax rates on groceries.

Determine whether each of the following is an example of the full faith and credit clause or the privileges and immunities clause.

gave power to the federal government McCulloch v. Maryland Gibbons v. Ogden gave power to the states United States v. Lopez Printz v. United States

Different Supreme Court cases impacted the balance of power between the federal government and the states. Which cases made the states more powerful, and which made the federal government more powerful?

picture high income (>$75,000)-worked harder Democrats-advantages in life women-advantages in life Republicans-worked harder men-worked harder low income (<$30,000)-advantages in life

Different groups have different beliefs on what leads to a person becoming rich. Attribute "advantages in life" or "worked harder" to the groups most likely to ascribe to that belief.

clicktivism

Digital forms of participation that require little effort and may not actually translate into offline acts of political engagement are often referred to as

group self-interest

During his 2020 campaign for the Democratic Party's nomination, Senator Bernie Sanders advocated for free tuition at public colleges. Which of the following best explains support for the policy among young individuals?

The profit motive of the news industry. Stories about Trump were much more likely to be consumed and thus attracted more advertising dollars.

During the 2016 campaign, Hillary Clinton received half the amount of media coverage as Donald Trump. Which of the following is the best explanation why this came to be?

Favored Opposed Increase

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Democrats ______vote by mail for all Americans, but Republicans _______it. No-excuse absentee ballots tend to_________ voter turnout.

1789 - 1937 (This was the first system of federalism used in the United States.)

During which period of time has the United States had a system of dual federalism?

Federal and state governments largely take care of different issues and do not interact much.- Dual Congress creates a new law that imposes a burden on states that they must follow. - Regulated The federal government offers money to states as an incentive to persuade them to pursue a new policy. - Cooperative

Federalism has come in various forms in different eras of American government. Match each kind of federalism with an example of it in action.

responds responds (The relationship between opinion and policy is dynamic: policy responds to opinion, and opinion responds to policy. Smoking bans are a good example of this; public support of smoking bans led to government response, which increased the popularity of smoking bans among the public.)

Government policy _________ to public opinion; public opinion _______ to government policy.

allowed the government to initiate legal action in cases of housing discrimination - Fair Housing Act ended the era of "separate but equal" schools - Brown v. Board of Education outlawed job discrimination based on gender and race -Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed equal protection under the law -Fourteenth Amendment

How did each of the following federal actions contribute to the expansion of civil rights in the United States?

Expanded Jim crow laws Southern

How did the Civil War and Reconstruction affect the rights of Blacks in the United States? Complete the following statement. After the Civil War, three amendments to the Constitution __________ civil rights for African Americans. Once Reconstruction ended, however ______________ severely restricted the rights of African Americans, with ______________ states taking the lead in segregating many public facilities.

State laws and the state constitution are supreme.Articles of confederation The national government is granted the authority to maintain an army and navy. Constitution Amendments require unanimous support of the states. Articles of confederation It created an executive branch of government.- Constitution

How did the Constitution differ from the Articles of Confederation? Match the correct document to its features.

Correct Answer(s) Federal grants-in-aid became a powerful tool to redirect state governments' policy. The federal government took a more active role than before in providing economic security for Americans. Incorrect Answer(s) President Roosevelt limited the power of the states based on the rationale that they were no longer politically stable. Congress reacted to a weak economy by limiting the power of the federal government, turning over responsibilities to combat the Great Depression to the states.

How did the Great Depression influence the power of the federal government?

Correct Answer(s) The "wall of separation" refers to the dissociation between church and state. Incorrect Answer(s) The "wall of separation" refers to a recent law that keeps religious individuals from persecuting nonreligious individuals. The "wall of separation" protects the rights of nonbelievers. The "wall of separation" separates the establishment clause from the free exercise clause.

How does the "wall of separation" apply to the establishment clause?

it removed the designation of jurisdictions that needed preclearance to change voting laws. (The Supreme Court overturned the formula for determining whether a jurisdiction had a history of discrimination.The 2013 decision Shelby County v. Holder has prevented the Department of Justice from stopping states and locales from making changes that hurt African Americans' voting rights.)

How has the Supreme Court influenced the application of the Voting Rights Act in its recent decisions?

Correct Answer(s) Congress has amended the Constitution, and the states have ratified the amendments. Courts have adapted the Constitution to fit modern circumstances. Incorrect Answer(s) The states have petitioned to call a national convention. The president has amended the Constitution with an executive order.

How has the text and understanding of the Constitution changed over time?

Power is divided between the national and state governments. (Federal systems divide power between at least two entities. In the United States, power is divided between the national government and state governments.)

How is power distributed in the U.S. federal system?

Correct Answer(s) -In most states, voters face average wait times between 6 and 10 minutes. -The majority of states with wait times between 0 and 5 minutes also allow early voting. Incorrect Answer(s) -In most of the largest states, such as California, New York, and Texas, the wait times for voting exceed 16 minutes. -In all states with wait times exceeding 16 minutes, photo identification laws are in place.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements about wait times for voting. -In most of the largest states, such as California, New York, and Texas, the wait times for voting exceed 16 minutes. -In all states with wait times exceeding 16 minutes, photo identification laws are in place. -In most states, voters face average wait times between 6 and 10 minutes. -The majority of states with wait times between 0 and 5 minutes also allow early voting.

Correct Answer(s) It is possible to estimate the country's opinion based on a small sample of 1,000 to 1,200 people. Incorrect Answer(s) It is impossible to collect a random sample. For a public-opinion survey to be accurate, it only needs to have more than 20 respondents. Public-opinion surveys only tell you what the sample's opinions are, without providing any insight into the general population.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Correct Answer(s) The media can have an important influence on public opinion by the way they frame issues and events. Voters have difficulty in connecting their own economic self-interest to specific policy proposals. Incorrect Answer(s) Only Democrats cite economic inequality and the gulf between the 99 percent of income earners and 1 percent as a concern. African Americans and Whites exhibit similar levels of support for Black Lives Matter.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Picture Correct Answer(s) The Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Sixth amendments had a considerable influence over elections, extending the franchise to a diverse group of Americans. Among the constitutional amendments expanding voting rights, the Nineteenth Amendment resulted in the greatest expansion in terms of the 2018 election. Incorrect Answer(s) The expansion of voting rights through the Fifteenth, Nineteenth, and Twenty-Sixth amendments had little effect in terms of the 2018 electorate. Extending voting rights to those ages 18-20 had a greater influence than granting women voting rights since the 18-20 group is larger and more politically engaged.

Identify the correct and incorrect statements.Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Ten states have legalized marijuana for adult recreational use through ballot initiatives.-majority rule,direct democracy Several lawmakers want to protect the Senate filibuster because it allows a single member to hold up legislation unless a supermajority votes for cloture.- minority rights U.S. House passed the CARES Act as a response to COVID-19.-majority rule

Identify the examples of majority rule, minority rights, and/or direct democracy. Note, some instances can encompass more than one concept. majority rule minority rights direct democracy Ten states have legalized marijuana for adult recreational use through ballot initiatives.- Several lawmakers want to protect the Senate filibuster because it allows a single member to hold up legislation unless a supermajority votes for cloture. U.S. House passed the CARES Act as a response to COVID-19.

requiring employers to provide female employees with free birth control-:unconstitutional prayer in public schools-unconstitutional the display of religious symbols, like the Ten Commandments, on public grounds-constitutional and unconstitutional moment of silence for prayer at a school event-unconstitutional religious schools receiving state funding for building or playground upgrades-constitutional

Identify the scenarios that the Supreme Court has ruled constitutional, unconstitutional, or both.

Correct Answer(s) Does the practice have a secular legislative purpose? Does the practice advance or inhibit religion? Does the practice foster an excessive government entanglement with religion? Incorrect Answer(s) Does the practice favor or discriminate against any one religion?

Identify the three parts of the Lemon test.

more populous South urban areas Southwest less populous Northeast Midwest rural areas

Identify whether each geographic area has gotten more or less populous over time.

Extended First Amendment Protection United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association Snyder v. Phelps Did Not Extend First Amendment Protection Morse v. Frederick

Identify whether or not the Supreme Court extended First Amendment protections in each case.

fighting words-increased commercial speech-increased speech plus-stayed about the same

Identify whether the Court's protections for these forms of speech and expression have increased, decreased, or stayed about the same over time.

equity in public school funding-civil right voting rights for African Americans-civil right protesting a policy of the government at the Capitol building-civil liberty burning the American flag-civil liberty (This is an example of a civil liberty.Civil liberties constrain government from taking certain actions, whereas civil rights are affirmatively granted protections granted by the government)

Identify whether the examples best represent civil liberties or civil rights.

New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg spent over $1 billion of his own money to fund his run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020.-liberty Opponents of campaign finance disclosure laws argue that these requirements present an extraordinary burden on citizens wishing to participate in politics.-liberty In Shaw v. Reno, the Supreme Court struck down a majority minority district in North Carolina as vote dilution in violation of the equal protection clause.-political equality

Identify whether the examples exemplify the principle of political equality or the principle of liberty. liberty political equality New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg spent over $1 billion of his own money to fund his run for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020. Opponents of campaign finance disclosure laws argue that these requirements present an extraordinary burden on citizens wishing to participate in politics. In Shaw v. Reno, the Supreme Court struck down a majority minority district in North Carolina as vote dilution in violation of the equal protection clause.

False (The Court has traditionally defined "public interest" very broadly and continues to do so.)

Over time, the Court has made it extremely difficult for government to exercise its eminent domain powers to seize private property by narrowing the definition of ""public interest."

Lenny Pozner, whose son Noah died in the Sandy Hook mass shooting, sued the authors of a book claiming Sandy Hook was a hoax and that Noah's death certificate was fake. Libel A personal trainer and weight-loss guru is suing his former client after she claimed verbally on several occasions that the trainer encouraged disordered eating. Slander A newspaper prints a story claiming the owner of a convenience store is selling kush, an illegal drug, from his store. - Libel

Identify whether the scenario represents libel or slander.

Nineteenth Amendment-women Voting Rights Act of 1965-African Americans Fifteenth Amendment-African Americans Twenty-Sixth Amendment-18- to 20-year-olds

Identify which constitutional amendment or law extended suffrage to each group of citizens.

bandwagon effect.

If a person supports a candidate because he or she is the front-runner in a poll, it is an example of the

privileges and immunities clause (Also known as the comity clause, this clause says that states should not favor their own citizens over the citizens of other states.The privileges and immunities clause says that states must treat visitors to their state the same as they treat residents.)

If a state gave its residents preference in obtaining work at the state's utility provider, this would likely violate which of the following constitutional clauses?

Arrest Would Be Unconstitutional The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the federal government. The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the federal government. The year is 1986, and you were arrested by the state government. Arrest Would Be Constitutional The year is 1886, and you were arrested by the state government.

Imagine that you have been arrested for a speech criticizing the government. In which years and at which levels of government would this be an unconstitutional violation of your civil liberties?

The Supreme Court upheld acts of Congress that increased the power of the federal government. (Supreme Court decisions after 1937 expanded the definition of the commerce clause, granting the federal government far more power to regulate activities in the states.)

In 1937, the Supreme Court made a series of significant decisions addressing federalism. How did these decisions influence the course of federalism in the United States?

Diffusion (Diffusion doesn't just occur across states. It can also occur between levels of government. An example is smoking bans. In 1990, San Luis Obispo, CA, adopted a smoking ban in bars and restaurants. Within eight years, the state of California adopted a similar ban on smoking in enclosed workplaces, and the federal government banned smoking on commercial flights.)

In 1991, Minnesota was the first state to create charter schools. Since then, 44 states and Washington, D.C., have adopted or permit charter schools in their jurisdictions, partially as a result of Minnesota's decision to do so. This is an example of which concept?

1,000 (1,000 respondents are generally the minimum number of respondents to accurately measure public opinion. At 1,000 respondents, the sampling error is about 3.1 percent. A sample of 1,000 is a sufficient number for measuring the public's opinion. A sample of 5,000 provides roughly the same sampling error as a sample of 1,000, but at a considerably higher cost.)

In a scientific poll, what sample size is generally sufficient for accurately measuring national public opinion?

Republicans, 72% of whom do not want stricter gun laws

In a speech, President Trump reminded the audience he would protect Second Amendment rights (the right to bear arms). This statement is most likely to convince and persuade which group that they should support his efforts?

Picture (This method has been used 26 times; the vast majority of amendments are proposed and ratified in this way.)

In a wave election, suppose a political party wins a strong majority in offices at all levels of government. Its chief political promise is to adopt term limits for members of Congress. Given our knowledge of how previous constitutional amendments have been proposed and adopted, which of the four strategies of amending the Constitution to impose term limits would give them the greatest likelihood of success? Select the best route in the following graphic.

Correct Answer(s) tax cuts especially for corporations reducing the size of the federal government expansion of military funding Incorrect Answer(s) government involvement in health care regulation on business

In contemporary politics, which political positions are more likely to be supported by conservatives?

Struck down Broadcast television (The Court still maintains more control on radio and broadcast television content than it does on cable television or the internet.)

In general, the Supreme Court has ________ bans on obscenity, except for cases involving _______

Conservatives Conservatives generally oppose change, viewing government action as a threat to the freedom of individual citizens. Thus, they are most likely to support the status quo.

In general, which political or ideological group is most likely to oppose the expansion of government activity?

Correct Answer(s) State and local governments made most of the laws that impacted daily life. Very little overlap existed between the powers of the federal and state governments. Incorrect Answer(s) States were allowed to negotiate treaties with other nations to secure favorable trade conditions. The federal government's policies were mostly aimed at coercing citizens' behavior. Back To Report

In the early 1800s, during the era of dual federalism, which statements accurately describe the relationship between the powers of federal and state governments?

Higher Higher Are (Individuals who are most politically knowledgeable tend to have higher educational attainment, higher income, and are members of civic organizations.)

Individuals who have ______ educational attainment, _______ income, and ______ members of civic organizations are most likely to be politically knowledgeable.

-position on immigration reform:Democrats -social issues, such as views on abortion:Republicans -party affiliation:Democrats

Latinos have a complex relationship with the two main political parties. In which ways do a majority of Latinos favor the Democrats, and in which ways do a majority of Latinos favor the Republicans? position on immigration reform social issues, such as views on abortion party affiliation

have been enacted by 19 states and the District of Columbia.

Laws that automatically register residents to vote in elections

The percent of women in elected office is still far behind their percentage of the population

Look at the following chart about the percentage of legislators who are women, and then choose the statement that it best supports.

whistle-blowers.

Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses' or the government's improper activities are usually called

the social desirability effect (Respondents may state that they would support a woman candidate because they feel like that is the response the interviewer wants and because the interviewer is a woman when perhaps they do not truly hold that preference.)

Maria conducted an in-person pre-election survey about voter preferences in the Democratic primary. She found that nearly all respondents (98 percent) were open to supporting a woman candidate. However, in the anonymous follow-up survey that re-interviewed the respondents, only 80 percent responded that they would be open to supporting a woman candidate. What could be generating these different results?

he Court expanded privacy rights when it ruled that gay people are entitled to respect for their private lives.-Lawrence v. Texas The Court expanded privacy rights when it ruled that women have a right to seek an abortion.-Roe v. Wade The Court made it easier for government to seize private property for "public use," known as eminent domain, without violating the Fifth Amendment.-Kelo v. City of New London

Match each Supreme Court case to the opinion it rendered.

protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened - 8th amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures-4th amendment protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy)-5th amendment protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime-6th amendment

Match each amendment with its purpose. 8,4,6,5 amendment protects citizens from being tortured or excessively threatened protects against unreasonable searches and seizures protects citizens from being tried twice for the same alleged crime (double jeopardy) protects citizens by giving the right to receive counsel for defense of a crime

(traditional) -has existed since the founding of the country -includes voting (digital) -includes signing an online petition -becoming more popular over time

Match each example of political participation to whether it represents digital or traditional participation. includes voting includes signing an online petition becoming more popular over time has existed since the founding of the country

allowed states to retain sovereignty-Articles of Confederation sought to develop a unified national identity-Declaration of Independence limited the powers of the national government-Articles of Confederation emphasized importance of unalienable rights-Declaration of Independence

Match each feature to either the Articles of Confederation or the Declaration of Independence.

This group is much smaller than other minority groups and has lower turnout, but it is influential in states such as California where its population is much higher.Asian Americans This group consists of dependable voters (7 of 10 voters in 2016) who skew Republican but are heterogenous in preferences.Whites This is a large, growing bloc with uncertain attachment to a major political party.Latinos This group is politically engaged and offers strong support for the Democratic Party.African Americans

Match each group with the factor that makes it particularly influential in elections. -Asian Americans -Whites -Latinos -African Americans -This group is much smaller than other minority groups and has lower turnout, but it is influential in states such as California where its population is much higher. -This group consists of dependable voters (7 of 10 voters in 2016) who skew Republican but are heterogenous in preferences. -This is a large, growing bloc with uncertain attachment to a major political party. -This group is politically engaged and offers strong support for the Democratic Party.

Government interference in individuals' lives should be kept to a minimum. - Liberty All individuals should be allowed to seek personal and material success.- Equality of opportunity Every citizen should have the opportunity to take part in the government process.-Democracy

Match each political value to its definition.

approval required to enact laws - Both write revenue bills- House chosen for six-year terms-Senate only ratify treaties- Senate only approve presidential appointments - Senate Only more responsive to the public -House only

Match each task or characteristic to whether it is reserved for the Senate, the House of Representatives, or both chambers.

powers derived from the necessary and proper clause of the Constitution - Implied Powers specific powers granted by the Constitution to Congress and to the president - Expressed powers authority possessed by both state and national governments - Concurrent Powers power reserved to the state government to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens - Police Powers powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, that are not specifically delegated to the national government or denied to the states -Reserved Powers

Match each term to its correct definition.

1.political ideology 2.public opinion 3.attitudes

Match each term to its definition. 1.a cohesive set of beliefs that forms a general philosophy about the role of government 2.citizens' attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events 3.a specific preference on a particular issue

This system tends to occur in states with diverse ethnic or language groupings-Federal system A central government makes the most important decisions.-Unitary system Lower levels primarily implement central government decisions.-Unitary system A central government shares power with lower levels of government.-Federal system

Match each type of governmental system to its correct description.

the most open to new participants such as citizen journalists-Digital media broadest reach of all news sources-Broadcast media oldest form of media-Newspapers features the most interaction between audience and the press-Digital media

Match each type of media source to its relevant characteristics.

non battleground: Texas New York California Battleground: Ohio Pennsylvania Florida Wisconsin

Match the following states to their "battleground" status in presidential elections.

believed the Bill of Rights was unnecessary-Federalists Only argued that representatives must be "a true picture of the people-Antifederalists Only attacked the elastic (or necessary and proper) clause-Antifederalists Only wanted a limited government-Both Antifederalists and Federalists

Match the groups with their positions during the Constitutional Convention and ratification.

an instrument designed to shape the respondent's opinion-Push Poll large, complex sets of data requiring advanced analytical techniques to yield insights - Big Data a scientific instrument for measuring public opinion - Public opinion poll

Match the term to its definition. an instrument designed to shape the respondent's opinion large, complex sets of data requiring advanced analytical techniques to yield insights a scientific instrument for measuring public opinion

False (In times of national crises such as the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the Great Depression of the 1930s, and the financial crisis that began in 2008, the federal government tends to gain power and assert a stronger role.)

National crises tend to shift power away from the federal government.

The Excelsior Scholarship program would cause New Yorkers to have a more favorable view of "free college" public policies. (The policy feedback theory argues that citizens' experiences with public policies can shape opinion surrounding those programs.)

New York state enacted the Excelsior Scholarship program, which provides low- and middle-income families free college at New York public universities (i.e., SUNY and CUNY). According to the concept of policy feedback, what effect would the Excelsior Scholarship program have?

same-sex marriage (This is a high-profile issue that is relatively simple. In general, government responds to public opinion most often when the issue is both high profile and simple to understand. Government responses to special interests depend on the issue.)

On which of the following topics is the government most likely to respond to shifts in public opinion?

State Governments National Government

One benefit of the federal structure is that by allowing the _________ to do most of the governing, the Constitution saved the ______ from many policy decisions that might have proved too divisive for a large and young country.

True (Younger individuals and lower-income persons are less likely to be registered to vote because they tend to change residencies more often.)

One of the most common reasons that people do not turn out to vote in elections is that they are not registered.

Framing Framing Priming (The news media affect us in subtle, but important. By interpreting an issue in a particular way, the news media frame the issue, thus affecting the opinions people hold on it. By reporting on some issues or other criteria over others, the news media prime individuals to use criteria to evaluate candidates for political office.)

One way the news media affect the public is through___________ , which is the power of the media to influence how events or issues are interpreted and understood. Through _______________, the news media can influence the opinions that people form on a particular issue or policy. Another way the news media can shape politics is through ____________ which occurs when an issue or other criteria becomes important in evaluating political candidates as a result of news coverage.

Picture Black Lives Matter Climate change Health care costs Drug addiction Social Security

Order the issues from those exhibiting the largest partisan gap to those exhibiting the smallest partisan gap.

Dual Cooperative New

Order these eras of federalism by when they first started, from earliest to most recent.

libertarian conservative liberal socialist

Order these ideologies from those that call for the least amount of government involvement in the economy and society to those that call for the greatest amount of government involvement.

freedom of the press speech plus commercial speech fighting words

Order these types of speech from most protected to least protected.

False (The shift in population is actually the reverse; more Americans have left the Midwest and Northeast for the South and Southwest. This has led to major shifts in congressional representation with many states in the South or Southwest, like Texas, gaining seats in the U.S. House of Representatives.)

Over the past few decades, Americans have left the South and Southwest and moved to the Midwest and Northeast. As a consequence, the Midwest and Northeast have seen increased political representation in Congress.

Protected Speech A protester burns the Texas state flag. Inflammatory protesters picket at a military funeral. Unprotected Speech A newspaper publishes detailed U.S. military positions during wartime. A man made false statements on several occasions that a restaurant owner in his community committed tax fraud. (In Snyder v. Phelps, the Court ruled that protests in public are allowed, even when they are offensive. The Supreme Court has consistently held that expression is protected so long as it does not interfere with the rights of others or violate strictly constructed state security interests.)

Place the following examples of speech into the correct category.

Delegates gather at the Constitutional Convention. The Federalist Papers are published The Constitution is ratified by the states. The Bill of Rights is adopted.

Place these events surrounding the creation of the U.S. system of government in chronological order.

strict scrutiny intermediate scrutiny rational basis

Place these legal standards in order from the toughest to the most permissive.

-face-to-face contact with voters -direct mail or pamphlets -robocalls

Place these mobilization strategies in order from the most effective to the least effective. -face-to-face contact with voters -direct mail or pamphlets -robocalls

Utah North Carolina Texas Mississippi

Place these states in order from those with the most laws making voting easier for citizens to those with the fewest laws making voting easier for citizens.

constitutional authoritarian totalitarian

Place these types of governments in order from those with the most legal limits placed upon their power to those with the fewest. constitutional authoritarian totalitarian

Ordinary Decrease (Declining feelings of political efficacy are harmful for America's democracy because fewer people feel that they can participate effectively in government.)

Political efficacy is the idea that _______ citizens can influence the government and its policies. The number of Americans who have a sense of political efficacy has _________ over time.

True

State electoral rules such as voter ID laws and early voting have an influence on voter turnout in elections.

The supreme court ruled in favor of marital privacy in contraceptives use The supreme court expanded the right to privacy with regard to abortions The supreme court rules that LGBTQ persons have a right to privacy (In 2003, the Court reversed its earlier Bowers decision on the rights of gays. With the Lawrence v. Texas decision, the Court ruled that gay people have a right to privacy and that states cannot control their citizens' sexual conduct.The Supreme Court did not always support the right to privacy. The Court ultimately overturned some decisions and expanded privacy rights for certain groups of people.)

Put the items related to the evolution of the right to privacy in order from oldest to most recent.

-white males with property -black males -women -people aged 18-20

Put these groups in the order in which they received the right to vote from earliest to most recent. -white males with property -people aged 18-20 -black males -women

The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified. Plessy v. Ferguson is decided by the Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education is decided by the Supreme Court The Twenty-Fourth Amendment is ratified. The Voting Rights Act is passed.

Put these major moments from civil rights history in order from earliest to most recent.

-Presidential elections, -midterm elections -state and local elections

Rank the following elections by voter turnout levels, from highest participation rate to lowest.

More Less

Readers of online news from major traditional news organizations are _____ knowledgeable than average citizens. Those who get their political news mainly from highly partisan sources are ________ knowledgeable than average citizens.

-democratic, -less -favor

Recent research and opinion polls suggest that women tend to offer greater support to candidates from the _____ Party. Surveys suggest that women voters tend to support war _____ than male voters, and ______ stronger action from the government on social programs.

Correct Answer(s) young poorly educated Incorrect Answer(s) well educated middle-aged elderly

Registration requirements tend to reduce voting among which of the following groups? -young -poorly educated -well educated -middle-aged -elderly

more affluent and more educated citizens have a disproportionate influence over politics and public policy decisions.

Research into public opinion and public policy has shown that

(picture) Utah Michigan New York

Review the figure on background checks for gun purchases across America, and then answer the question. Order these states from those with the least-stringent gun control policy to those with the most-stringent gun control policy.

Same question

Same question

Correct Answer(s) partisanship a good friend's Facebook post supporting the tax cut Incorrect Answer(s) economic self-interest Congressional Budget Office's analysis

Sandy, who has little interest in politics, is completing a survey questionnaire about the Republican tax cuts. Which factors would likely influence her opinion on the policy?

news aggregator Do not (News aggregators play an important role in helping individuals discover stories they might have missed.)

Sites such as Google News and RealClearPolitics are considered ________, in that they mostly _______produce their own original content but instead compile news from other sources.

State laws banning same-sex marriage were overturned after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges.-supremacy clause A Virginia law recently passed that removes photo ID requirements for voting, expands absentee voting, and makes Election Day a state holiday.- tenth amendment Legislation has been sponsored in Congress to raise the minimum wage to $15.- elastic clause

State laws banning same-sex marriage were overturned after the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges.Press Space to openelastic clausesupremacy clauseTenth Amendment A Virginia law recently passed that removes photo ID requirements for voting, expands absentee voting, and makes Election Day a state holiday.Press Space to openelastic clausesupremacy clauseTenth Amendment Legislation has been sponsored in Congress to raise the minimum wage to $15.

False (In regulated federalism, the national government sets policy for the states, including national standards, conditional grants, and unfunded mandates; and the state governments then help pay for and administer those programs. In New Federalism, the national government provides funding in the form of block grants, revenue sharing, and devolution, while state governments have flexibility to make policy and administer programs.)

States prefer regulated federalism to block grants.

More Liberal States where conservative opinions are the majority tend to adopt more conservative laws, and states with more liberal public opinion adopt more liberal policies.

States with more conservative opinions tend to adopt ____________ conservative laws, and states with more ______________ public opinion adopt more liberal policies.

Picture Correct Answer(s) The percentage of White Americans has significantly declined as the population has gotten more diverse. Incorrect Answer(s) Native Americans and Asian Americans were equivalent in their proportions within the population in 2018. Asian Americans and Latino Americans represented the largest non-White groups in 2018. Black Americans have seen significant growth from 1900 to 2018.

Study the Who Are Americans? infographic, and then answer the question that follows. Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Picture Correct Answer(s) Those with post-graduate degrees were more likely to contact an elected official and attend a political rally compared to those with some college. People are more likely to have publicly expressed support for a political campaign on social media than to report having attended a political rally. Incorrect Answer(s) Individuals regardless of their education level are very active in politics. Those with a high school education or less are much more likely to report attending a political rally than publicly expressing support for a political campaign on social media.

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Identify the correct and incorrect statements about who participates in politics.

(picture) Correct Answer(s) The western states tend to provide greater access to abortion than the southern states. Mississippi has the most restrictive laws pertaining to abortion access, prohibiting abortion after 15 weeks. More liberal states like California and New York tend to have policies granting greater access to abortion compared to more conservative states like Arkansas or Mississippi. Incorrect Answer(s) Most states restrict abortions at 18 weeks. (According to the map, only Arkansas restricts abortions at 18 weeks.Although the Supreme Court case Roe v. Wade established a legal right to abortion based on the right to privacy, subsequent rulings have narrowed the right to abortion, and states can establish some restrictions, which produces the considerable variation shown in the infographic.)

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Identify the correct and incorrect statements.

Correct Answer(s) Moderates who lean liberal ideologically were the least likely to report discussing their political opinions a few times a week. More educated individuals were much more likely to say that they discussed their political opinions a few times a week. Incorrect Answer(s) The gap between Republicans and Democrats reporting that they discuss politics a few times a week is significantly greater than the gap between individuals with a high school education or less and those with a post-graduate degree. Republicans were significantly more likely to discuss their political opinions than Democrats (by a 20 percentage point margin).

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Identify the correct and incorrect statements about who discusses politics.

(Picture) Correct Answer(s) People are more likely to have publicly expressed support for a political campaign on social media than to report having attended a political rally. Those with post-graduate degrees were more likely to contact an elected official and attend a political rally compared to those with some college. Incorrect Answer(s) Those with a high school education or less are much more likely to report attending a political rally than publicly expressing support for a political campaign on social media. Individuals regardless of their education level are very active in politics.

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Identify the correct and incorrect statements about who participates in politics.

(picture) Most-least California New York Florida Texas South Carolina Mississippi (Mississippi has the least number of abortion clinics statewide—only the Jackson Women's Health Organization in Jackson, MS, performs abortions and does not perform them after 16 weeks. This makes access very difficult for residents far from the clinic and with less means to travel to the clinic.States vary considerably in the number of clinics that provide abortions, which is an important factor in women's access to abortions. Over the past decade, many states have passed targeted restrictions on abortion providers (TRAP) laws that place further restrictions on these clinics and in some cases have forced them to close permanently.)

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. Order these states from those with the most abortion clinics to those with the fewest abortion clinics.

Pictue True (The percentage of college students who are women started at 39 percent in 1960, stayed the same in 1970, and has increased every decade since.)

Study the Who Participates? infographic, and then answer the question. The percentage of college students who are women has stayed the same or increased every decade since the 1960s.

Picture Correct Answer(s) The formation of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1960 led to a wave of new protests. Increasing demonstrations and protests heightened public pressure for the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed many concerns related to public accommodations. Incorrect Answer(s) After the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, protests shifted to focusing on public accommodations. Most of the civil rights protests were about voting rights.

Study the graph presenting the occurrences of civil rights demonstrations. Which statements are supported by the graph?

There are multiple social media sources that individuals can use to get news.

Study the graphic, and then answer the following question.

Picture Correct Answer(s) The amount of money the federal government gives to states for education and transportation is close to the same. Healthcare is the largest category of federal grants to state and local governments. Incorrect Answer(s) Federal grants to local museums are dwarfing the rest of the budget.

Study the information presented in the Who Are Americans? infographic to answer the question that follows.Which of the following statements about federal grants to the states are accurate?

Picture Correct Answer(s) Americans are much more likely to vote than participate in politics in other ways. The older the American citizen, the more likely they are to vote. Incorrect Answer(s) Within the last five years, most Americans have attended some sort of local government meeting. Younger Americans are more likely than older Americans to attend local government meetings.

Study the information presented in the Who Participates? infographic and answer the question that follows about turnout. Which of the following statements about turnout are accurate?

Picture Seattle (Seattle has the highest turnout in municipal elections among these cities. It would be a fine city to study first.)

Study the information presented in the Who Participates? infographic and answer the question that follows about turnout. Suppose you were a member of a San Antonio group that wanted to promote voter registration and increase turnout in local elections. Based on the data presented in this chart, which city would you most likely study first if boosting turnout was your biggest concern?

Picture Correct Answer(s) In none of these cities does a majority of the voting-age population turn out for municipal elections. Incorrect Answer(s) Washington, D.C., has the highest turnout in municipal elections. The bigger the city, the higher the turnout.

Study the information presented in the Who Participates? infographic and answer the question that follows about turnout. Which of the following statements about turnout in major American cities are accurate?

True (Suffrage is also known as "franchise" as in "women were enfranchised by the Nineteenth Amendment.")

Suffrage is another name for the right to vote.

attitude; value

Support for an affirmative action policy that considers an applicant's race in university admissions is an example of a political ________, while a belief in equality of opportunity is an example of a political ________.

eminent domain Public Interest Just Compensation (The government must show a public interest or public purpose for seizing private property through its eminent domain powers. However, "public interest" is incredibly broad and vague. Although eminent domain powers are set out in the Constitution, they are incredibly controversial due to the vagueness of "public interest" and "just compensation" upon which these powers hinge)

Suppose that in order to build a border wall along the U.S.-Mexican border, the federal government sues a butterfly and wildlife sanctuary in South Texas in order to exercise its _______ powers. To prevail, the government must demonstrate that there is a _______to build the wall and provide _______to the owners of the property.

Picture when applying for a loan or mortgage when seeking medical treatment in store or restaurants in hirning,pay.protions (Although only 38 percent of White Americans feel Black Americans are treated differently when applying for a loan or mortgage, 74 percent of Black Americans feel they are. This represents a 36 percentage point gap)

Surveys have shown that White and Black Americans differ in how they perceive race relations. The following graph of survey data shows the percentage of people who think Black Americans are treated less fairly than Whites. Select each of the areas of the chart where there is more than a 30-percent gap between White and Black Americans.

A used car lot is seized for expansion of a highway.- 5th Amendment A state law requiring law enforcement officers to conduct a blood test of all drivers involved in a fatal motor vehicle accident was overturned. 4th Amendment The Supreme Court overturned the conviction of a Louisiana man serving a sentence of life in prison based on a nonunanimous jury decision. 6th Amendment

The Bill of Rights extends a wide array of protections to individuals. Match the relevant amendment(s) to the examples.

True (The Court has interpreted several parts of the Bill of Rights, such as the Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Ninth amendments, as constituting a basis for the right to privacy.)

The Constitution provides a basis for a right to privacy.

Opposed Supported House of Representative

The Constitutional Congress reached the Three-Fifths Compromise to decide how enslaved people would be counted toward congressional representation. Northerners _______ counting the enslaved as part of the population, whereas southerners _______ counting them. According to the compromise, five enslaved people would count as three free persons when calculating how many representatives each state received in the _______

online processing

The ________ model states that individuals keep a running tally of information and use that tally to form their opinions.

Virginia New Jersey Connecticut

The _______________ Plan pushed for representation based on population, whereas the ____________ Plan called for equal representation for all states. The Great Compromise, proposed by _________ split the difference between the two and saved the Constitutional Convention from dissolving.

Frist Establishment clause Free Exercise Clause (Although drawing the line with the free exercise clause at first seems simple, there are many gray areas.The Supreme Court has changed its interpretation of these clauses over time. The establishment and free exercise clauses are both found in the Constitution, whereas the strict scrutiny standard and the clear and present danger test arose out of Supreme Court decisions.)

The __________________ Amendment's ____________ is primarily concerned with Congress sponsoring or favoring a specific religion, whereas the ________________ has to do with Congress prohibiting or interfering with the practice of religion.

information literacy.

The ability to find and effectively evaluate information online is referred to as

Free Exercise Bolstered

The cases Holt v. Hobbs and Burwell v. Hobby Lobby Stores both addressed the ________ clause of the First Amendment, and in both circumstances, the Court _______ protection from religious discrimination.

geographic sorting.

The fact that liberals choose to live in neighborhoods, cities, counties, and states that are more liberal while conservatives move to areas with populations with more conservative views is called

importance of political knowledge

The fact that many middle-class and lower-middle-class citizens who did not stand to benefit from President George W. Bush's tax cuts seemed to favor them is an example of the

the digital divide.

The fact that only 63% of high school graduates have broadband internet access at home, while almost 90% of college graduates do, is an example of

broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

The fairness doctrine required that

Correct Answer(s) The federal government occasionally overrides state and local laws that are inconsistent with federal policies. The federal government sets national standards to which the states must adhere. The federal government uses grants-in-aid to reward states that enact policy in a manner consistent with congressional goals. Incorrect Answer(s) The federal government removes governors from office if they fail to enforce federal priorities.

The federal government often works to limit state-to-state variation in how policies are enacted. How does the federal government encourage policy standardization between states?

it undermines popular control of government (If Americans lack political knowledge, they are less capable of holding elected officials accountable.)

What is a consequence of Americans' lack of political knowledge?

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act creates the Congressional Oversight Commission to oversee the Treasury Department's implementation of the loan fund for small businesses-legislative branch checking the executive branch The Supreme Court ruled that Article II of the Constitution does not provide immunity for President Trump who seeks to enjoin enforcement of a subpoena for his business and financial records by the Manhattan District Attorney-judicial branch checking the executive branch The mandatory Medicaid expansion provision of the Affordable Care Act was ruled unconstitutional-judicial branch checking the legislative branch

The framers set up a system of checks and balances to limit the power of the national government. Which institutional checks and balances are exhibited with these examples?

health food company claims the use of its product prevents coronavirus infections. (The prohibition of false and misleading advertising by the Federal Trade Commission is a well-established power of the federal government)

The government tends to restrict little in the "marketplace of ideas," but which of these would likely be a restricted form of speech?

The hand of the people (Ultimately, politicians in the United States are accountable to the people.In a democracy, political power ultimately comes from the people. The Constitution is a guiding document to the government, but the government's authority comes from the people.)

The idea of popular sovereignty means that political authority ultimately rests in

False (The elastic clause and supremacy clause grant powers to the national government beyond those expressly outlined in the Constitution, and this often becomes a source of conflict that must be resolved by the judiciary.)

The inclusion of expressed powers in the U.S. Constitution resolves any ambiguity in the powers of the three branches of government.

protests First Amendment.

The release of a video of a Minneapolis officer kneeling on the neck of George Floyd as he said "I can't breathe" before dying led to nationwide (then worldwide) _________ demanding racial justice and accountability of law enforcement. This form of political action is protected by the _________

beliefs and attitudes toward different issues, events, and people.

The term "public opinion" is used to describe

Picture When public opinion changes, it tends to move slowly. (Public opinion is not volatile; rather, changes in opinion take time to develop.)

These graphs of survey data measure the stability and change in American public opinion. Study the graphs closely, and then answer the question. Based on the graph, which statement about public opinion is correct?

Categorical (These restrictions make categorical grants a good tool for federal control.)

This type of grant from the federal government to states and localities comes with a condition that the expenditure be limited to a specific problem.

Correct Answer(s) register to vote Incorrect Answer(s) pay a poll tax pass a literacy test declare one's partisanship

To vote in U.S. elections, one must first meet which of the following requirements? register to vote pay a poll tax pass a literacy test declare one's partisanship

Supported the Taxes or Indifferent royalists Opposed the Taxes small farmers southern planters New England merchants shopkeepers, artisans, and town workers

Upon the adoption of the Stamp and Sugar Acts, which sectors of society opposed the taxes and which supported or were indifferent towards the taxes?

-Decrease -African Americans -Low

Voter ID laws tend to __________ voter turnout, especially among ___________ and __________ -income individuals.

False

Voter fraud in U.S. elections is widespread and difficult to prosecute.

Educated More More (Education and political knowledge is positively correlated with political activity, which in turn leads elected officials to pay more attention to the preferences of the most active citizens)

Voters who are more ______ are generally _______ knowledgeable about politics and are ________ likely to have government policy reflect their economic interests.

Correct Answer(s) Congress made it illegal for southern states to force African Americans to use separate public facilities. Intense, well-organized support in the form of protests, boycotts, and other direct-action campaigns helped expand civil rights. NAACP lawyers won several important court cases. Incorrect Answer(s) The Supreme Court made its famous ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

What contributed to the expansion of civil rights for African Americans after World War II?

The Constitution establishes a framework for making laws. (The Constitution enables legislation to be enacted but does not determine what that legislation will be.)

What does the concept of the Constitution as a "higher law" imply?

Correct Answer(s) to shape the respondent's perception of the candidate or issue in question Incorrect Answer(s) to collect as much public-opinion data as quickly as possible to distinguish between people giving true responses and socially desirable responses to correct an error in a simple random sample that did not have enough respondents in it

What is the goal of a push poll?

education level

What is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes?

It protects the confidentiality of journalists source (Freedom of the press is an important part of freedom of speech. Journalists argue that in order to ensure that freedom, they must be able to protect their sources from the government or other reprisal.)

What is the purpose of a "shield law"?

The process by which large numbers of people are organized for a political activity

What of the following is the best definition of mobilization?

protection from double jeopardy protection from self-incrimination the right to a grand jury Incorrect Answer(s) the right to a trial by jury in civil cases the protection from unreasonable search and seizure (The right to have the evidence reviewed by a jury to see if a trial is warranted is an important element to federal criminal cases.)

What protections are guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment?

Correct Answer(s) access to emergency medical care access to K-12 education Incorrect Answer(s) pathway to citizenship receiving Social Security

What services and protections does the United States provide to unauthorized immigrants?

Correct Answer(s) the ratification of the Bill of Rights Incorrect Answer(s) the appointment of senators the limitation of the supremacy clause the creation of the Supreme Court

What successes did the Antifederalists have in influencing the Constitution?

The best way to appeal to a large audience is to produce a standardized, neutral news product. (By offering a neutral viewpoint, journalists appealed to audiences of both parties. This allowed news organizations to maximize their profit.)

What was most responsible for the development of professionalized journalists and the norm of "objectivity" in newspapers?

They published the Federalist Papers. (The Federalist Papers were a collection of 85 essays written by several prominent Federalists. The essays sought to dispel the notion that a strong national government would be harmful for the country.)

What was one way the Federalists cultivated support for the Constitution?

The United States wanted to maintain the support of a wartime ally. (China had been a critical ally of the Allies in the fight against Japan in World War II, and repealing the Exclusion Act helped make sure China supported American wartime efforts.The repeal of the Exclusion Act was not an attempt to rectify a decades long practice of discrimination, but was rather a strategic)

What was the main motivation behind the American government's decision to repeal the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Correct Answer(s) It held that a woman's right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy. It prohibited states from making abortion a criminal act prior to the point when a fetus becomes viable. Incorrect Answer(s) It prevents states from imposing any abortion restrictions due to the supremacy clause. It mandated public funding to assist low-income women seeking abortions.

What was the outcome of Roe v. Wade?

Correct Answer(s) limits on the power of government how to prevent tyranny how much representation the people should have in government Incorrect Answer(s) how to amend the Constitution

What were some of the major points of disagreement during ratification of the Constitution?

Correct Answer(s) Shays's Rebellion demonstrated that the national government was too weak to respond to a crisis, which led to the Philadelphia Convention. Shays's Rebellion encouraged Congress to adopt the Annapolis resolution and commit to revising the Articles of Confederation in Philadelphia. Incorrect Answer(s) Shays's Rebellion highlighted the centrality of the slavery issue. Shays demanded that the convention adopt the Great Compromise or he would dissolve the convention. The government's ability to end Shays's Rebellion quickly proved the Articles of Confederation were working well.

What were the effects of Shays's Rebellion in the lead up to the Constitutional Convention?

Correct Answer(s) Actual policies show little relationship to the preferences of the poor and middle class. Actual policies reflect the preferences of the affluent. Incorrect Answer(s) Actual policies reflect the preferences of the poor and middle class. Actual policies show little relationship to the preferences of the affluent.

When Americans with different income levels differ in policy preferences, which of the following statements are correct regarding actual policy outcomes?

How the media frame the bill

When politicians fight over calling a bill "health care reform" or "health care rationing," what are they trying to shape?

When a candidate exceeds the medias expectations (In 2020, Joe Biden outperformed expectations in the early South Carolina primary, which led to more favorable coverage by the media.)

When running for office, when is a political candidate most likely to benefit from the media's agenda-setting role?

Liberty Equality (Equality typically means that government helps achieve an equality of opportunity for all people to reach their fullest potential.The goals of equality and liberty typically contradict one another, as achieving the goals of equality typically requires limiting others' liberty.)

Whereas ________ limits the role of government, _________ implies an obligation of the government to the people.

picture Growing Proportion of the U.S. Population 65+ 45-64 Declining Proportion of the U.S. Population 20-44 0-19

Which age groups experienced growth in their percentage of the U.S. population from 1900 to 2018, and which experienced a decline?

14th Amendment (The Fourteenth Amendment is important for both civil rights and civil liberties. The due process clause specifically lays the legal framework that requires federal government intervention to prevent discrimination.)

Which amendment provides the most substantial grounding for modern civil rights legislation?

Correct Answer(s) Fifth Ninth Fourth Third Incorrect Answer(s) Sixth Second

Which amendments, according to Supreme Court arguments, have elements of the right to privacy?

Griswold v. Connecticut (Griswold v. Connecticut established a right to privacy as a constitutional protection.)

Which case formally established the right to privacy?

West Virginia State Board of education v. Barnette (In this 1943 ruling, the Supreme Court reversed an earlier ruling that allowed schools to expel students for refusing to salute and pledge allegiance to the American flag. The Court endorsed the free exercise of religion, even when it may be offensive to the beliefs of the majority.)

Which case, involving a refusal to stand for the Pledge of Allegiance, established the precedent for the free exercise clause?

Correct Answer(s) The Lincoln Project, a campaign group made up of many conservative Republicans, launched a series of ads criticizing President Trump's performance in office. Although all candidates for the 2020 Democratic president nomination viewed health care as a right, some (including Bernie Sanders) supported Medicare-for-All, and others (including Joe Biden) supported keeping and improving the framework created by the Affordable Care Act. Republican attempts to repeal and replace "Obamacare" were thwarted when Republican Senator John McCain voted against it. Incorrect Answer(s) Opinion differences between Democratic and Republican partisans are greater today than during any other period for which data are available, spanning immigration, energy, income inequality, climate change, environment, national defense, budget deficits, and taxes.

Which examples show individual differences within a political party?

Correct Answer(s) The Lincoln Project, a campaign group made up of many conservative Republicans, launched a series of ads criticizing President Trump's performance in office. Republican attempts to repeal and replace "Obamacare" were thwarted when Republican Senator John McCain voted against it. Although all candidates for the 2020 Democratic president nomination viewed health care as a right, some (including Bernie Sanders) supported Medicare-for-All, and others (including Joe Biden) supported keeping and improving the framework created by the Affordable Care Act. Incorrect Answer(s) Opinion differences between Democratic and Republican partisans are greater today than during any other period for which data are available, spanning immigration, energy, income inequality, climate change, environment, national defense, budget deficits, and taxes.

Which examples show individual differences within a political party?

More Likely to Participate higher levels of education knowledgeable about the issues belief that government cares about citizens' opinions readily available internet access Less Likely to Participate lack of political efficacy

Which factors influence whether an individual is likely to participate in politics?

voting in a general election (Nearly 80 percent of respondents reported voting, though real turnout is less than this.)

Which form of political participation is most common in the United States?

-monitor the government and politicians for wrongdoing -inform the public about current political issues -provide a forum for politicians to debate policies

Which functions do the media serve in a democracy?

Correct Answer(s) low income disabled African Americans Incorrect Answer(s) evangelicals White

Which groups are most deterred from voting by voter ID laws? low income disabled African Americans evangelicals White

Picture More Than 10 Percent of the Population Black Latino White Less Than 10 Percent of the Population Asian

Which groups, as of 2018, make up more than 10 percent of the American population?

Correct Answer(s) It listed grievances against England. People have certain rights that government cannot take away. Incorrect Answer(s) Monarchy is the only legitimate form of government. The Articles of Confederation protected the rights of the people.

Which ideas are found in the Declaration of Independence?

Correct Answer(s) establishment clause free exercise clause Lemon test Incorrect Answer(s) clear and present danger test "godless government" standard

Which of the following terms are associated with freedom of religion?

High Socioeconomic Status -a high-income physician with a medical degree -a high-income investment banker with an MBA (master of business administration) Low Socioeconomic Status -a low-income person with a high school education -a person just above the poverty level with some high school education

Which individuals would be considered high socioeconomic status (SES) and which would be considered low socioeconomic status? -a high-income physician with a medical degree -a high-income investment banker with an MBA (master of business administration) -a low-income person with a high school education -a person just above the poverty level with some high school education

Ohio passed a law banning abortions after a fetus becomes viable, and the American Civil Liberties Union is suing to overturn the law. Which branch settles disputes between state and federal laws?- Judicial branch U.S. District Judge Samuel Kent was convicted of multiple counts of sexual abuse, which led to his impeachment. Which branch impeaches? - Legislative branch U.S. Steel reported a spill of toxic chemicals near Lake Michigan. Which branch is responsible for the enforcement of laws such as the Clean Water Act? Executive branch

Which institution has the authority to act in each context?

Correct Answer(s) Second Amendment First Amendment Eighth Amendment Incorrect Answer(s) Tenth Amendment Seventh Amendment (The Seventh Amendment establishes the right to trial by jury in particular civil cases. It has not yet been applied to the states. The Supreme Court has decided over time that some, but not all, amendments can be applied to both the state and the federal governments. This is referred to as selective incorporation.)

Which of the following amendments have been selectively incorporated to the states using the Fourteenth Amendment?

-Diversity -Depth -Convenience -Currency -Cost

Which of the following are advantages to online news?

-Individuals expressing less popular viewpoints may find it difficult to get media exposure. -A smaller number of companies control the media's agenda setting power.

Which of the following are consequences of the current increase in media monopolies?

Proper Exercise of Reserved Powers The state of Iowa alters its regulations on groundwater pollution from fertilizer. The state of California requires lawyers to obtain particular credentials before they can practice law. Improper Exercise of Reserved Powers The state of Alaska decides to leave the United States because it disagrees with a federal law. The state of Florida creates its own currency. The state of Texas signs a treaty with Mexico regulating immigration.

Which of the following are examples of states properly exercising their reserved powers?

correct Answer(s) A lack of trust could endanger tax revenue. Trust is important to attract talented people to work the government. A mistrusted government can do little to work with its citizens. Incorrect Answer(s) Political dissent is only likely with a lack of trust. Citizens who trust the government are less likely to be politically involved. (If citizens do not trust the government, they are less likely to come to it for assistance or accept offers of aid.)

Which of the following are reasons it is important for Americans to trust their government?

Correct Answer(s) A mistrusted government can do little to work with its citizens. Trust is important to attract talented people to work the government. A lack of trust could endanger tax revenue. Incorrect Answer(s) Political dissent is only likely with a lack of trust. Citizens who trust the government are less likely to be politically involved.

Which of the following are reasons it is important for Americans to trust their government? A mistrusted government can do little to work with its citizens. Trust is important to attract talented people to work the government. A lack of trust could endanger tax revenue. Political dissent is only likely with a lack of trust. Citizens who trust the government are less likely to be politically involved.

the best way to appeal to a large audience is to produce a standardized, neutral news product

Which of the following was most responsible for the development of professionalized journalists and the norm of "objectivity" in newspapers?

Correct Answer(s) -More people vote in presidential elections than in midterm elections. -Turnout rates from 2012 on were generally comparable to presidential turnout rates in the 1920s. -Turnout dropped during the 1960s and 1970s. Incorrect Answer(s) -More people vote in midterm elections than in presidential elections. -Turnout rates from 2012 on were generally comparable to presidential turnout rates in the 1890s. -Turnout dropped during the 1940s and 1950s. -Turnout for midterm elections and presidential elections is about the same.

Which of the following characterizations of turnout trends are correct? -More people vote in presidential elections than in midterm elections. -Turnout rates from 2012 on were generally comparable to presidential turnout rates in the 1920s. -Turnout dropped during the 1960s and 1970s. -More people vote in midterm elections than in presidential elections. -Turnout rates from 2012 on were generally comparable to presidential turnout rates in the 1890s. -Turnout dropped during the 1940s and 1950s. -Turnout for midterm elections and presidential elections is about the same.

There are clear economic and racial inequalities in access to digital information

Which of the following is a primary limitation on digital participation

The federal government raises accessibility standards for the disabled. Any state with less stringent standards than the federal minimum must raise them. (In this case, the federal government set a minimum standard that all states must meet. States can have differing accessibility standards as long as they are equal to or higher than the one set by the federal government.)

Which of the following is an example of preemption?

television

Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans?

Correct Answer(s) The colonists convened the First Continental Congress. Britain restricted westward expansion in the colonies. Incorrect Answer(s) Americans became even more hesitant to challenge British rule. America immediately declared independence from Britain.

Which of the following resulted from the Boston Tea Party?

Correct Answer(s) right of habeas corpus right to trial by jury in the state where a crime was committed Incorrect Answer(s) right to protection against unreasonable searches right to petition the government (This right can be found in the First Amendment .Rights aren't found solely in the Bill of Rights; they can be found throughout the text of the Constitution. A familiarity with both texts is necessary to understand fully the protections afforded to citizens.)

Which of the following rights appeared in the original text of the Constitution, before the addition of the Bill of Rights?

Correct Answer(s) The percentage of Americans identifying as Protestant has declined substantially since 1900. There has been a sizable increase in the number of Americans identifying as belonging to no organized religion. Incorrect Answer(s) The percentage of Americans identifying as Jewish has increased substantially since 1900. Americans identifying as Muslims now outnumber Catholic Americans. (Although the number of Muslim Americans has increased, Catholic Americans still outnumber Muslim Americans.)

Which of the following statements about religion in America are correct?

Correct Answer(s) Native Americans can be taught in their own languages. Native American reservations are not subject to state laws prohibiting gambling. Incorrect Answer(s) The federal government has recognized Native American sovereignty but still does not consider Native Americans to be full citizens. Native Americans have the right to form their own state.

Which of the following statements about the civil rights of Native Americans are correct?

Youth voter turnout is much lower in midterm congressional elections than in presidential elections.

Which of the following statements about voter participation among young people is most accurate?

correct Answer(s) Party polarization decreases the impact of other information on public opinion. Party endorsements have a larger impact on opinion formation than they used to. Incorrect Answer(s) The political parties are now sending inconsistent policy cues more than they used to. People tend to ignore the parties more now than they used to because they are so extreme.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the effect of party polarization on public opinion?

Although completely objective reporting is unattainable because people inevitably have biases that shape their understanding of events, journalists attempt to be objective by reporting both sides of a story.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the traditional news media's relationship to objectivity?

Social media tend to be a secondary news source after television for most Americans but a primary news source for the young.

Which of the following statements best describes where younger and older Americans get their news?

SDR increases turnout, particularly among the young and less educated. (SDR boosts turnout by those groups typically affected by longer registration requirements.)

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the effect that same-day registration (SDR) has on turnout?

Correct Answer(s) The Supreme Court often must intervene to resolve balance-of-power issues between the states and the federal government. Conservatives are willing to increase federal power, just as liberals are willing to expand state autonomy. Incorrect Answer(s) The federal government is now free to impose "all-or-nothing" conditions on the states. Fearing preemption, state and local governments tend to adopt a "wait and see" attitude before the federal government acts.

Which of the following statements on the balance between state and federal power today are accurate?

Correct Answer(s) Young voters are more likely to use social media for political participation. Digital participation has made political participation easier. Political participation digitally is likely to increase offline participation. Incorrect Answer(s) Digital participation is less common than most forms of traditional participation.

Which of the following statements regarding digital participation are correct?

Correct Answer(s) Voters are more interested in competitive elections. Voters know about the candidates in competitive elections. Incorrect Answer(s) There are no competitive elections in the United States any more. States create more polling places during competitive elections.

Which of the following statements tend to explain why turnout is higher in competitive elections? -Voters are more interested in competitive elections. -Voters know about the candidates in competitive elections. -There are no competitive elections in the United States any more. -States create more polling places during competitive elections.

Correct Answer(s) Hamilton argued that a bill of rights would be irrelevant because the national government had only delegated powers. Hamilton argued that the Constitution already contained provisions that amounted to a bill of rights. Incorrect Answer(s) Hamilton argued that the Constitution would not be able to be ratified with a bill of rights. Hamilton argued that a bill of rights was a necessary limit on the federal government and that the Constitution should not be ratified without one.

Which of the following were among Alexander Hamilton's arguments concerning the Bill of Rights?

Correct Answer(s) The U.S. government could not enforce treaties. The U.S. government had no power to intervene when radical factions began influencing some state governments. Incorrect Answer(s) The national government failed to organize westward expansion. Foreign commerce suffered because the national government had too many restrictive policies.

Which of the following were shortcomings of the Articles of Confederation?

correct Answer(s) gathering signatures for a candidate or policy initiative to appear on the ballot contacting your representative about an issue that is important to you protesting the government's involvement in a military conflict that you oppose Incorrect Answer(s) sharing a meme on Twitter (Protests are an important form of expressing discontent with government's actions.)

Which of these actions would constitute citizenship, according to the definition posed by the ancient Greeks?

Correct Answer(s) -Female voters are generally increasing in their support of Democratic candidates. -White male voters are generally increasing in their support of Republican candidates. Incorrect Answer(s) -Women register to vote at a lower rate and have lower turnout in elections. -A majority of White female voters (53 percent) supported Donald Trump in 2016. -Female voters nearly always support female candidates, and male voters nearly always support male candidates over female candidates.

Which of these factors contribute to the gender gap in elections? -Female voters are generally increasing in their support of Democratic candidates. -White male voters are generally increasing in their support of Republican candidates. -Women register to vote at a lower rate and have lower turnout in elections. -A majority of White female voters (53 percent) supported Donald Trump in 2016. -Female voters nearly always support female candidates, and male voters nearly always support male candidates over female candidates.

Correct Answer(s) -Female voters are generally increasing in their support of Democratic candidates. -White male voters are generally increasing in their support of Republican candidates. Incorrect Answer(s) -A majority of White female voters (53 percent) supported Donald Trump in 2016. -Women register to vote at a lower rate and have lower turnout in elections. -Female voters nearly always support female candidates, and male voters nearly always support male candidates over female candidates.

Which of these factors contribute to the gender gap in elections? -A majority of White female voters (53 percent) supported Donald Trump in 2016. -Women register to vote at a lower rate and have lower turnout in elections. -Female voters nearly always support female candidates, and male voters nearly always support male candidates over female candidates. -Female voters are generally increasing in their support of Democratic candidates. -White male voters are generally increasing in their support of Republican candidates.

interest groups the media government officials political parties

Which of these individuals, groups, or organizations contribute to the marketplace of ideas?

Correct Answer(s) -Registration requirements produce an electorate that is better educated, more affluent, older, and whiter. -The lack of being registered deters many potential voters from casting a ballot. Incorrect Answer(s) -In the United States, people are automatically registered to vote upon turning 18 years old. -Nearly all states have moved to automatic registration or same-day registration, so there are few barriers for individuals to vote.

Which of these statements about voter registration is true? -Registration requirements produce an electorate that is better educated, more affluent, older, and whiter. -The lack of being registered deters many potential voters from casting a ballot. -In the United States, people are automatically registered to vote upon turning 18 years old. -Nearly all states have moved to automatic registration or same-day registration, so there are few barriers for individuals to vote.

Correct Answer(s) -Registration requirements produce an electorate that is better educated, more affluent, older, and whiter. -The lack of being registered deters many potential voters from casting a ballot. Incorrect Answer(s) -Nearly all states have moved to automatic registration or same-day registration, so there are few barriers for individuals to vote. -In the United States, people are automatically registered to vote upon turning 18 years old.

Which of these statements about voter registration is true? Registration requirements produce an electorate that is better educated, more affluent, older, and whiter. The lack of being registered deters many potential voters from casting a ballot. Nearly all states have moved to automatic registration or same-day registration, so there are few barriers for individuals to vote. In the United States, people are automatically registered to vote upon turning 18 years old.

Correct Answer(s) Most persons of African descent were not deemed U.S. citizens until 1868. A 1790 law stated that only free Whites could become naturalized U.S. citizens. Native Americans were not officially considered U.S. citizens until 1924. Incorrect Answer(s) Since the early 1900s, Asians have had no restrictions or barriers to entering the United States and becoming citizens. (Although the Fourteenth Amendment granted citizenship to any persons born in the United States, the amendment had been interpreted to exclude Native Americans. The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full U.S. citizenship to the indigenous peoples of the United States. Questions concerning who is legally permitted to come to the United States and who are citizens have raged on for nearly two centuries and remain fiercely debated issues during elections.)

Which of these statements regarding citizenship are correct? Most persons of African descent were not deemed U.S. citizens until 1868. A 1790 law stated that only free Whites could become naturalized U.S. citizens. Native Americans were not officially considered U.S. citizens until 1924. Since the early 1900s, Asians have had no restrictions or barriers to entering the United States and becoming citizens.

Correct Answer(s) the necessary and proper clause the commerce clause Incorrect Answer(s) the Tenth Amendment

Which parts of the Constitution led the Supreme Court to support the expansion of national power after 1937?

Candidate Patterson's Platform (liberal) opposes corporate tax cuts supports stricter environmental protections wants universal health care through improving the Affordable Care Act Candidate Gonzalez's Platform (conservative) opposes business regulation supports tax cuts supports banning abortions Candidate Johnson's Platform (socialist) supports the rights of workers to organize and form unions supports universal basic income (UBI) wants a single-payer health care system Candidate Smith's Platform (libertarian) opposes the Green New Deal and other climate change measures supports the legalization of marijuana supports access to safe, legal abortions libertarian (Conservatives want fewer regulations on business and tax cuts, but they also support greater government regulation of abortion and controlled substances. Candidate Patterson generally supports more government involvement but through reforms of the existing framework (e.g., reforming the Affordable Care Act rather than upending it Socialists are the furthest "left" of the ideologies on this list. Libertarians support limited government involvement in economic and social issues.).

Which political ideology describes each candidate?

Correct Answer(s) placing GPS trackers on cars searching and seizing a cell phone during an arrest Incorrect Answer(s) requiring mandatory drug testing collecting DNA from arrestees

Which practices have the courts considered unacceptable, as they violated Fourth Amendment protections?

South

Which region has the most states that require voters to have photo IDs?

Correct Answer(s) judicial review the right to privacy Miranda rights Incorrect Answer(s) the right to a speedy trial

Which rights are not explicitly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution but derived by the Supreme Court's interpretation of the Constitution?

Wealth inequality has grown over the past 40 years.

Which statement about socioeconomic status in the United States is true?

The Court did not deal with many such cases until the twenty-first century. (The Court heard only four cases related to the Second Amendment before 2007.)

Which statement about the Supreme Court's approach to dealing with gun rights over time is accurate?

It is similar to Hispanic turnout.

Which statement best characterizes Asian American voter turnout in the United States?

Competing forces try to persuade as many people as possible, and few people resist modification of their beliefs. (The constant exposure to various forces trying to get their definition of an issue adopted influences nearly everyone.)

Which statement correctly describes the effect that the marketplace of ideas has on opinion formation?

All citizens should have the same opportunity to succeed.-more supportive Women should have the same rights as men.-more supportive All citizens should have the opportunity to vote.-more supportive The government should help improve the position of Black Americans.-less supportive

Which statements about equality do Americans support more, and which do they support less? more supportive less supportive All citizens should have the same opportunity to succeed.Press Space to openmore supportiveless supportive Women should have the same rights as men.Press Space to openmore supportiveless supportive All citizens should have the opportunity to vote.Press Space to openmore supportiveless supportive The government should help improve the position of Black Americans.

Correct Answer(s) Support for the British among some Bostonians increased. Prominent Bostonians defended the soldiers who participated. Incorrect Answer(s) Bostonians abandoned their radical efforts to oppose British authority. Bostonians raided tea-carrying ships in Boston Harbor.

Which statements about the colonist response to the Boston Massacre are accurate?

Correct Answer(s) Many of the delegates were concerned with the protection of property. The convention was primarily organized by merchants and large planters. Incorrect Answer(s) The delegates were not interested in fundamentally changing the structure of government. The delegates were only interested in personal financial gain.

Which statements accurately describe the Constitutional Convention of 1787?

Correct Answer(s) Most voters are generally poorly informed about politics. Most voters are relatively informed about an issue that matters to them. Incorrect Answer(s) Most voters are generally poorly informed about an issue that matters to them. Most voters are relatively informed about politics.

Which statements are correct regarding political knowledge?

Correct Answer(s) -White evangelicals have been an important source of support for Republicans. -The Black church had a very important role in the civil rights movement and has had a continually important influence in mobilizing Black voters. Incorrect Answer(s) -Atheist voters tend to support Republican candidates. -Jewish voters tend to support the Republican Party.

Which statements on how religion has influenced American politics are accurate? -White evangelicals have been an important source of support for Republicans. -The Black church had a very important role in the civil rights movement and has had a continually important influence in mobilizing Black voters. -Atheist voters tend to support Republican candidates. -Jewish voters tend to support the Republican Party.

Correct Answer(s) The Congressional Budget Office must assess the cost of any particularly expensive unfunded mandates. Congress is required to find funding for unfunded mandates that exceed the maximum amount set by the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act. Incorrect Answer(s) Congress allows states not to comply with mandates that do not come with adequate funding. States are allowed to preempt federal laws for which the states have no funding.

Which steps has the government taken to reduce the burden of unfunded mandates?

citizen journalism.

Which term describes news reported and distributed by ordinary people, rather than professional journalists?

Correct Answer(s) The wealthy are more likely to contribute money to campaigns. The wealthy vote at higher rates. Incorrect Answer(s) The poor typically vote at higher rates but are more prone to single-issue voting. The wealthy generally have better policy ideas and are better able to articulate these ideas to government officials.

Why are Republican and Democratic politicians more likely to respond to the wealthy?

Correct Answer(s) They may directly incite damaging action. They do not contribute to the marketplace of ideas. Incorrect Answer(s) They violate Title IX of the Higher Education Act. They are considered obscene. (There is no substantial public interest in the use of insulting words, and thus they may be restricted)

Why are fighting words an "unprotected" form of speech?

Correct Answer(s) to help pay for the wars started by the American colonists to reduce the size of the British government's debt Incorrect Answer(s) to punish the colonists for agitating for independence to compensate for the establishment of American representatives in the British Parliament

Why did the British government impose taxes on the American colonies?

He feared that consolidating power into the hands of one branch could infringe upon individual liberties. (The consolidation of power into the hands of one person or institution, he believed, could lead to tyrannical control.Montesquieu recommended dividing executive, legislative, and judicial powers across different institutions, arguing that this arrangement worked well in the Roman Republic and in Britain.)

Why did the philosopher Baron de Montesquieu believe in the separation of powers among various branches of government?

Correct Answer(s) -Younger individuals tend to have lower levels of interest in politics. -Campaign ads rarely target younger voters. -Older voters are better organized to participate. Incorrect Answer(s) -Young people are legally barred from voting. -Young people generally do not identify with a political party.

Why do younger people vote less often than older people? -Younger individuals tend to have lower levels of interest in politics. -Campaign ads rarely target younger voters. -Older voters are better organized to participate. -Young people are legally barred from voting. -Young people generally do not identify with a political party.

Correct Answer(s) A public policy might serve as a moral or ethical cue that shapes attitudes. Citizens' experience with the programs or policies exposes them to new ideas, which can change opinion. Seeing the policies in action and whether or not the policies were successful can influence public opinion about the policies. Incorrect Answer(s) Elected officials are always effective at touting the benefits of the policy, which leads to the public's approval of it.

Why might public policies shape public opinion?

Turnout among younger Americans (age 18-29) is very low.

Younger Americans tend to be much more concerned than older people about economic inequality, student debt, and stronger environmental regulations. However, these issues are not often the highest priorities of elected officials who pass laws to deal with these concerns. Which of the following helps explain why that is?

-Agenda-setting -framing

________ is the power the media has to shape what issues Americans think about, and ________ is the power the media has to influence how Americans think about those issues.

Political ideology Liberals Conservatives

______________ refers to a set of beliefs or values that forms a general philosophy toward government. For instance, ___________ tend to support expanding federal social service and health care programs, whereas _____________ tend to prefer more individual freedom and less government involvement in the economy

broadcast media

broadest reach of all news sources

same question

same question

Correct Answer(s) -Given the rising incarceration rate over the past few decades, felony disenfranchisement has taken away the voting rights of over 5 million people. -Due to racial bias in charges and sentencing in the criminal justice system, Black Americans are disproportionately affected by felony voting restrictions. Incorrect Answer(s) -White women are disproportionately affected by felony voting restrictions compared to Latinos and African American men. -Felony disenfranchisement provides a partisan advantage to Democrats.

which statements about the effects of felony disenfranchisement laws are true? -Given the rising incarceration rate over the past few decades, felony disenfranchisement has taken away the voting rights of over 5 million people. -Due to racial bias in charges and sentencing in the criminal justice system, Black Americans are disproportionately affected by felony voting restrictions. -White women are disproportionately affected by felony voting restrictions compared to Latinos and African American men. -Felony disenfranchisement provides a partisan advantage to Democrats.