Midterm Biology Review

oxidative decarboxylation

(taking away carbon) occurs during the link reaction

What is a difference between a cell in the G1 phase and a cell in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?

A cell in the G2 phase has more mitochondria than a cell in the G1 phase.

What is essential for diffusion?

A concentration gradient.

Which statement about carbohydrates is correct?

Carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen in animals.

Which of the following is false about cyclins?

Cyclin-dependent kinases are activated by cyclins throughout the cell.

S phase

DNA is replicated

What is the main role of ATP in the action of a Sodium-Potassium pump?

Donates a phosphate group to the pump.

When water evaporates (which involves breaking of hydrogen bonds), it removes energy from its surroundings in a fashion that renders water an:

Excellent coolant.

What type of bond exists between water molecules?

Hydrogen Bonds

What can reduce the effect of competitive inhibition of an enzyme?

Increasing the substrate concentration

Which of the following describes an allosteric site?

It is the area on the enzyme to which the end-product binds.

ETC

NADH+H+ and FADH act as electron carriers and they carry one electron to one carrier to the next which creates and activates proton pumps which send H+ ions accumulates inner membrane space which then go through ATP synthase which produces ATP and water and oxygen is the last transport acceptor

What type of replication takes place during binary fission?

Semi-conservative

Which part of an enzyme catalyses reactions?

The active site.

Which of the following is correct about non-competitive inhibition?

The non-competitive inhibitor does not resemble the substrate and it binds to the allosteric site instead,

What is an active site?

The sequence of amino acids responsible for the catalytic activity of enzymes.

Krebs Cycle

acetyl CoA activates process, starts off with 4 carbons which then turn into 6 carbons due to the acetyl CoA then goes through the process of oxidative decarboxylation and loses one carbon goes to 5 then loses another one same process goes to 4 and the end products are NADH+H+, FADH,

Cell Theory States?

all living things are composed of cells the cell is the smallest unit of life cells came from pre existing cells

cyclins

are family of proteins, control progression of cells has to reach a certain threshold, and they bind to kinases which moves them to next stage

Exception (striated muscle)

challenges the idea that a cell has one nucleus

G2

completes whatever G1 doesn't

glycolysis takes place where?

cytoplasm

Isotonic

equal concentrations of solute

reduction

gains electrons, gains hydrogens

hypertonic

higher concentration of solute

in the phospholipid bilayer the head

hydrophilic

in the phospholipid bilayer the tail

hydrophobic

G1

increases the volume of cytoplasm organelles are produced proteins are synthesized

oxidation

loses electrons, loses hydrogens

hypotonic

lower concentration of solute

diffusion

movement of particles from high to low concentration

osmosis

movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to a high solute concentration

Interphase

parts of the cycle that doesn't involve cell division

chemiosmosis

the flow of H+ through ATP synthase (generates ATP)

exocytosis

the release of substances from a cell

Endocytosis

the taking in of external substances

Link Reaction

the two carbohydrates from glycolysis are turned into acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxylation

glycolysis

splitting of glucose molecules int 2 pyruvate 1. phosphorylation (adding phosphate) 2. lysis (splitting molecule) 3. Oxidation (taking away electrons)

Alcoholic Fermentation (plants and yeast)

starts with glycolysis

Lactic Acid Fermentation (humans and animals)

starts with glycolysis

cohesion

sticking together of alike molecules (water)

Which process is possible due to the fluidity of cell membranes?

Endocytosis