Midterm Biology Review
oxidative decarboxylation
(taking away carbon) occurs during the link reaction
What is a difference between a cell in the G1 phase and a cell in the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
A cell in the G2 phase has more mitochondria than a cell in the G1 phase.
What is essential for diffusion?
A concentration gradient.
Which statement about carbohydrates is correct?
Carbohydrates can be stored as glycogen in animals.
Which of the following is false about cyclins?
Cyclin-dependent kinases are activated by cyclins throughout the cell.
S phase
DNA is replicated
What is the main role of ATP in the action of a Sodium-Potassium pump?
Donates a phosphate group to the pump.
When water evaporates (which involves breaking of hydrogen bonds), it removes energy from its surroundings in a fashion that renders water an:
Excellent coolant.
What type of bond exists between water molecules?
Hydrogen Bonds
What can reduce the effect of competitive inhibition of an enzyme?
Increasing the substrate concentration
Which of the following describes an allosteric site?
It is the area on the enzyme to which the end-product binds.
ETC
NADH+H+ and FADH act as electron carriers and they carry one electron to one carrier to the next which creates and activates proton pumps which send H+ ions accumulates inner membrane space which then go through ATP synthase which produces ATP and water and oxygen is the last transport acceptor
What type of replication takes place during binary fission?
Semi-conservative
Which part of an enzyme catalyses reactions?
The active site.
Which of the following is correct about non-competitive inhibition?
The non-competitive inhibitor does not resemble the substrate and it binds to the allosteric site instead,
What is an active site?
The sequence of amino acids responsible for the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Krebs Cycle
acetyl CoA activates process, starts off with 4 carbons which then turn into 6 carbons due to the acetyl CoA then goes through the process of oxidative decarboxylation and loses one carbon goes to 5 then loses another one same process goes to 4 and the end products are NADH+H+, FADH,
Cell Theory States?
all living things are composed of cells the cell is the smallest unit of life cells came from pre existing cells
cyclins
are family of proteins, control progression of cells has to reach a certain threshold, and they bind to kinases which moves them to next stage
Exception (striated muscle)
challenges the idea that a cell has one nucleus
G2
completes whatever G1 doesn't
glycolysis takes place where?
cytoplasm
Isotonic
equal concentrations of solute
reduction
gains electrons, gains hydrogens
hypertonic
higher concentration of solute
in the phospholipid bilayer the head
hydrophilic
in the phospholipid bilayer the tail
hydrophobic
G1
increases the volume of cytoplasm organelles are produced proteins are synthesized
oxidation
loses electrons, loses hydrogens
hypotonic
lower concentration of solute
diffusion
movement of particles from high to low concentration
osmosis
movement of water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to a high solute concentration
Interphase
parts of the cycle that doesn't involve cell division
chemiosmosis
the flow of H+ through ATP synthase (generates ATP)
exocytosis
the release of substances from a cell
Endocytosis
the taking in of external substances
Link Reaction
the two carbohydrates from glycolysis are turned into acetyl CoA by oxidative decarboxylation
glycolysis
splitting of glucose molecules int 2 pyruvate 1. phosphorylation (adding phosphate) 2. lysis (splitting molecule) 3. Oxidation (taking away electrons)
Alcoholic Fermentation (plants and yeast)
starts with glycolysis
Lactic Acid Fermentation (humans and animals)
starts with glycolysis
cohesion
sticking together of alike molecules (water)
Which process is possible due to the fluidity of cell membranes?
Endocytosis
