midterm review
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century?
elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen guaranteed
equality before the law
Which of the following characterizes 18th century colonial trade in Europe?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially
In the 18th century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
Britain's own colonies
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicted prisoners
Why was France unable to manage its debt in the 18th century, even though that debt was much smaller, relative to its population, than the debt of either Great Britain or Holland?
France lack a central bank and paper currency
Which states are not allied with Napoleon?
Great Britain, Portugal, the Kingdom of Sicily, the Ottoman Empire, and Russia
How did Napoleon consolidate his rule?
He appealed both to disillusioned revolutionaries and members of the old nobility and offered them high posts in the expanding centralized state.
One of the century's most influential works on child-reading was Emile: or, "On Education" by...
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
In the 18th century, the West's largest and richest city was
London
Which of the following describes the role of women in guilds in the 18th century?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe
Which of the following correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners
Europeans believed grain and bread should be available at
a just price - one that was fair to both consumers and producers
The following is an excerpt from John Wesley's "Advice to Methodists" (Evaluating the Evidence 18.3):"Your Strictness of Life, taking the whole of it together, may likewise be accounted new. I mean, your making it a Rule, to abstain from fashionable Diversions, from reading Plays, Romances, or Books of Humour, from singing innocent Songs, or talking in a merry, gay, diverting Manner; your Plainness of Dress; your Manner of Dealing in Trade; your Exactness in observing the Lord's Day; your Scrupulosity as to Things that have not paid Custom; your total Abstinence from spirituous Liquors (unless in Cases of Extreme Necessity)l your Rule, 'not to mention the Fault of an absent Person, in Particular, of Ministers, or of those in Authority,' may justly be termed new."Which of the following was part of the "Strictness of Life"?
abstaining from fashionable diversions
Louis XV damaged the sense of his sacred authority by
allowing his common-born mistress to exercise tremendous influence culturally and politically
What was Napoleon's Grand Empire?
an enlarged France, a number of satellite kingdoms, and the independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia
The following is an excerpt from Olaudah Equiano's autobiography in which he described an alternative to the slave trade (Evaluating the Evidence 17.3): "This I conceive to be a theory founded upon facts, and therefore an infallible one. If the blacks were permitted to remain in their own country, they would double themselves every fifteen years. In proportion to such increase will be the demand for manufactures. Cotton and indigo grow spontaneously in most parts of Africa; a consideration this of no small consequence to the manufacturing towns of Great Britain. It opens a most immense, glorious, and happy prospect—the clothing, & c. of a continent ten thousand miles in circumference, and immensely rich in productions of every denomination in return for manufactures." In the passage, Equiano stressed the idea that his argument against the slave trade was
based on facts
The proletarianization of peasants in the 18th century forced them to
become landless rural wage earners
By the 18th century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interest and characteristics from those in Spain
What was the greatest achievement of 18th-century medical science?
conquest of smallpox
The following is an excerpt from Louis-Sébastien Mercier's account of a typical day in eighteenth-century Paris (Evaluating the Evidence 18.2):"Night falls; and, while scene-shifters set to work at the playhouses, swarms of other workmen, carpenters, masons and the like, make their way towards the poorer quarters. They leave white footprints from the plaster on their shoes, a trail that any eye can follow. They are off home, and to bed, at the hour which finds elegant ladies sitting down to their dressing-tables to prepare for the business of the night."Which of the following is suggested by Mercier's account?
for many ordinary Parisians, the work day did not end until dark
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies
Some scholars have argued that the neglectful attitudes toward children in preindustrial Europe were conditioned mostly by
high infant mortality rates
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
it emphasized a warm and emotional religion
By July 1794, how had the central government in Paris managed to reassert control over the provinces and gain momentum against the First Coalition?
it harnessed the explosive forces of a planned economy, revolutionary terror, and modern nationalism into a total war effort
The men elected to represent the third estate at the Estates General were primarily
lawyers and government officials
According to Olympe de Gouges,
men and women should be equal in the eyes of the law
How did the new fashion practices of the 18th century demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
more wars and likely fewer people
In the 18th century, what problem did the Church of England face?
officials of both church and state who used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
In the summer of 1789, the National Assembly was driven toward more radical action by
revolutionary actions of French peasants and the common people of Paris
Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?
surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest wound could become infected and lead to death
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
the Atlantic economy
List the countries allied with Napoleon
the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Norway and Denmark
Why did the Directory continue French wars of conquest begun by early revolutionary governments?
the Directory understood that big, victorious armies kept men employed
What caused the life-and-death political struggle between the Girondists and the Mountain?
the Girondists' more moderate policies
Which of the following describes the treatment of children in the 17th and early 18th centuries?
the disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will
In addition to supervising labor and birth, what was a typical task of the midwife?
treating female medical difficulties
The following is an excerpt from Adam Smith's description of the pin industry (Evaluating the Evidence 17.2): "I have seen a small manufactory of this kind where ten men only were employed, and where some of them consequently performed two or three distinct operations. But though they were very poor, and therefore but indifferently accommodated with the necessary machinery, they could, when they exerted themselves, make among them about twelve pounds of pins in a day. There are in a pound upward of four thousand pins of a middling size. Those ten persons, therefore, could make among them upward of forty-eight thousand pins in a day." In this passage, Adam Smith suggested that
the division of labor facilitated the use of unskilled labor
The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating the Evidence 17.1): "Respecting open field lands, the quantity of labour in them is not comparable to that of enclosures; for, not to speak of the great numbers of men that in enclosed countries are constantly employed in winter in hedging and ditching, what comparison can there be between the open field system of one half or a third of the lands being in fallow, receiving only three ploughings; and the same portion now tilled four, five, or six times by Midsummer, then sown with turnips, those hand-hoed twice, and then drawn by hand, and carted to stalls for beasts; or else hurdled out in portions for fatting sheep! What a scarcity of employment in one case, what a variety in the other!" Based on this passage, it is reasonable to conclude that Young believed that
the enclosure system was more labor intensive than the traditional open-field system
The attack on the Bastille had what political effect?
the king's plans to reassert his authority were forestalled, permitting the National Assembly to continue its work
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the wars between Great Britain and France?
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits from Europe's overseas expansion
What was a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
the rural poor worked for low wages
The British won the American component of the Seven Years' War owing to
the size and strength of British naval power
What caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
the tendency of couples to wait to marry until they were economically independent
Why did the Anti-Federalists oppose the new American constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?
they feared for the individual freedoms for which they had fought
What place did prostitutes generally hold among the common people in towns?
they were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
they were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible
How did the delegates to the Legislative Assembly that convened in October 1791 differ the delegates to the Estates General/National Assembly?
they were younger and less cautious; many joined political clubs
What was the purpose of the raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple or individual who had committed adultery or abuse?
to regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
What was the goal of the Committee of Public Safety?
to use dictatorial powers to respond to threats to France from without and within
Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
took on distinctive characteristics through a complex process of cultural exchange that made Christianity more comprehensible to indigenous peoples.
How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?
while considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men