midterm two (chapters 5-8) infant

canonical syllables

(babbles) vocalizations in which a consonant precedes or follows a vowel sound.

social smiles

(emerge around 6 weeks and 3 months) smiled directed to people, primarily caregivers.

darwin also claimed that...

-emotions serve critical survival functions in animals and humans.

early gender expression

-gender self labeling indicates that infants have formed a basic gender identity —- Toddlers 24-30 months of age also demonstrate their understanding of gender categories by pointing to boys and girls in photographs or a picture of their own gender when asked

effects of hearing loss

-when hearing loss is severe, infants' vocal development lags behind hearing infants. -compared to hearing infants, infants with hearing loss display delayed canonical babbling and slower growth in their production of consonant sounds.

what is stage one of piagets sensorimotor stages

1. reflexes birth-one month occurs when the child develops movements such as sucking or grasping

difficult babies

10% of the sample, took a relatively long time to adjust to new environments, had irregular patterns, cried frequently, displayed high intensity in both positive and negative emotions, and tended to withdraw from new situations.

infants need...

10-14 hours of sleep a day

when does a baby say there first words

12 months

slow to warm up babies

15% of the sample, were slow to adapt to new environments and exhibited low activity and intensity, a moderate level of negative emotions, and a tendency to withdraw from new situations

when does cooing develop

2-3 months of age

what is stage two of piagets sensorimotor stages

2. primary circular reactions 1-4 months infants begin to repeat their actions

what is stage three of piagets sensorimotor stages

3. secondary circular reactions 4-8 months repeated actions w objects

Infants' anger and fear reactions increase from

4-16 months

what is stage four of piagets sensorimorot stages

4. coordination of secondary circular reactions 8-12 months actions are goal directed

easy babies

40% of the sample, readily adapted to the environment, had regular eating and sleeping patterns, displayed positive emotions, showed low to moderate intensity of reactions, and approached novel stimuli.

what is stage five of piagets sensorimotor stages

5. tertiary circular movements 12-18 months search for new problems and solve situations

when does canycal sounds and babbles develop

6-7 months

what is stage six of piagets sensorimotor stages

6. Mental representation- 18-24 months - Infants are able to mentally represent and manipulate objects and events in their minds

early moral development

Around age 2, children start to feel moral emotions and understand—at least somewhat—the difference between what's right and what's wrong.

a-not b explanations

By the time an infant is around 8 months old they are able to realize that objects that are hidden still exist and have not disappeared.

impacts of poverty and stress on children

Children in low-income homes have greater odds of experiencing or seeing all forms of abuse and developing mental illness-stress-anxiety

disrupted sleep patterns effects

Disrupted sleep impacts children's functioning concurrently and over the long term. Irregular sleep and insufficient sleep in childhood predict difficulties in preschool, even when statistically controlling for other factors such as family stress and parenting behaviors

mental representation

Infants are able to mentally represent and manipulate objects and events in their minds, as seen in the use of language, symbolic play, and deferred imitation (such as imitating another person's action of pulling a mitten off a stuffed animal). (18-24 months)

Tertiary Circular reactions

Infants are capable of means-end analysis and can search for new solutions to solve problems. Infants display increased flexibility and creativity, often engaging in trial-and-error experiments to explore the consequences of their actions with objects. (12-18 months)

secondary circular reactions

Infants enjoy watching the effects their actions have on the world, and they often attempt to recreate events by repeating their actions with objects. For example, a baby might swipe at a mobile, watch the dangling parts move, and then swipe again and again to reproduce the effort. (4-8months)

nutrition,eating,foodchoices

Infants food intake is al determined by the parent —may refuse to eat unfamiliar food -familiarity is the key to food nutrition (after 8-15 exposures the child enjoys the food)

Selective attention:

Infants must direct their attention to aspects of the environment that are relevant to their goals, while ignoring irrelevant information

Coordination Of secondary Circular reactions

Infants' actions now appear to be "goal directed" and intentional. Infants coordinate and combine several actions to accomplish a goal. For example, the infant might try to move a pillow aside to get a toy that is behind it. (8-12 months)

reflexes

Newborns display movements including sucking and grasping and producing a variety of spontaneous and rhythmic actions by moving their fingers, limbs, heads, and torsos. (birth to one month)

Nativists claims

Piaget underestimated infants cognitive abilities a lot more than he assumed. Also claimed that babies are capable of mental representation at younger ages than he described. (CLAIMED THAT BABIES KNEW MUCH MORE THAN ANTICIPATED)

nativism

Piaget underestimated infants cognitive abilities a lot more than he assumed. Also claimed that babies are capable of mental representation at younger ages than he described. (CLAIMED THAT BABIES KNEW MUCH MORE THAN ANTICIPATED)

emotional development

Social interaction is crucial for human development

Social cognition

The subfield of child psychology that examines how children process, store, and apply information about people and social situations is referred to as

piagets theory

Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.

Novelty preference

When infants rebound their attention to the novel stimulus

False belief

a belief that does not match reality

referrent mapping

a connection of a word to its referent in the world.

homesign

a consistent grammatical structure of nouns and verbs and follow consistent rules for combining parts of speech into sentences.

perceptual narrowing

a diminished ability to distinguish among stimuli because of a lack of experience with them

insecure-avoidant attachment

a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

universal grammar

a set of highly abstract grammatical rules shared by all human languages.

a not b explanations

an error in the mental perception of objects seen in infants before the age of one year. By the time an infant is around 8 months old they are able to realize that objects that are hidden still exist and have not disappeared.

intermodal preferential looking paradigm

an extension of the preferential looking procedure (see Chapter 4) is commonly used to test infants' understanding of words

anxious-ambivalent attachment

an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

what are the 6 basic emotions

anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, happiness.

different types of attachment styles

anxious ambivilant, secure, insecure avoidant

proto declaratives

are attempts to get someone to pay attention to an object or event (when an infant points to or holds up an object to establish joint attention towards the object.)

motor habits

as infants extend their behaviors in simple ways they develop motor habits —- defined as a movement you make unconsciously

attachment categories

autonomous, dismissive, preocuppied

chomsky

believed that children are innately endowed to learn language and would never be able to acquire language from imitation and feedback alone.

Language and symbolic play

both require children to use symbols to represent objects and events they have experienced in the past.

fast mapping

children are able to learn a new word with only one or two exposures.

underextension

children may map words to an overly narrow class or referents. -infants may use a noun to label a restricted set of objects (such as a rubber duckie but not a real one). ---sometimes produce them later in life

Displaced reference

children's ability to understand and use words to refer to things that are not present. (ex: asking children where something that is not visually present is)

examples of vegetative sounds...

coos, burps, coughs, wheezing, sucking, etc.

imitation

copying something from somone else

epigenetic influences

environmental influences can alter the expression of genes

hart and risley

estimated that children living in low-income families heard 30 million fewer words in the first three years of life than children from professional families, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the "30-Million Word Gap.

whole object assumption

expectation that a novel word refers to a whole object,

Language Aquisition Device (LAD)

explains the rapid acquisition of language.

influences on child health

exposure to violence, family stress, inadequate housing, lack of preventive health care, poor nutrition, poverty and substance abuse" as direct factors in undermining a child's health. When a child has good health, they are likely to have better outcomes in school and beyond

infants emotions are in constant...

flux

information processing theory

focus on how children attend to, manipulate, process, store, and retrieve information

how are childrens growth trends

happens in spurts

effects of responsive parenting

have low rates of later behavior problems compared to preterm infants who experience insensitive parenting

infant direct speech

horter utterances, a slowed speaking rate, longer pauses, higher absolute pitch, and much more variability in pitch —-associated with an older person talking -babies prefer sounds from their native language

Stimulus salience

how prominent and noticeable something is.

gestures are a widespread form of...

human connection

quines dilemma

illustrates the enormous challenge infants face in figuring out the meaning of words

phonemes phonemic tuning

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit infants prefer words from there native language

autonomous attachment category

infant values their parent and looks at them as an influential individual

Joint attention:

infants 12 months of age and older regularly share attention to the same objects as other people

statistical learning

infants ability to track and and perceive regularities in language (patterns).

primary circular reactions

infants begin to repeat actions (1-4 months)

a-not b tasks

infants search for a toy in the wrong location when presented with two locations

Principle of persistence

infants seem to understand that objects retain their physical properties, such as height, an innate understanding

a-NOT-b Error

infants that were unsuccessful and repeated the searches at location A.

holophrastic language

infants use a single word to express an entire thought (such as exclaiming allgone)

syntactic bootsrapping

infants use the syntax of a sentence to learn unfamiliar words.

Conjugate mobile experience

infants who were taught to "kick" to cause a mobile to jiggle remembered to kick in the presence of the same mobile hours, days, and even weeks later.

Core capacities

innate, mental capabilities that serve as building blocks to cognitive development and allow infants to make sense of their environments

semantic development

learning the meaning of words and word combinations

dismissive attachment category

minimize negative aspects of their relationships with parents and deny that their parents have an impact on their development.

dismissive

minimize negative aspects of their relationships with parents and deny that their parents have an impact on their development. (They may selectively "forget" negative interactions with their parents, report contradictory information, and be defensive in their descriptions.)

a not b tasks

nfants search for a hidden toy at the incorrect location when presented with two possible locations

preoccupied

obsessively concerned about parents relationship

preoccupied attacgment category

obsessively concerned about relationship with parents

syntax

of your language: rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) to form meaningful sentences.

Carolina Abecedarian Project

one of the most often-cited intervention efforts to promote long-term development of infants living in poverty.

response-sensitive parenting

parents have high sensitivity to childs needs

perceptual narrowing

perception is broad at birth but narrows as a function to experience.

phonotactics

permissible sequences of sounds that exist in a language

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior can develop 1-3 months of living

In the first few weeks of life, infants and caregivers engage in; -------; a sort of give and take dialogue in which the talk and behaviors of parents and the smiles and coos of babies are well timed and responsive to one another.

protoconversations

Recognition memory

recognition that a specific stimulus had been experienced previously.

social referencing

refers to the seeking and use of social information in ambiguous situations.

The six substages of the sensorimotor period according to Piaget

reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reaction, tertiary circular reactions, mental representation

Cognitive structures

regions of the brain involved in cognition and connections among neurons in the brain

Cognitive processes:

regions of the brain involved in cognition and connections among neurons in the brain, (much like a computer software).

self-conscious emotions

relate to a sense of self and others awareness (embarrassment, guilt, shame, etc...)

deferred imitation

reproduction of another person's actions hours or days later.

proto imperatives

requests for objects or requests for someone to help with an action, as when an infant holds up a cup to ask for more milk.

Violation-of-expectation paradigm

researchers compare how long infants look to certain events compared to other events

Habituation rate:

scientists consider the time it takes for infants to habituate

telegraphic speech

simplified sentences

what is phonology

sounds

vygotsky proximal development

stated that children learn through interacting with knowledgeable adults, such as parents and teachers, and master more challenging tasks through this interaction than they would when acting alone. Furthermore, children learn best when information provided by caregivers falls within children's zone of proximal development —-WHAT A CHILD CAN DO ALONE VS WITH HELP FROM OTHERS OR CAREGIVER (did not acknowledge environmental and social factors)

connectionist theory

stresses the building of neural networks in the brain that allow children to draw connections- association among various related concepts. —-focuses on neural networks

Visual search tasks

tasks in which a target stimulus is embedded in a background of distractors and infants' attention to the target is measured

Emotion discrimination

the ability to distinguish among emotional expressions

developmental cascades

the cumulative consequences for development of the many interactions and transactions occurring in developing systems that result in spreading effects across levels, among domains at the same level, and across different systems or generations.

Intersensory redundancy hypothesis

the enhanced learning that occurs in the presence of multimodal stimuli.

mutual exclusivity

the expectation that one entity only has one name.

attention termination

the infant no longer processes the stimulus information. Heart rate returns to a baseline level.

sustained attention

the infant starts to process the stimulus and learning occurs (Courage, Reynolds, & Richards, 2006). The brain is alert, and heart rate is slow.

orientation

the infant turns head and eyes to a picture, and heart rate rapidly slows down.

phonological development

the mastering of a sound system of a language, including how speech sounds combine into words.

vocabulary spurt

the rate of growth in productive vocabulary accelerates substantially, with around 8-24 new words a week. —-OCCURS AROUND 18 MONTHS

phonemes

the smallest distinguishable sound units of a language.

morpheme

the smallest unit of language

pragmatics

the social conventions and norms around language and communication.

pragmatic aspects of language

the social conventions and norms around language and communication. —-Infants begin to learn turn taking well before they can speak.

Piaget defined the sensorimotor stage of development

the time spanning birth to approximately 18 months, when schemas are limited to sensory experiences and motor actions.

Object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist independent of one's immediate perceptual experience. (ex: a child searching the house for a toy that they lost)

productivevocabulary

the words an infant says-emerges later and slowly increases than does receptive vocabulary.

infants prefer sounds from...

their native language from birth

automatic response

they detect a stimulus presence even before orienting to it, as indicated by accelerated heart rate.

language gives life to...

thinking and is the glue that binds social relationships

emotion understanding

understanding people's emotional reactions to specific situations, evaluating the circumstances that led to the emotional response, and inferring what people want and might do in specific emotional situation

the LAD contains a ...

universal grammar

autonomous

value their parents, view them to be influential and supportive, and describe their relationship as balanced (neither overly idealizing nor criticizing).

phonemes have...

variants

what is cooing

vowelike vocalizations such as ahhh and ooo

a-NOT-b Task

when an examiner hides an object at location A, the baby retrieves the object at the location. However, after several trials, if the examiner now hides the object at location B, the infant will continue reaching toward and searching location A

matching studies

which ask whether infants are able to "match" the emotional content of stimuli presented in different modalities such as face and voice, reveal this ability.

semantics

words

what is semantics

words

receptive language

words or phrases that an infant understands (one of the first words they recognize is their own names)

relational words

words that refer to the state and location of objects (such as under, next to, here.) —-appear relatively later in childhood because they do not refer to tangible objects.)

what are the five fundamental components of emotions

• Emotion elicitors (triggers). The failed attempt at placing a shape, pangs of hunger, and the crashing of books result in the infant's emotional distress. • Physiological changes. The infant's heart rate and breathing quicken with distress. • Cognitive appraisal. The loud bang is unexpected and signals potential danger. The infant reacts to and evaluates differences between what the infant is currently experiencing and what is familiar or desired. • Emotional expression. The infant cries, scrunches the face, and waves the arms. •Communicative function. The infant's crying gets the attention of someone nearby, who offers a bottle or hug to relieve the distress.