midterm two (chapters 5-8) infant
canonical syllables
(babbles) vocalizations in which a consonant precedes or follows a vowel sound.
social smiles
(emerge around 6 weeks and 3 months) smiled directed to people, primarily caregivers.
darwin also claimed that...
-emotions serve critical survival functions in animals and humans.
early gender expression
-gender self labeling indicates that infants have formed a basic gender identity —- Toddlers 24-30 months of age also demonstrate their understanding of gender categories by pointing to boys and girls in photographs or a picture of their own gender when asked
effects of hearing loss
-when hearing loss is severe, infants' vocal development lags behind hearing infants. -compared to hearing infants, infants with hearing loss display delayed canonical babbling and slower growth in their production of consonant sounds.
what is stage one of piagets sensorimotor stages
1. reflexes birth-one month occurs when the child develops movements such as sucking or grasping
difficult babies
10% of the sample, took a relatively long time to adjust to new environments, had irregular patterns, cried frequently, displayed high intensity in both positive and negative emotions, and tended to withdraw from new situations.
infants need...
10-14 hours of sleep a day
when does a baby say there first words
12 months
slow to warm up babies
15% of the sample, were slow to adapt to new environments and exhibited low activity and intensity, a moderate level of negative emotions, and a tendency to withdraw from new situations
when does cooing develop
2-3 months of age
what is stage two of piagets sensorimotor stages
2. primary circular reactions 1-4 months infants begin to repeat their actions
what is stage three of piagets sensorimotor stages
3. secondary circular reactions 4-8 months repeated actions w objects
Infants' anger and fear reactions increase from
4-16 months
what is stage four of piagets sensorimorot stages
4. coordination of secondary circular reactions 8-12 months actions are goal directed
easy babies
40% of the sample, readily adapted to the environment, had regular eating and sleeping patterns, displayed positive emotions, showed low to moderate intensity of reactions, and approached novel stimuli.
what is stage five of piagets sensorimotor stages
5. tertiary circular movements 12-18 months search for new problems and solve situations
when does canycal sounds and babbles develop
6-7 months
what is stage six of piagets sensorimotor stages
6. Mental representation- 18-24 months - Infants are able to mentally represent and manipulate objects and events in their minds
early moral development
Around age 2, children start to feel moral emotions and understand—at least somewhat—the difference between what's right and what's wrong.
a-not b explanations
By the time an infant is around 8 months old they are able to realize that objects that are hidden still exist and have not disappeared.
impacts of poverty and stress on children
Children in low-income homes have greater odds of experiencing or seeing all forms of abuse and developing mental illness-stress-anxiety
disrupted sleep patterns effects
Disrupted sleep impacts children's functioning concurrently and over the long term. Irregular sleep and insufficient sleep in childhood predict difficulties in preschool, even when statistically controlling for other factors such as family stress and parenting behaviors
mental representation
Infants are able to mentally represent and manipulate objects and events in their minds, as seen in the use of language, symbolic play, and deferred imitation (such as imitating another person's action of pulling a mitten off a stuffed animal). (18-24 months)
Tertiary Circular reactions
Infants are capable of means-end analysis and can search for new solutions to solve problems. Infants display increased flexibility and creativity, often engaging in trial-and-error experiments to explore the consequences of their actions with objects. (12-18 months)
secondary circular reactions
Infants enjoy watching the effects their actions have on the world, and they often attempt to recreate events by repeating their actions with objects. For example, a baby might swipe at a mobile, watch the dangling parts move, and then swipe again and again to reproduce the effort. (4-8months)
nutrition,eating,foodchoices
Infants food intake is al determined by the parent —may refuse to eat unfamiliar food -familiarity is the key to food nutrition (after 8-15 exposures the child enjoys the food)
Selective attention:
Infants must direct their attention to aspects of the environment that are relevant to their goals, while ignoring irrelevant information
Coordination Of secondary Circular reactions
Infants' actions now appear to be "goal directed" and intentional. Infants coordinate and combine several actions to accomplish a goal. For example, the infant might try to move a pillow aside to get a toy that is behind it. (8-12 months)
reflexes
Newborns display movements including sucking and grasping and producing a variety of spontaneous and rhythmic actions by moving their fingers, limbs, heads, and torsos. (birth to one month)
Nativists claims
Piaget underestimated infants cognitive abilities a lot more than he assumed. Also claimed that babies are capable of mental representation at younger ages than he described. (CLAIMED THAT BABIES KNEW MUCH MORE THAN ANTICIPATED)
nativism
Piaget underestimated infants cognitive abilities a lot more than he assumed. Also claimed that babies are capable of mental representation at younger ages than he described. (CLAIMED THAT BABIES KNEW MUCH MORE THAN ANTICIPATED)
emotional development
Social interaction is crucial for human development
Social cognition
The subfield of child psychology that examines how children process, store, and apply information about people and social situations is referred to as
piagets theory
Theory stating that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development.
Novelty preference
When infants rebound their attention to the novel stimulus
False belief
a belief that does not match reality
referrent mapping
a connection of a word to its referent in the world.
homesign
a consistent grammatical structure of nouns and verbs and follow consistent rules for combining parts of speech into sentences.
perceptual narrowing
a diminished ability to distinguish among stimuli because of a lack of experience with them
insecure-avoidant attachment
a pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
universal grammar
a set of highly abstract grammatical rules shared by all human languages.
a not b explanations
an error in the mental perception of objects seen in infants before the age of one year. By the time an infant is around 8 months old they are able to realize that objects that are hidden still exist and have not disappeared.
intermodal preferential looking paradigm
an extension of the preferential looking procedure (see Chapter 4) is commonly used to test infants' understanding of words
anxious-ambivalent attachment
an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation
what are the 6 basic emotions
anger, fear, sadness, surprise, disgust, happiness.
different types of attachment styles
anxious ambivilant, secure, insecure avoidant
proto declaratives
are attempts to get someone to pay attention to an object or event (when an infant points to or holds up an object to establish joint attention towards the object.)
motor habits
as infants extend their behaviors in simple ways they develop motor habits —- defined as a movement you make unconsciously
attachment categories
autonomous, dismissive, preocuppied
chomsky
believed that children are innately endowed to learn language and would never be able to acquire language from imitation and feedback alone.
Language and symbolic play
both require children to use symbols to represent objects and events they have experienced in the past.
fast mapping
children are able to learn a new word with only one or two exposures.
underextension
children may map words to an overly narrow class or referents. -infants may use a noun to label a restricted set of objects (such as a rubber duckie but not a real one). ---sometimes produce them later in life
Displaced reference
children's ability to understand and use words to refer to things that are not present. (ex: asking children where something that is not visually present is)
examples of vegetative sounds...
coos, burps, coughs, wheezing, sucking, etc.
imitation
copying something from somone else
epigenetic influences
environmental influences can alter the expression of genes
hart and risley
estimated that children living in low-income families heard 30 million fewer words in the first three years of life than children from professional families, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the "30-Million Word Gap.
whole object assumption
expectation that a novel word refers to a whole object,
Language Aquisition Device (LAD)
explains the rapid acquisition of language.
influences on child health
exposure to violence, family stress, inadequate housing, lack of preventive health care, poor nutrition, poverty and substance abuse" as direct factors in undermining a child's health. When a child has good health, they are likely to have better outcomes in school and beyond
infants emotions are in constant...
flux
information processing theory
focus on how children attend to, manipulate, process, store, and retrieve information
how are childrens growth trends
happens in spurts
effects of responsive parenting
have low rates of later behavior problems compared to preterm infants who experience insensitive parenting
infant direct speech
horter utterances, a slowed speaking rate, longer pauses, higher absolute pitch, and much more variability in pitch —-associated with an older person talking -babies prefer sounds from their native language
Stimulus salience
how prominent and noticeable something is.
gestures are a widespread form of...
human connection
quines dilemma
illustrates the enormous challenge infants face in figuring out the meaning of words
phonemes phonemic tuning
in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit infants prefer words from there native language
autonomous attachment category
infant values their parent and looks at them as an influential individual
Joint attention:
infants 12 months of age and older regularly share attention to the same objects as other people
statistical learning
infants ability to track and and perceive regularities in language (patterns).
primary circular reactions
infants begin to repeat actions (1-4 months)
a-not b tasks
infants search for a toy in the wrong location when presented with two locations
Principle of persistence
infants seem to understand that objects retain their physical properties, such as height, an innate understanding
a-NOT-b Error
infants that were unsuccessful and repeated the searches at location A.
holophrastic language
infants use a single word to express an entire thought (such as exclaiming allgone)
syntactic bootsrapping
infants use the syntax of a sentence to learn unfamiliar words.
Conjugate mobile experience
infants who were taught to "kick" to cause a mobile to jiggle remembered to kick in the presence of the same mobile hours, days, and even weeks later.
Core capacities
innate, mental capabilities that serve as building blocks to cognitive development and allow infants to make sense of their environments
semantic development
learning the meaning of words and word combinations
dismissive attachment category
minimize negative aspects of their relationships with parents and deny that their parents have an impact on their development.
dismissive
minimize negative aspects of their relationships with parents and deny that their parents have an impact on their development. (They may selectively "forget" negative interactions with their parents, report contradictory information, and be defensive in their descriptions.)
a not b tasks
nfants search for a hidden toy at the incorrect location when presented with two possible locations
preoccupied
obsessively concerned about parents relationship
preoccupied attacgment category
obsessively concerned about relationship with parents
syntax
of your language: rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives) to form meaningful sentences.
Carolina Abecedarian Project
one of the most often-cited intervention efforts to promote long-term development of infants living in poverty.
response-sensitive parenting
parents have high sensitivity to childs needs
perceptual narrowing
perception is broad at birth but narrows as a function to experience.
phonotactics
permissible sequences of sounds that exist in a language
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior can develop 1-3 months of living
In the first few weeks of life, infants and caregivers engage in; -------; a sort of give and take dialogue in which the talk and behaviors of parents and the smiles and coos of babies are well timed and responsive to one another.
protoconversations
Recognition memory
recognition that a specific stimulus had been experienced previously.
social referencing
refers to the seeking and use of social information in ambiguous situations.
The six substages of the sensorimotor period according to Piaget
reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reaction, tertiary circular reactions, mental representation
Cognitive structures
regions of the brain involved in cognition and connections among neurons in the brain
Cognitive processes:
regions of the brain involved in cognition and connections among neurons in the brain, (much like a computer software).
self-conscious emotions
relate to a sense of self and others awareness (embarrassment, guilt, shame, etc...)
deferred imitation
reproduction of another person's actions hours or days later.
proto imperatives
requests for objects or requests for someone to help with an action, as when an infant holds up a cup to ask for more milk.
Violation-of-expectation paradigm
researchers compare how long infants look to certain events compared to other events
Habituation rate:
scientists consider the time it takes for infants to habituate
telegraphic speech
simplified sentences
what is phonology
sounds
vygotsky proximal development
stated that children learn through interacting with knowledgeable adults, such as parents and teachers, and master more challenging tasks through this interaction than they would when acting alone. Furthermore, children learn best when information provided by caregivers falls within children's zone of proximal development —-WHAT A CHILD CAN DO ALONE VS WITH HELP FROM OTHERS OR CAREGIVER (did not acknowledge environmental and social factors)
connectionist theory
stresses the building of neural networks in the brain that allow children to draw connections- association among various related concepts. —-focuses on neural networks
Visual search tasks
tasks in which a target stimulus is embedded in a background of distractors and infants' attention to the target is measured
Emotion discrimination
the ability to distinguish among emotional expressions
developmental cascades
the cumulative consequences for development of the many interactions and transactions occurring in developing systems that result in spreading effects across levels, among domains at the same level, and across different systems or generations.
Intersensory redundancy hypothesis
the enhanced learning that occurs in the presence of multimodal stimuli.
mutual exclusivity
the expectation that one entity only has one name.
attention termination
the infant no longer processes the stimulus information. Heart rate returns to a baseline level.
sustained attention
the infant starts to process the stimulus and learning occurs (Courage, Reynolds, & Richards, 2006). The brain is alert, and heart rate is slow.
orientation
the infant turns head and eyes to a picture, and heart rate rapidly slows down.
phonological development
the mastering of a sound system of a language, including how speech sounds combine into words.
vocabulary spurt
the rate of growth in productive vocabulary accelerates substantially, with around 8-24 new words a week. —-OCCURS AROUND 18 MONTHS
phonemes
the smallest distinguishable sound units of a language.
morpheme
the smallest unit of language
pragmatics
the social conventions and norms around language and communication.
pragmatic aspects of language
the social conventions and norms around language and communication. —-Infants begin to learn turn taking well before they can speak.
Piaget defined the sensorimotor stage of development
the time spanning birth to approximately 18 months, when schemas are limited to sensory experiences and motor actions.
Object permanence
the understanding that objects continue to exist independent of one's immediate perceptual experience. (ex: a child searching the house for a toy that they lost)
productivevocabulary
the words an infant says-emerges later and slowly increases than does receptive vocabulary.
infants prefer sounds from...
their native language from birth
automatic response
they detect a stimulus presence even before orienting to it, as indicated by accelerated heart rate.
language gives life to...
thinking and is the glue that binds social relationships
emotion understanding
understanding people's emotional reactions to specific situations, evaluating the circumstances that led to the emotional response, and inferring what people want and might do in specific emotional situation
the LAD contains a ...
universal grammar
autonomous
value their parents, view them to be influential and supportive, and describe their relationship as balanced (neither overly idealizing nor criticizing).
phonemes have...
variants
what is cooing
vowelike vocalizations such as ahhh and ooo
a-NOT-b Task
when an examiner hides an object at location A, the baby retrieves the object at the location. However, after several trials, if the examiner now hides the object at location B, the infant will continue reaching toward and searching location A
matching studies
which ask whether infants are able to "match" the emotional content of stimuli presented in different modalities such as face and voice, reveal this ability.
semantics
words
what is semantics
words
receptive language
words or phrases that an infant understands (one of the first words they recognize is their own names)
relational words
words that refer to the state and location of objects (such as under, next to, here.) —-appear relatively later in childhood because they do not refer to tangible objects.)
what are the five fundamental components of emotions
• Emotion elicitors (triggers). The failed attempt at placing a shape, pangs of hunger, and the crashing of books result in the infant's emotional distress. • Physiological changes. The infant's heart rate and breathing quicken with distress. • Cognitive appraisal. The loud bang is unexpected and signals potential danger. The infant reacts to and evaluates differences between what the infant is currently experiencing and what is familiar or desired. • Emotional expression. The infant cries, scrunches the face, and waves the arms. •Communicative function. The infant's crying gets the attention of someone nearby, who offers a bottle or hug to relieve the distress.
