Migration Study Guide

How has interregional migration affected China, Russia, Brazil, Indonesia, and India?

China: About 100 million people have migrated from rural areas in the interior of the country to urban areas along the east coast, where jobs are most plentiful, especially in factories. Russia: Migration has been encouraged. When controlled by the former Soviet Union, some of the migration was forced. Brazil: Migration has been encouraged from the large cities along the Atlantic coast to the sparsely settled tropical interior. In 1960, Brazil's capital was moved from the coastal city of Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia. Indonesia: Since 1969, the Indonesian government has paid for the migration of more than 5 million people, from the island of Java, 2/3 of its people live, to less populated islands. India: The ability for people to migrate from one region to another is limited. For example, to migrate to India's State of Assam, Indians are required to obtain a permit.

Explain how crossing the U.S.-Mexico border poses challenges for undocumented immigrants.

Crossing the border posses challenges because guards heavily patrol border crossings in urban areas such as El paso, Texas and San Diego, California, or along highways. Rural areas are guarded by only a handful of agents. Crossing the border on foot legally is possible in several places.

Compare and contrast American and European cultural attitudes toward immigrants.

In the end both cultures do not view immigrants with welcoming arms. At first Americans were okay with immigrants due to them setting the frontier and helping them extend the U.S. control within the continent. However in the 20th century the Americans were no longer okay with immigrants because the majority of immigrants were no longer coming from Western and Eastern Europe. Since the start Europeans do not approve of immigrants, they oppose to government programs to improve their living conditions. Also attacks from citizens to immigrants have increased.

How has interregional migration affected the U.S.?

The changing location of the center of the U.S. population moved westward. The most famous example of interregional migration is the opening of the American West.

What is the difference between push and pull factors of migration?

The difference between pull and push factors is that pull, is the reason why you want to migrate, and push is the reason you want to leave, emigrate.

Describe the major changes that the U.S. has made to its system of immigration quotas in the 20th century.

The major changes that have occurred is the number of immigrants being permitted into the country. The global quota was raised to 700,00 by 1990.

Describe the three historical sources of U.S. migration.

1) 17th and 18th centuries- United Kingdom and Africa 2) Mid-19th to early 20th century- Europe 3) Late 20th to early 21st century- Latin America and Asia

Identify the types of immigrants who are given preference to enter the United States.

1) Family reunification- 3/4 of quota are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of non-citizens legally residing in the United States. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is about 5 years. 2) Skilled workers- Exceptionally talented professionals comprise most of the remainder of the quota. 3) Diversity-A few are admitted by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent few people to the Untied States.

What are three types of migration?

1) International Migration 2) Interregional Migration 3) Intraregional Migration

What are some of the patterns of global migration?

1) Most international migration is from developing countries to developed countries. 2) The United States is the leading destination for international migrants. 3) Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. 4) Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. -The leading sources of international migrants in the world today are from Asia to North America and to Europe, as well as from Latin to North America.

According to Ravenstein's, how do people usually migrate?

-Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country -Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity.

Describe the flow of migrant workers in China and Southwest Asia.

Asia is both a major source and a major destination from migrants in search of work. China: Most migrants came from southeastern China. China's booming economy is now attracting immigrants from neighboring countries, especially Vietnamese, who are wiling to work in China's rapidly expanding factories. However, immigration from abroad pales in comparison to internal migration within China. Southwest Asia: The wealthy oil-producing countries of Southwest Asia have been major destinations for people from poorer countries inn the region, such as Egypt and Yemen, During the late 20th century, most immigrants arrived from South and Southeast Asia, including India, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and Thailand.

Describe how the gender status, age status of migrants to the U.S. has changed over the years and the level of education.

At first 55% of the immigrants coming to the U.S were males. However the roles reversed and currently 55% of the immigrants are now female. The way it was evolved also began to occur in Africa to Europe and Mexico to the U.S. Now an increasing number of them are women and children. The majority of immigrants are young adults in the ages 25-39. Due to more females migrating, more children are also migrating with their mothers. Recent immigrants to the United States have attended school for fewer years and are less likely to have high school diplomas than are U.S. citizens. The typical undocumented Mexican immigrant has attended school for 4 years, less than the average American.

What are pull factors?

Causes of migration that pull, or attract, people to another land.

What are push factors?

Causes of migration that push, or force, people to leave their homeland.

Give examples of economic, environmental, and political push and pull factors.

Economic push and pull factors: Pull) Better economy is the main goal. Better jobs, and higher paying. Push) Isn't enough money making, aren't lots of jobs around, etc. Environmental push and pull factors: Pull) Attractiveness of a place such as mountains, seasides, and warm climates. Push) Either you have abundant of something or you lack. Political push and pull factors: Push) Fear of persecution, race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion. Pull) Freedom

Explain the trends in rural to urban migration, the trends in urban to suburban migration and the trends from urban to rural migration.

Rural to Urban: People are moving from rural areas to urban areas because of the push and pull factors. The push factor being there are declining opportunities in agriculture. The pull factors is better economy. Which is the main reason people migrate from rural to urban areas. Urban to Suburban: People who move to suburban areas mostly move because of suburban lifestyle. They like the lifestyle, which is the pull factor. Not so much lack money, like other types of migrations. Urban to Rural: As urban to suburban areas migration, urban to rural migration consists of lifestyle pull factor. Not all work on farms, however, most work in local shops or near by factories.

Describe the population characteristics of undocumented immigrants to the United States in terms of number (including children), source country, distribution, and impact on the labor force.

There are 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants living in the United States. Source Country) About 60% come from Mexico. The remainder are divided evenly between other Latin American countries and other regions of the world. Children) The 11.2 million undocumented immigrants included 1 million children. In addition undocumented immigrants have given birth to about 4.5 million babies, who are legal citizens of the U.S. Labor force) About 8 million undocumented immigrants are employed, accounting for around 5% of the total U.S. civilian labor force. Unauthorized immigrants were much more likely than the average American to be employed in construction and hospitality (food service and lodging) jobs and less likely to be in white-collar jobs such as education, health care, and finance. Distribution) California and Texas have the largest number of undocumented immigrants. Nevada has the largest percentage.

Describe the flow of migrant workers in Europe.

These immigrants serve a useful role in Europe, because they take low-status and low-skilled jobs that local residents won't accept. Although relatively low paid by European standards, immigrants earn far more than they would at home. The largest flows in recent years have been from Poland to Germany and from Romania to Italy and Spain.