Miller Analogies Test (MAT) Terms and Figures (Kaplan & Barron)

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extra

*outside, beyond.* extract (to take out, obtain against a person's will), extradite, extraordinary, extrapolate (to estimate from known data), extrasensory

hyper

*over, excessive.* hyperactive, hyperbole (purposeful exaggeration for effect), hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

pac / peac

*peace.* appease, pacifier (someone or something that eases the anger or agitation of), pacify, pact

dem

*people.* democracy, demographics, endemic (peculiar to a particular place or locality), epidemic, pandemic (general, universal)

grat

*pleasing.* gracious, grateful, gratuity, ingratiate (to bring oneself into favor).

qui

*quiet.* acquiesce (to comply, give in), disquiet, quiescence (the condition of being at rest, still, inactive), quiet, tranquil

nom

*rule, order.* astronomy, autonomy (independence), economy, gastronomy (art or science of good eating), taxonomy (science or laws of classification)

sens / sent

*to feel, to be aware.* dissent, insensate (without feeling or sensitivity), resent, sensory, sentiment, sentinel (person or thing that stands watch).

pug

*to fight.* impugn (to challenge as false), pugilist (fighter or boxer), pugnacious (to quarrel or fight readily), repugnant (objectionable or offensive)

ple

*to fill.* complete, deplete, implement, plethora (overabundance), replete (abundantly supplied), supplement

flu / flux

*to flow.* confluence (merging into one), effluence (flowing out of - light, electricity, etc), fluctuation, fluid, mellifluous (pleasing, musical)

plex / plic / ply

*to fold, twist, tangle, or bend.* complex, duplicity, implicate, implicit (not explicitly stated), replica, supplicate (to make humble and earnest entreaty).

sec / sequ

*to follow.* non sequitur (inference or conclusion that doesn't follow from the premise), prosecute, second, sequence

don / dot / dow

*to give.* anecdote (short narrative about an interesting event), antidote, donate, endow (to provide with a permanent fund), pardon

pet / pit

*to go, to seek, to strive.* appetite, centripetal (moving toward to center), compete, impetuous (characterized by sudden or rash action or emotion), petition, petulant (showing sudden irritation, esp. over some annoyance).

amb

*to go, to walk.* ambient (moving freely, circulating), ambitious, ambulance, ambulatory (of, pertaining to, or capable of walking), perambulator (one who makes a tour of inspection on foot), preamble (introductory statement).

ced / ceed / cees

*to go, yield, to stop.* antecedent (existing or going before), cessation, concede (admit), incessant, predecessor (comes before another in office)

cre / cresc / cret

*to grow.* accretion (increase in natural growth), accrue, creation, increase, increment (something added or gained)

Mondrian, Piet

1872-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century Dutch abstract painter known for his geometric shapes. *Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue*.

dram

1/16 of an ounce

grain

1/7000 of a pound

bit

1/8 of a byte - 8 bits in a byte

furlong

1/8 of a mile, 220 yards

quintal

100 kg

Polo, Marco

1254-1324. Italian Explorer. Explored China and Asia.

butt

126 gallons - four barrels or two hogsheads

Dante

1265-1321. 13th-early 14th century poet considered the greatest Italian poet. *The Divine Comedy*, an allegory in verse consisting of 100 cantos.

Gothic

12th to 16th century style of architecture typical of Northern Europe cathedrals with elaborate architecture and stained glass panels.

Gibbon, Edward

1737-1794. English historian who wrote *The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire*

Copley, John Singleton

1738-1815. 18th century US portrait painter

Boswell, James

1740-1795. Wrote famous biography of Samuel Johnson.

Montgolfier, Joseph-Michel

1740-1810. French Inventor of the hot air balloon.

Goya, Francisco José de

1746-1828. Late 18th - early 19th century SPA painter and printmaker. *Majas on a Balcony*.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

1749-1832. GER poet, playwright, and novelist. *Faust* a verse play where Mephistopheles is the devil; *The Sorrows of a Young Werther*, an epistolary novel.

Louis XVI

1754-1793. FR ruler who ruled until the French Revolution.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus

1756-1791. Important AUST composer of 18th century whose operas *The Marriage of Figaro* and *The Magic Flute* and concertos are among the most famous in history.

Blake, William

1757-1827. Visionary English poet, engraver, and artist; early Romantic. *Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, The Marriage of Heaven and Hell*.

Robespierre, Maximilien

1758-1794. FR revolutionary who ruled brutally during the early French Revolution.

Gall, Franz Joseph

1758-1828. German anatomist/physiologist; study of nervous system and the brain, founded pseudoscience of phrenology.

Whitney, Eli

1765-1825. American Inventor of interchangable parts and the cotton gin.

Malthus, Thomas

1766-1834. English demographer and political economist; noted the potential for populations to increase rapidly, and more rapidly than the food supply.

Beethoven, Ludwig von

1770-1827. Late 18th-, early 19th-century composer. Composed nine symphonies and scores of concertos.

Wordsworth, William

1770-1850. English romantic poet. Published *Lyrical Ballads* with Coleridge. *The Prelude*.

classicism

1770s-1830s period; opposed to romanticism and folk or popular music (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven).

Scott, Sir Walter

1771-1832. Later 18th-early 19th century Scottish novelist and poet; inventor of the historical novel. *The Lady of the Lake, Waverly, Ivanhoe*.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor

1772-1834. English *Romantic* poet; with Wordsworth, published *Lyrical Ballads*, which inaugurated the romantic movement in England. *The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, "Kubla Kahn," "Christabel"*

Beaufort, Francis

1774-1854. French Inventor of the Beaufort Scale: a wind force scale named after him.

Lamb, Charles

1775-1832. ENG essayist

Turner, Joseph Mallord William

1775-1851. Late 18th-early 19th century British landscape artist. *Fighting Temeraire*

Constable, John

1776-1837. 19th century English landscape painter. *The Holy Wain*.

O'Higgins, Bernado

1778-1842. Liberator/Unifier of Chile.

San Martin, Jose de

1778-1850. Liberator/Unifier of Peru, Chile (march across the Andes) from Spain.

Stephenson, George

1781-1848. English Inventor of the first steam locomotive.

Huizinga, Johan

1872-1945. Dutch historian, one of the founders of modern cultural influences on behavior.

Caruso, Enrico

1873-1921. Popular ITL tenor of late 19th early 20th centuries.

Cather, Willa Sibert

1873-1947. American author, wrote about 1880s pioneering life in the midwest. *O Pioneers!, My Antonia*.

Colette, Sidonie-Gabrielle

1873-1954. Late 19th century FR female author who published the *Claudine* novels as well as *The Innocent Wife*.

Marconi, Guglielmo

1874-1937. Italian Inventor of wireless radio.

Stein, Gertrude

1874-1946. American author, central figure in a circle of outstanding artist and writer expatriates in Paris. *The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas*.

Thorndike, Edward

1874-1949. American educator/psychologist; intelligence, IQ tests, worked with cats.

Frost, Robert

1874-1963. 20th century US American poet. "Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening," "Mending Wall," "After Apple-Picking."

Mann, Thomas

1875-1955. American (German-born) author. *Death in Venice, The Magic Mountain*.

Jung, Carl

1875-1961. Swiss psychiatrist; self-realization.

Thoreau, Henry David

1817-1862. American philosopher and writer; renowned for having lived the doctrines of transcendentalism. *"Civil Disobedience," Walton*.

Marx, Karl

1818-1883. German economist; founder of communism.

Elliot, George (Mary Anne Evans)

1819-1880. ENG novelist. *Middlemarch, The Mill on the Floss, Silas Marner*.

Melville, Herman

1819-1891. 19th century American novelist. Wrote *Moby Dick*, in which Ismael narrates the story of Captain Ahab's search for a white whale. *Billy Budd, Typee*. Also wrote "Bartleby the Scrivener".

Whitman, Walt

1819-1892. One of the great American poets; his poems sing the praise of America and democracy. *Leaves of Grass*, "O Captain! My Captain!", a poem on Lincoln's death.

Anthony, Susan

1820-1906. US leader of the suffrage movement to grant women the right to vote.

Baudelaire, Charles-Pierre

1821-1867, French *symbolist* writer. *The Flowers of Evil*

Flaubert, Gustave

1821-1880. FR novelist who coined "le mot juste (the perfect word). *Madame Bovary*

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor Mikhaylovich

1821-1881. RUS novelist. *Crime and Punishment, The Brothers Karamazov, The Idiot*.

Galton, Sir Francis

1822-1911. English scientist; belief in heredity as predeterminant force. IQ tests.

Manet, Edouard

1823-1883. 19th century French painter who contributed to much of the development of impressionism, although he himself was not a member of the group.

Buckner, Anton

1824-1896. 19th century AUST composer and organist known for his symphonies

Strauss, Johann

1825-1899. AUST composer known for waltzes. *The Blue Danube*.

Ibsen, Henrik

1828-1906. Norwegian playwright; considered the father of modern realistic drama. *A Doll's House, Hedda Gabler*

Tolstoy, Count Leo

1828-1910. 19th century Russian author, one of the world's greatest novelists. *War and Peace, Anna Karenina*.

Rubinstein, Anton

1829-1894. 20th century Polish-born US pianist

Dickinson, Emily

1830-1886. One of the great American poets of the 19th century. *"Because I Could Not Stop for Death"*.

Nobel, Alfred

1833-1896. Swedish Inventor of dynamite.

Brahms, Johannes

1833-1897. GER composer and pianist well known for his chamber music.

Daimler, Gottlieb

1834-1900. German Inventor of the first high-speed internal-combustion engine.

Whistler, James Abbott McNeill

1834-1903. 19th century US painter and etcher. *Whistler's Mother*.

Degas, Edgar

1834-1917. late 19th-early 20th century FR painter. *Study of a Dancer, Woman on Horseback*.

Homer, Winslow

1836-1910. Late 19th century American painter and illustrator; Civil War illustrations.

Bruch, Max

1838-1920. GER composer and conductor. *Kol Nidrei*.

Cezanne, Paul

1839-1906. 19th century French painter, often considered the frontrunner of many 20th century art movements; romantic, impressionist, classical, and naturalistic influences are all condensed in his work.

Peirce, Charles Sanders

1839-1914. American philosopher; pragmatist.

Tchaikovoky, Pyotr

1840-1893. 19th-century RUS composer who wrote the ballets *Swan Lake* and *The Nutcracker*.

Nast, Thomas

1840-1902. 19th century US illustrator and cartoonist known for his depictions of Tweed ring and Tammany Hall.

Zola, Emile

1840-1902. Leader of the French naturalistic school, which deemphasized the role of free will in human life. *Nana; J'accuse*, which helped win a new trial for Alfred Dreyfus.

Rodin, Auguste

1840-1917. Late 19th-early 20th century French sculptor ,the most famous sculptor of the late 19th century. *The Thinker, The Kiss*.

Monet, Claude

1840-1926. Late 19th-early 20th century French painter, a leader of impressionism; known for seeing nature with an "objective eye". *Water Lily* paintings.

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de

1864-1901. 19th century French artist influenced by the impressionists. *Jane Avril, The Moulin Rouge*.

Weber, Max

1864-1920. German sociologist; argued in *The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism* that Protestantism influenced the development of capitalism.

Strauss, Richard

1864-1949. GER composer known for his tone poems, operas, and songs. *Lieder*.

Yeats, William Butler

1865-1939. Irish poet and dramatist, considered by many the greatest poet of his time; led the Irish Literary Revival; his love for Maud Gonne, a beautiful Irish nationalist leader, influenced many of his plays and love lyrics.

13th Amendment (XIII)

1865. Abolished slavery.

Kandinsky, Wassily

1866-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century Russian-born GER artist, one of the founders of the abstract movement; known for kinetic lines. Helped found the *Bauhaus* school. Closely associated with *Klee*.

Titchener, Edward

1867-1927. American psychologist; structuralist.

Wright, Frank Lloyd

1867-1959. 20th century US architect known for "organic architecture". *Taliesin West, Guggenheim*

Scott, Robert

1868-1912. British Explorer. Antarctica, South Pole (prior claim of Amundsen)

Vuillard, Edouard

1868-1940. Late 19th-early 20th century French post-impressionist painter. *Under the Trees*.

DuBois, W. E. B.

1868-1963. American sociologist and historian; active in the area of racism.

14th Amendment (XIV)

1868. Due process clause (forces states to recognize some federal laws and rights), equal protection clause, citizenship clause (protects rights of freed slaves).

Matisse, Henri

1869-1954. Late 19th-early 20th century French artist known for his still life subjects; a member of the fauve group and influenced by impressionism. *Jazz: Icarus, Fruits and Flowers*

Lenin, Vladimir

1870-1924. Leader of Russian Revolution of 1917. First leader of the Soviet Union. Bolshevik and Communist.

Adler, Alfred

1870-1937. Austrian psychiatrist; inferiority complex.

15th Amendment (XV)

1870. Race can't be used for a criteria for voting.

Proust, Marcel

1871-1922. French author. *Remembrance of Things Past*, the story of his life told as an allegorical search for truth.

Dreiser, Theodore

1871-1945. US novelist associated with *naturalist* movement. *Sister Carrie, An American Tragedy*.

Rouault, Gorges

1871-1958. Late 19th-century-early 20th century FR expressionist painter. *The Apprentice, Christian Nocturne, The Holy Face*.

Amundson, Roald

1872-1928. Norwegian Explorer. First to reach South Pole and fly over North Pole.

troglodyte

someone who lives in solitude

sine qua non

something indispensable; "without which not"

anodyne

something that calms or soothes pain

non sequitur

something that doesn't logically follow

London, Jack

1876-1916. American novelist and short-story writer, whose works deal romantically with elemental struggles for survival. *Call of the Wild*.

Anderson, Sherwood

1876-1941. American short-story writer whose most famous collection is Winesburg, Ohio.

Brancusi, Constantin

1876-1957. 19th-20th century Romanian sculptor known for highly simplified archetypical human and animal forms. *The Kiss, Bird in Space*.

Casals, Pablo

1876-1973. Popular 20th century SPA cellist

Hesse, Hermann

1877-1962. Swiss-born GER author *Siddhartha, Steppenwolf, Narcissus and Goldmund, Magister Ludi*.

Watson, John

1878-1958. American psychologist, behaviorist.

panacea

something that will make everything about a situation better.

Sandburg, Carl

1878-1967. Major 20th century American poet, also an historian and a biographer. *Abraham Lincoln, "The Fog," "Chicago"*.

weltschmerz

sorrow over the evils of the world; "world pain"

lugubrious

sorrowful, mournful, dismal. doleful.

Miro, Joan

1893-1983. 20th century Spanish surrealist painter known for depicting fantasies. *Dutch Interior, Woman and Bird in the Moonlight*

Hammett, Dashiell

1894-1961. Popular US writer of noir, or detective, fiction. Many of his novels, including *The Maltese Falcon* and *The Thin Man* became successful movies.

Huxley, Aldous

1894-1963. ENG novelist and critic. *Brave New World*

art noveau

1895-1905 "new art" movement characterized by motifs of highly stylized flowing plants, curving lines, and fluent forms.

Fuller, Buckminster

1895-1983. 20th century American avant-garde architect famous for his *geodesic domes*.

Dos Passos, John

1896-1970. US author, known for his trilogy *U.S.A.* about the first 30 years of 20th century America.

Piaget, Jean

1896-1980. Swiss psychologist; stage theory of intellectual development.

Wyeth, Andrew

1917-2009. 20th century US painter known for his depictions of Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and Maine fishing village subjects. *Ground Hog Day*.

Bernstein, Leonard

1918-1990. Contemporary US composer and conductor who wrote *West Side Story*.

18th Amendment (XVIII)

1919. Prohibition of alcohol.

Parker, Charlie

1920-1955. American saxophonist nicknamed "Bird". True jazz innovator.

19th Amendment (XIX)

1920. Granted women the right to vote.

austral

southern (antonym: boreal)

bolero

spanish dance

art deco

1920s-30s art movement stressing highly decorative art, utilizing geometric, streamlined forms inspired by industrial design (Chrysler Building)

Mailer, Norman

1923-2007. Contemporary American novelist, essayist, and journalist. *The Naked and the Dead*.

Baldwin, James

1924-1987. American author. *Go Tell It on the Mountain*

Coltrane, John

1926-1967. US jazz innovator and saxophonist who composed experimental and far-reaching pieces of "bop" jazz

Davis, Miles

1926-1992. US trumpet player whose free form and experimental style changed jazz forever.

Coleman, James

1926-1995. American sociologist; one of the early users of the term "social capital"

Geertz, Clifford

1926-2006. American anthropologist; worked in the field of symbolic anthropology, which attributes special importance to thoughts (symbols)

Huntington, Samuel

1927-1987. American political scientist, famous for his theory of the "Clash of Civilizations".

Kohlberg, Lawrence

1927-1987. American psychologist; moral stages of development.

Warhol, Andy

1928-1987. 20th century US pop artist. *Ten-Foot Flowers*.

Morrison, Toni

1931- African American writer. *Beloved, Song of Solomon*.

Plath, Sylvia

1932-1963. US poet and novelist of the confessional school whose tempestous life was the subject of many of her poems. "Daddy", *The Bell Jar*.

Gould, Glenn

1932-1982. CAN pianist

Updike, John

1932-2009. Contemporary American author. *Rabbit* series. *Bech at Bay*.

Goffman, Erving

1933-1982. American sociologist who studied social interaction.

concerto

A classical piece written for an orchestra and one or more soloists, most often in three movements (Beethoven, Mozart)

genus

A classification grouping that consists of a number of similar, closely related species. Humans are in the genus Homo.

Talmud

A collection of authoritative Jewish writings that comment and interpret biblical laws.

buffo

A comic opratic bass vocalist

isthmus

A comparably narrow link between larger bodies of land.

strait

A comparatively narrow link between larger bodies of water

nocturne

A composition, especially for piano, of a slow and dreamy nature

détente

A cooling of Cold War tensions initiated during the administrations of Nixon and Brezhnev

romanticisim

A current throughout art history that stresses the importance of fantasy and imagination over reason and order.

torus

A doughnut-shaped surface generated by a circle rotated about an axis in its plane that doesn't intersect the circle

angle

A figure created by two distinct rays (line segments) that share a common endpoint (also known as a vertex).

quadrilateral

A four sided polygon. Squares, rectangles, parallelograms, and trapezoids.

arthropod

A huge animal phylum that includes insects, spiders, and crustaceans.

irony

A literary device in which the meaning stated is contrary to the one intended.

burlesque

A ludicrous or mocking imitation; a travesty; a literary or dramatic work that makes fun of something, often by means of outlandish exaggeration; a variety show.

canto

A major division of a long poem.

class

A major subdivision of phyla into which organisms are classified. Classes of chordata (vertebrates) include mammalia, ave (birds), reptilia, and amphibia.

phenomenology

A method of inquiry based on inspection of one's own conscious thought

alto

A mid-range vocal part between tenor and soprano

symphony

A musical composition for full symphony orchestra; an orchestra with full wind and brass accompaniment

rondo

A musical piece of alternating and contrasting themes - one section recurs intermittently

étude

A musical piece written to display a specific talent or technique

allegory

A narrative poem or prose work in which persons, events, and objects represent or stand for something else, frequently abstract ideas.

roman a clef

A novel based on real persons and events.

epistolary novel

A novel in which the story is carried forward entirely through letters from one or more persons (Richardson's *Pamela*).

bildungsroman

A novel, usually autobiographical, that covers the principal subject's life from adolescence to maturity.

prepositional phrase

A phrase that starts with a preposition.

sonata

A piece written for more than one soloist and usually consisting of three or more movements

sonnet

A poem of 14 iambic pentameter lines and a rigidly prescribed rhyme scheme; two types: Italian or Petrarchan, and English or Shakespearean.

elegy

A poem of remembrance.

octave

A poetic stanza with eight lines.

sestet

A poetic stanza with six lines.

pyramid

A polyhedron whose base is a polygon and whose faces are triangles that have a common vertex. That common vertex is called the apex of the pyramid.

glazing

A process of applying a transparent layer of oil paint over a solid one so that the color of the first layer is greatly modified.

cloisonné

A process of enameling in which a design is displayed in strips of metal on a china or metal background, making channels, or cloisons, to hold the enamel colors

rectangle

A quadrilateral with four right angles. All rectangles are parallelograms, but not all parallelograms are rectangles.

parallelogram

A quadrilateral with two parallel sides

trapezoid

A quadrilateral with two parallel sides and two nonparallel sides

epithalamion or epithalamium

A song or poem written to celebrate marriage

family

A subdivision of an order in the classification of living organisms. Under the order primate, humans are classified into the family hominidae, which also includes the great apes.

ode

A sustained lyric poem with a noble theme and intellectual tone. Rigidly structured stanzas.

surrealism

Art form, since 1924, that seeks to reveal psychological reality behind appearances; subject matter stresses dreams, fantasies, and the subconscious. *Magritte, Dali, Miro*.

Kinetic art

Art that moves through magnets, motorized parts, etc.

modern art

Art, since the 1850s, that has extricated itself from subject matter and stresses form.

Rijksmuseum

Amsterdam

acute angle

An angle that is less than 90 degrees.

oxymoron

An expression that employs two opposing terms; for example, "benign neglect"

potboiler

An inferior literary work written solely to provide the author with money

eukaryote

An organism comprised of cells that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Includes all plants and animals. Compare to prokaryote.

ellipse

An oval shape generated by a point moving in a plane so that the sum of its distances from two other points (the foci) is constant.

Cuneiform

Ancient Egyptian iconographic writing

Hieroglyphic

Ancient Egyptian ideographic writing

Greek

Ancient or modern; Greek alphabet

Structuralism

Anthropology, Sociology. Suggests that meaning is produced through practices and activities. The mind uses binary opposites (like day/night) that differ from culture to culture. Proponents include *Claude Levi Strauss.*

Functionalism

Anthropology, sociology. Applies the scientific method to the examination of the social world (e.g., social surveys, interviews) and uses anaologies between individual organisms and society. Emphasis on use. Proponents include *Emile Durkhiem* and *Talcott Parsons*

Cultural Materialism

Anthropology. Attaches special importance to technology and economic factors in the development of a society.

halogen

Any of the five elements flourine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), Iodine (I), and astatine (At) that exists in the free state normally as diatomic molecules.

mollusk

Any of the large phylym (Molluska) of inverterate animals (squids, snails) with a soft unsegmented body usually in a shell.

Argerich, Martha

Argentiean pianist

classicism

Art attributed to ancient Greece and Rome, characterized by discipline, harmony, objectivity, and reason.

realism

Art form that attempts to search for the squalid and depressing with a style of strict attention to detail.

idealism

Belief that the so-called external world exists first and foremost in the percievers mind

rationalism

Belief that the world can be known by reason alone

Pergamon

Berlin

metaphor

Comparison of two things in which one item represents the other.

Five-Year Plans

Economic plans to increase industrial and agricultural productivity in the Soviet Union, China, and India.

Heterodox economics

Economic schools of thought that are outside of mainstream economics. They include the *Austrian School, ecological economics*, and *Post-Keynesian* economics.

archon

Elected official who served as the chief of state

Panumonjon, Korea

End of Korean War (1953)

Vienna, Congress of

End of Napoleonic Wars (1814-1815)

Ghent, Belgium

End of War of 1812

Balfour Declaration

Great Britain's 1917 proclamation supporting the establishment of a separate homeland for Jews in Palestine.

Apollo

Greek god of light, sun, prophecy, medicine, music. Roman counterpart is *Apollo*, Norse is *Frey*

Adonis

Greek god of male beauty

Poseidon

Greek god of the sea. Roman counterpart is *Neptune*

Hades

Greek god of the underworld. Roman counterpart is *Pluto*

Hermes

Greek god of travelers, commerce, and profit. Symbol is caduceus. Roman counterpart is *Mercury*.

Ares

Greek god of war. Roman counterpart is *Mars*

Dionysus

Greek god of wine and pleasure. Roman counterpart is *Bacchus*

Aphrodite

Greek goddess of love. Roman counterpart is *Venus*, Norse is *Frigg*

Hera

Greek goddess of marriage and maternity. Wife of Zeus. Roman counterpart is *Juno*.

Artemis

Greek goddess of the moon, forest, animals, and the hunt. One of the twin children of Zeus (Apollo). Chaste. Roman counterpart is *Diana*.

Muses

Greek goddesses of memory and poetic inspiration.

Heracles

Greek hero who personified strength. Completed the 12 Labors of Heracles. Roman counterpart is *Hercules*

Perseus

Greek hero who rode the Pegasus. Slew Medusa, the snake headed gorgon.

Theseus

Greek hero who slayed the Minotaur of Crete in teh Labyrinth.

Urania

Greek muse of astronomy

Thalia

Greek muse of comedy

Calliope

Greek muse of epic poetry and eloquence

Clio

Greek muse of history

Erato

Greek muse of love poetry

Terpischore

Greek muse of lyric poetry and dance

Polyhumnia

Greek muse of mimic art.

Euterpe

Greek muse of the flute

Melpomene

Greek muse of tragedy

Plato

Greek philosopher who studies under Socrates and developed a theory of Forms in which things of this world are mere reflections or shadows of objects in knowledge, which are universals. His writings form the basis of much of Western philosophy.

Helios

Greek sun god. Roman counterpart is *Sol*, Norse counterpart is *Balder*.

Zeus

Greek supreme god. Roman counterpart is *Jupiter*.

Prometheus

Greek titan who lived on Olympus. Stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans.

Athena

Greek warrior goddess. Goddess of wisdom, cities, and handicrafts. Sprung from the head of Zeus. Roman counterpart is *Minerva*

Satyrs

Half-man, half-goats associated with Dionysus, indulgence, and sensuality.

burnoose / cassock

a hooded Arabic cloak / a loose robe worn by priests

wag (n.)

a humorous or droll person

mobile

a kinetic sculpture consisting of shapes cut from different materials and hung at different levels. *Calder*.

errata

a list of errors

virago

a loud, overbearing woman; a termagant

engraving

a method of multiplying prints. See also relief, intaglio and lithography.

melange

a mixture or medley, often of incongruous elements

obeisance

a movement of the body made in token of respect or submission; deference

fugue

a musical composition in which one or two themes are repeated by different interweaving voices (Bach)

polymath

a person of encyclopedic learning

apiary

a place where bees are kept

cadence

a progression of chords giving an effect of closing a sentence

nostrum

a questionable remedy or scheme

memento mori

a reminder that you must die

riposte

a retort; a retaliatory verbal sally

loggia

a roofed, open gallery, like a porch

alter ego

a second self

edge

a sharp side formed by the intersection of two surfaces of an object

truncheon

a shattered spear or lance.

apothegm

a short instructive saying. adage.

termagant

a shrew; a nagging woman; an imaginary deity of violent and turbulent character, often appearing in morality plays.

aria

a solo sung for voice in an opera or oratorio

avoirdupois

a system of weights based upon a pound of sixteen ounces

analysis

analyses

seraphic

angelic, pure, sublime

choler

anger, irritability. acrimony.

formicary

ant's nest

ostensible

apparent

oxymoron

apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another.

pelagic

aquatic. Portion of marine or freshwater ecosystem that occurs in open water away from the shore.

beaux arts

architectural style, popular from 1890 to 1920, using formal and classical techniques.

pi

area of a circle is πr squared and circumference is 2πr.

patrician

aristocrat

supercilious

arrogant, haughty, overbearing, condescending

abstract art

art form that assumes the artistic values reside in form and color and are independent of the subject of the art or painting.

factitious

artificial; sham

comme il faut

as it aught to be; proper

in extenso

at full length

direful

atrocious dreadful; terrible

dictum

authoritative statement; popular saying

rapacity

avarice Inordinate greed

aslant

awry at an angle or in a sloping position

Engelbart, Douglas

b. 1925. American Inventor of the computer mouse.

Greenspan, Alan

b. 1926. American economist; former chairman of the Federal Reserve.

Johns, Jasper

b. 1930. 20th century US painter and important part of of the "Pop Art" movement. Known for blown-up images. *Flags, Targets*.

Mansfield, Harvey

b. 1932. American political scientist; conservative; author of *Manliness*

Goodall, Jane

b. 1934. American anthropologist and primatologist; known for her chimpanzee studies in Tanzania.

Walzer, Michael

b. 1935. American political philosopher; known for his work on just and unjust wars, economic justice, and ethnicity.

Nye, Joseph

b. 1937. American political scientist; developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence with *Robert Keohane*.

Horowitz, Vladimir

b. 1937. RUS pianist and conductor

Allison, Graham

b. 1940. American political scientist, has worked in decision-making and is an important analyst of national security.

Patterson, Orlando

b. 1940. American sociologist known for his work on race.

Barenboim, Daniel

b. 1942. ISRAELI conductor and pianist

Walker, Alice

b. 1944. 20th century American author. *The Color Purple*.

Krugman, Paul

b. 1953. American economist; won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2008 for his work on New Trade theory.

Sachs, Jeffrey

b. 1954. American economist; author of *The End of Poverty*.

Berners-Lee, Tim

b. 1955. English Inventor of the World Wide Web (with Robert Cailliau).

Bell, Joshua

b. 1967. US violinist

Hahn, Hilary

b. 1979. US violinist

bacillus

bacilli

anathema

ban, curse; so,thing shunned or disliked.

palaver

banter Idle chatter

a priori

based on deductive reasoning

a posteriori

based on inductive reasoning

basis

bases

ululate

bay (v.) to howl; to wail.

pulchritude

beauty

mendicant

beggar

tyro

beginner, novice. neophyte.

incipient

beginning to exist or appear, in an initial stage

sedition

behaviour promoting rebellion

ecce homo

behold the man

ubiquitous

being everywhere simultaneously

benighted

being in a state of intellectual darkness; ignorant; unenlightened

sophmoric

believing one's level of knowledge and maturity to be higher than it actually is

jingoism

belligerent support of one's country

beauties

bevy

incarnadine

blood red

corpus delicti

body of the crime; substantial fact necessary to prove the commission of a crime

ennui

boredom, lack of interest and energy

torrid

burning hot; passionate

de jure

by right; technically true

ipso facto

by the fact itself; as an inevitable result

ex cathedra

by virtue of one's office

Sappho

c. 620 B.C. GREEK female poet whose work does not remain to day except fragments of love poems.

jewels

cache

blandish

cajole Flattery intended to persuade

phlegmatic

calm in temperament, sluggish.

percipient

canny perceptive; insightful

fastidious

careful with details.

lambaste

castigate To berate, criticize, or reprimand harshly

purgation

catharsis the process of getting rid of impurities

bowdlerize

censor. expurgate. (v.) to remove material considered offensive (from a book, play, film, etc.)

cynosure

center of interest

alacrity

cheerful readiness, promptness in response.

chef d'oeuvre

chief work; masterpiece

puerile

childish, immature, silly.

arpeggio

chord performed spread out

oracular

clairvoyant Prophetic

limpid

clear, transparent

worms

clew

propinquity

closeness; proximity

maladroit

clumsy, tactless

cosset

coddle to pamper; treat with great care

croupier

collector and placer of bets at a casino

opera buffa

comic opera

doggerel

comic, loose verse

inveterate

confirmed, long-standing, deeply rooted

connubial

conjugal Relating to marriage

circumspect

considering all options

consonant (adj.)

consistent with, in agreement with

minimal art

contemporary art movement that rejects emotional expression and stresses restraint, understatement, and precision.

deconstructionism

contemporary literary criticism

deus ex machina

contrived device to resolve a situation; "god from a machine"

polemic

controversy, argument; verbal attack

factious

contumacious, rebellious

corpus

corpora

somatic

corporeal. of or relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind.

profligate

corrupt, degenerate

witches

coven

quails

covey

criterion

criteria

captious

critical; fault finding

plebeian

crude, vulgar, low-class

truculent

cruel; brutal; belligerent

recondite

cryptic, esoteric Difficult to understand

shillelagh

cudgel of oak

catholicon

cure-all, panacea

curriculum

curricula

imprecation

curse

malediction

curse

mores

customs or manners

diaeresis

cöoperation. Two dots placed side by side over a vowel indicating that the vowel is considered a separate vowel, even though it would normally be considered part of a dipthong.

Hudson, Henry

d. 1611. British Explorer. Hudson River, Hudson Bay area.

diurnal

daily

puce

dark red

elan

dash; vigorous spirit

datum

data

dies irae

day of wrath; Judgment Day

cul de sac

dead end

paucity

dearth A scarcity or shortage of something

magenta

deep purplish red

desideratum

desiderata

diagnosis

diagnoses

caliber / gauge

diameter of the bore of a gun / the size of a shotgun

philippic

diatribe A bitter verbal attack

jeremiad

diatribe A long, mournful complaint or lamentation; a list of woes.

fulmination

diatribe bitter protest

assiduous

diligent, persistent, hard-working

threnody

dirge a funeral song

fiasco

disaster

livid

discolored from a bruise; pale; reddened with anger

politic

discreet, tactful

mendacious

dishonest lying, untruthful

antipathy

dislike, hostility, extreme opposition or aversion

derogate

disparage to belittle

ignominy

disrepute deep disgrace

expostulate

dissent. demur. (v.) To attempt to dissuade someone from some course or decision by earnest reasoning

remonstrate

dissent. demur. (v.) to argue or plead with someone against something, protest against, object to

pertinacious

dogged Holding firmly, even stubbornly, to a belief

doctrinaire

dogmatic rigidly devoted to theories without regard for practicality; dogmatic

pro forma

done as a matter of form; perfunctory

perfunctory

done in a routine way, indifferent

swans

drift

risible

droll hilarious, provoking laughter

cozen

dupe (v) to trick; to cheat or swindle

gull

dupe easily cheated or fooled

ashcan school

early 20th century school of American realist painters who abandoned idealized subjects for more sordid aspects of urban life.

ocher

earthy yellow or red

choleric

easily angered, short-tempered

irascible

easily angered; choleric; malevolent

facile

easily done, simplistic; poised, assured.

lissome

easily flexed, limber, agile

temerity

effrontery (n.) rashness, boldness

panegyric

elaborate praise, formal hymn of praise. encomium.

coulomb

electrical charge

ampere

electrical current

volt

electrical output

ohm

electrical resistance

manumit

emancipate free from slavery or servitude

rhapsody

emotional literary or musical work

vim

energy, enthusiasm

intaglio

engraving on stone to achieve a concave effect; opposite of cameo

schadenfreude

enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others; "harm joy"

encomium

enthusiastic praise

gourmand

epicure, gastronome

erratum

errata

rapprochement

establishing a cordial relationship; developing mutual understanding

malefactor

evildoer, culprit

didactic

excessively instructive

effete

exhausted; worn out (antonym: effervescent)

penury

extreme poverty

redolent

exuding fragrance; evocative

vis a vis

face to face with; in relation to; as compared with

perfidious

faithless, disloyal, untrustworthy

deciduous

falling off or shedding at a certain season; ephemeral, not permenant

calumny

false and malicious accusation, misrepresentation, slander

chimerical

fanciful, imaginary, visionary, impossible

apogee

farthest point from the earth in the orbit of a heavenly body

allegro

fast tempo. not as fast as presto

fauna

faunae

propitious

favorable, advantageous.

truckle

fawn Submit in a subservient manner to a superior; fawn; make a doormat of oneself

discomfit

faze. abash. To embarrass and confuse

ornithophobia

fear of birds

ochlophobia

fear of crowds

nyctophobia

fear of darkness

cynophobia

fear of dogs

acrophobia

fear of heights

astraphobia

fear of lightening

androphobia

fear of men

agoraphobia

fear of open spaces

herpetophobia

fear of snakes

ophidophobia

fear of snakes

trikaidekaphobia

fear of the number 13

xenophobia

fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

timorous

fearful; timid

fecund

fertile, fruitful, productive

pique (n.)

fleeting feeling of hurt pride

verdure

flora Greenery; fresh and ripe vegetation

flora

florae

temerarious

foolhardy Daring; rash; reckless

ad hoc

for a specific purpose

pro tempore

for the time being, temporarily

haiku

form of verse or poetry made up of 3 unrhymed lines containing 5, 7, and 5 syllables respectively

quondam

former; sometime

métier

forte the work one is especially suited for; one's specialty; an occupation

donnybrook

fracas a fight; an uproar

amicus curiae

friend of the court

ex parte

from a partisan point of view

physiology

function

dirge

funeral hymn

flagon

gallon

voluble

garrulous talkative; speaking easily; glib

florid

gaudy, extremely ornate; ruddy, flushed

meretricious

gaudy, falsely attractive

genus

genera

zephyr

gentle breeze

sententious

given to excessive moralizing; given to pithy sayings or maxims; pithy

saturnine

gloomy; sullen; morose

fustian

grandiloquence Inflated or pretentious language in speech or writing; a cloth made of cotton and flax

unctuous

greasy, oily; smug and falsely earnest.

cupidity

greed. avarice.

verdant

green with vegitation; inexperienced

kowtow

grovel A ritualistic bow practiced in the China court

indolent

habitually lazy, idle

banal

hackneyed predictable; cliched; boring

hirsute

hairy (antonym glabrous)

hale

hardy

nocent

harmful, deleterious

nocuous

harmful, deleterious

pernicious

harmful, deleterious

deleterious

harmful, often in a subtle or unexpected way.

baleful

harmful, with evil intensions

asperity

harshness of tone or manner. acrimony.

vainglorious

haughtly excessively proud or boastful; elated by vanity

pejorative

having bad connotations, disparaging

auspicious

having favorable prospects, promising

tortuous

having many twists and turns; highly complex

stolid

having or showing little emotion. impassive.

salubrious

healthful

voluptuary

hedonist a person addicted to luxury and pleasures of the senses

stygian

hellish

schismatic

heretical a person who promotes division or disunion

probity

honesty; uprightness; rectitude

ungulate

hooflike; relating to hoofed animals

aquiline

hooked; like an eagle

inimical

hostile, unfriendly

enmity

hostility, antagonism, ill will. antipathy.

splenetic

hot tempered; easily angered

menage

household

ribald

humorous in a vulgar way

jocose

humorous; witty

hypotheiss

hypotheses

spleen

ill temper. acrimony.

holograph

image in three dimensions created by a laser passing through a photographic film or plate without a camera

restive

impatient, uneasy, restless

inchoate

imperfectly formed or formulated

supplicate

importune (v.) to beg earnestly and humbly

effrontery

impudent boldness, audacity

gainsay

impugn Declare false, deny; oppose

capricious

impulsive, whimsical, without much thought

gargoyle

in Gothic architecture, a bizarre creature whose open mouth was used as a gutter to carry water away from the walls.

in vacuo

in a vacuum

bona fide

in good faith; genuine

in loco parentis

in place of a parent

in camera

in private; secretly

lampoon

in prose or poetry, a viscous character sketch or satire of a person

in medias res

in the middle of things

in vino veritas

in wine there is truth

incorrigible

incapable of being corrected

immiscible

incapable of being mixed

querulous

inclined to complain; irritable

ineffaceable

indelible cannot be eliminated or worn away

insouciance

indifference; lack of concern

endemic

indigenous belonging to a particular area; inherent

autochthonous

indigenous, native

fainéant

indolent doing nothing, lazy, idle

feckless

ineffective, careless, irresponsible.

ineluctable

inescapable; inevitable

inexorable

inflexible, unyielding

au courant

informed of the latest

turpitude

inherent vileness, foulness, depravity

obtuse

insensitive, stupid, dull

cant

insincere; jargon; whining or singsong speech, especially of beggars.

peremptory

insisting on immediate attention or obedience; final.

contumelious

insolently abusive and humiliating. brazen.

insuperable

insurmountable, unconquerable

inhume

inter v. To place in the earth, as a dead body.

exegesis

interpretation of a text

catechize

interrogate examine through questions; give religious instructions

vituperation

invective verbal abuse

palter

pervaricate be deliberately ambiguous or unclear in order to mislead or withhold information

procacious

petulant, forward, saucy. contumelious.

phenomenon

phenomena

dudgeon

pique, umbrage a feeling of offense or resentment; anger

bromide

platitude A trite or unoriginal remark

dulcet

pleasant sounding, soothing to the ear

superfluity

plethora extreme excess

whales

pod or gam

piquant

poignant stimulating to the taste or mind; spicy, pungent; appealingly provocative

face

polygon formed by edges of a solid

litterateur

polymath a literary person, especially an author; one who's devoted to the study of literature

grandiloquence

pompous talk, fancy but meaningless speech

impecunious

poor, having no money

comestible

potable Something fit to be eaten

troy

pound is 12 ounces

watt

power

approbation

praise, distinction. accolade.

antediluvian

prehistoric, ancient beyond measure.

mantic

prescient prophetic

causes beli

pretext for war

oviparous

producing eggs hatched outside the body

viviparous

producing live young, as most mammals, some reptiles, and a few fishes.

pro rata

proportionally according to a factor

nom de guerre

pseudonym

jejune

puerile. vapid, uninteresting; childish, immature; lacking nutrition

rhombus

quadrilateral with four equal sides. A rhombus with right angles is a square.

joule

quantity of energy

cord

quantity of logs measuring 128 cubic feet

pettifog

quibble; a petty, quibbling, unscrupulous lawyer or politician; a shyster

cavil

quibble; to find fault in a petty way, carp; a trivial objection or criticism

mercurial

quick, shrewd; unpredictable

fomenter

rabble-rouser. demagogue.

curie

radioactivity

turkeys

rafter

harangue

rant A long, strongly expressed speech or lecture

fulminate

rant to attack loudly or denounce

rara avis

rare bird; an unusual specimen

arroyo

ravine a deep ditch caused by running water

raison d'etre

reason for being

niche

recess in a wall; best position for something

leitmotif

recurring theme

ambrosial

redolent Exceptionally pleasing to taste or smell; extremely delicious; excellent

pleonasm

redundancy

recusant

refusal to obey authority

sidereal

related to the stars; astral

seminal

relating to the beginning or seeds of something

assonance

resemblance in sound, esp. in vowel sounds; partial rhyme.

cerulean

resembling the blue of the sky

recalcitrant

resisting authority or control

refractory

resisting control or authority, stubborn

product

result of multiplication

sanguine

ruddy; cheerfully optimistic

plaintive

sad, lamenting

doleful

sad, mournful

surfeit

satiate An excessive amount

Saffir-Simpson

scale of intensity (category) of an earthquake

trancendentalism

school of thought based on the belief in the essential untiy of all creation, the innate goodness of human beings, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. *Thoreau, Emerson*.

ornithologist

scientist who studies birds

relief

sculpture that isn't free standing; in having a background, the sculpture resembles a painting.

laic

secular a layman

ascetic

self-denying, abstinent, astute, abstemious

amour-propre

self-esteem

sang froid

self-possession or equanimity, especially under strain; "cold blood"

sycophant

self-serving flatterer, yes-man

aphoristic

sententious; given to quoting aphorisms - a terse saying embodying a general truth

fish

shoal or school

bagatelle

short light piece, often for piano

epigram

short, witty saying or poem.

perspicacious

shrewd, astute, keen-witted

sagacious

shrewd; wise

Cimmerian / stygian

shrouded in gloom and darkness (mytical people from Homer) / dark and gloomy, relating to the Styx

diffidence

shyness, lack of confidence

hypotenuse

side of a triangle opposite the right angle. a squared plus b squared is c squared.

tacit

silently understood or implied

homology

similarity in structure (thought to be common origin)

conterpart

simultaneous combination of two or more melodies to make musical sense

iniquity

sin, evil act

curvilinear

sinuous formed, bound, or characterized by curved lines

soporific

sleepy or tending to cause sleep

adagio

slow tempo; a slow movement

dilatory

slow, tending to delay

lento

slower tempo

coterie

small group of people with a similar purpose.

glabrous

smooth; referring to a surface without hair or projections

faux pas

social blunder; "false step"

bete noire

someone or something particularly disliked

celerity

speed, swiftness, alacrity

benison

spoken blessing

ersatz

spurious An artificial or inferior substitute or imitation

ingenue

stage role of a ingenuous girl; a naive girl

nascent

starting to develop, coming into existence. incipient.

viscid

sticky. viscous.

parsimony

stinginess

noisome

stinking, putrid. malodorous.

martinet

strict disciplinarian, one who rigidly follows rules

contumacious

stubbornly disobedient

hermeneutics

study of principles of interpretation (e.g., the bible)

fatuous

stupid, foolishly self-satisfied.

dyspeptic

suffering from indigestion; gloomy and irritable

vernal

suggestive of youth

dour

sullen and gloomy, stern and severe.

perimeter

sum of the lengths of the sides of a polygon

vicarious

surrogate; delegated imagined participation in someone else's experience

soupcon

suspicion; a little bit or trace, as in a recipe

turgid

swollen, bloated

lickspittle

sycophant A toady, brown noser, base sycophant

napery

table linens

piquancy

tang Pleasantly sharp quality

order

taxonomic group containing one or more families. Some orders under mammalia eutheria (placental mammals) are primates, rodentia, and cetacea (whales).

lachrymose

tearful

laconic

terse Brief and to the point

mot juste

the appropriate word

hoi polloi

the common people

brontophobia

the fear of thunder

ne plus ultra

the highest point achievable; the acme

sanctum sanctorum

the holy of holies; office of an awesome person

dernier cri

the last word; the newest fashion

Cenozoic Era

the latest of the four eras into which geologic time is subdivided ; 65 million years ago to the present

piece de resistance

the main course or dish; the most valuable object

aphelion

the place in the orbit of a planet where the planet is farthest from the sun

quotient

the result of division

radical

the root symbol

zeitgeist

the spirit of the times

dolce vita

the sweet life; a life of indulgence

legs

the two sides of a right triangle that are not the hypotenuse

impasto

thick application of paint to canvas

quo vadis

where are you going

strop

whet; (n.) device for sharpening razors; (v.) to sharpen

puling

whining, whimpering

maelstrom

whirlpool; turmoil, agitated state of mind

wizened

withered, shriveled, wrinkled

bon mot

witty remark or comment; literally "good word"

raconteur

witty storyteller

mirabilis dictu

wonderful to relate

ligneous

woodlike

palindrome

word spelled the same forward as backward. Radar, kayak.

Arabic

written right to left, no vowels

Hebrew

written right to left; no vowels

chartreuse

yellow-green

xanthic

yellowish

pallid

(adj.) pale, lacking color; weak and lifeless

Russian Civil War

*Conflicting sides* - Bolsheviks (majority) vs. Mensheviks (minority). *Leaders of opposing sides* - Lenin and Trotsky (Reds) vs. Kerensky and Plekanov (Whites)

The American Revolution

*First battles* - Lexington and Concord (1775). *Major battles* - Bunker Hill (1775), Fort Ticonderoga (1775), Saratoga (1777), and Valley Forge (1777). *Continental Congress* - federal legislature of the 13 colonies under the Articles of Confederation (1774, 1775). *Declaration of Independence* - declared that colonies were free from England (1776). *End of war* - surrender of British General Cornwallis to George Washington at Yorktown (1781); treaty recognizing the United States as a separate nation signed in Paris (1782). *Constitution* - replaced articles of confederation in 1789.

World War II

*Major events* - Munich Pact (1938), policy of appeasement, associated with British Prime Minister Chamberlain. *Start of war* - blitzkrieg over Poland (1939); sinking of Arizona and ohter ships at Pearl Harbor attack in Honolulu led to US declaration of war against Japan and Germany (1941). *Major battles* - Dunkirk (1940), Ardennes (1944), Alamein (North Africa 1942), Stalingrad (1942-1943). *Characteristics* - tank warfare, blitzkrieg, use of massive bombing by air force; development of atomic weapons. *End of war* - Japan surrenders unconditionally at Potsdam Conference (1945).

The American Civil War

*Start of war* - Harper's Ferry (1859). *First battles* - Fort Sumter (1861) and Bull Run (1861), both Confederate victories. *Major battles* - Antietam (1862), Fredericksburg (1862), Gettysburg (1863), Shiloh (1862) (the Union named battles after towns, the Confederates named them after streams), Sherman's March to the Sea (1864), Vicksburg (great victory for Grant). *End of war* - surrender of General Lee to General Grant at Appomatox (1865).

World War I

*Start of war* - assination of Archduke Ferdinand (1914); sinking of the Lusitania (British ship with American passengers) by Germans led to US entry into the war (1915). *Major battles* - Ypres (1917), Marne (1914), Verdun (1916), Somme (1916). *Offensive characteristics* - trench warfare, use of poison gas. *End of war* - Treaty of Versailles (1918); attempt to divide nations on basis of national self-determination; establishment of the League of Nations.

French Revolution

*Start of war* - storming the Bastille (1789). *Important events/documents* - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (Preamble to the Constitution), 1791; Reign of Terror, which ended 9 Thermidor (July 27, 1794) with the execution of Robespierre; coup d'etat of 18 Brumaire (November 9-10, 1799) whereby Napoleon I becomes consul. *End of war* - treaty of Amiens, France.

super / sur

*above.* supercilious (arrogant, haughty, condescending), superfluous (more than necessary), superlative (highest kind or order), supersede (replace in power), surmount (to get over or across, to prevail), surpass (to go beyond in amount, extent, or degree), surveillance

trans

*across.* intransigent (refusing to agree or compromise), transaction (act of carrying on or conduct to a conclusion or settlement), transcendent, transgress (to violate a law, commandment, or moral code), transition, transparent.

post

*after.* post facto (after the fact), posterior, posterity (succeeding in future generations collectively), posthumous

anti

*against.* antibody (protein in blood serum that reacts to overcome toxic effects of an antigen), antidote, antipathy (aversion), antipodal (opposite side of the globe), antiseptic (free from germs, particularly clean).

pan

*all, everyone.* pandemic (widespread, general, universal), panegyric (formal or elaborate praise at an assembly), panoply (wide ranging and impressive array or display), panorama, pantheon (public building containing tombs or memorials of the illustrious dead of a nation).

omni

*all.* omnibus (anthology of all the works of an author or writings on a subject), omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient

di / dia

*apart, through.*diagnose (determine from the symptoms), dialogue (conversation between two or more persons), dichotomy (division into two parts, kinds, etc), dilate (to cause to expand or make wider), dilatory (inclined to delay or procrastinate)

se

*apart.* secede, sedition (incitement of discontent or rebellion against a government), seduce (to lead astray), segregate, select, separate, sequester (to remove or withdraw into solitude or retirement).

Galilei, Galileo

1564-1642. Italian Inventor/Physicist. Improved the telescope.

Donne, John

1572-1631. Considered the greatest English metaphysical poet. "The Flea," "Death Be Not Proud".

Rubens, Peter Paul

1577-1640. Late 16th-early 17th century FLEM baroque painter, the most famous artist of northern Europe in his day. *The Judgment of Paris, Portrait of Helene Fourment, The Descent from the Cross, Venus and Adonis*.

van Dyck, Sir Anthony

1599-1641. 17th century Flemish painter. *Charles I of England in Hunting Dress, Portrait of Charles V*.

Cromwell, Oliver

1599-1658. ENG general, member of Parliament, and revolutionary who ruled as Lord Protector without a king during the mid-1600s.

Velazquez, Diego

1599-1660. 17th century Spanish painter. *The Maids of Honor, Pope Innocent X*

rod

16.5 feet or 5.5 yards

Rembrandt, Harmenszoon

1606-1669. 17th century Dutch painter who is best known for his portraits but who also did landscapes, Biblical subjects, and etchings. *Self Portrait with Sprouting Beard, Night Watch, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp, The Shooting Company of Capt. Frans Banning Cocq.*.

Milton, John

1608-1674. 17th century English poet. *Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes*. All three were written while he was blind.

Murillo, Bartolome Estebon

1617-1682. 17th century Spanish painter. *Immaculate Conception, Beggar Boy*.

Moliere (Jean Baptiste Poquelin)

1622-1673. The greatest french writer of comedy. *Tartuffe, The Misanthrope*.

van Eyck, Jan

1632-1675. 15th century Flemish painter known for his perfection of the oil medium.

Vermeer, Jan

1632-1675. 17th century Dutch painter known for his domestic scenes. *Woman with a Water Jug, The Lacemaker*

Wren, Sir Christopher

1632-1723. Late 17th-early 18th century Englihs architect known for his reconstruction of St. Paul's Cathedral and other parts of London.

Marquette, Jacques

1637-1675. French Explorer. Discovered the Mississippi.

Louis XIV

1638-1715. Known as the "Sun King". Represents the height of the French monarchy at Versailles. Absolute monarch who claimed to rule by divine right.

Racine, Jean

1639-1699. 17th century French *classicist* writer of tragic drama. *Phadra, Andromache*.

Newton, Issac

1642-1727. English Inventor of the reflecting telescope (reduces chromatic aberration)

Leibniz, Gottfried

1646-1716. German philosopher/mathmatician; use of deduction.

Purcell, Henry

1659-1695. ENG composer of operaand church music. *Dido and Aeneas*.

Defoe, Daniel

1660-1731. Early English novelist. *Robinson Crusoe, Moll Flanders*

Swift, Jonathan

1667-1745. Late 17th-18th century English author, great satirist. *Gulliver's Travels, A Modest Proposal*

Vivalidi, Antonio

1678-1741. Late 17th early 18th century composer and violinist who wrote *The Four Seasons*.

Bach, Johann Sebastian

1685-1750. Well known GER Baroque composer. *The Brandenberg Concertos, St. Matthew's Passion*.

Handel, George Frideric

1685-1759. GER Baroque composer of oratorio and other music in late 17th early 18th centuries. Messiah.

Pope, Alexander

1688-1744. Classicism. The greatest English poet of the early 1700s, brilliant satirist. *The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Criticism, An Essay on Man*.

Voltaire

1694-1778. 18th century French author. *Candide*

Hogarth, William

1697-1764. 18th century ENG artist. *Signing the Marriage Contract*

Franklin, Benjamin

1706-1790. American Inventor of the lightening rod.

Fielding, Henry

1707-1754. Early ENG novelist. *Tom Jones, Joseph Andrews*

Johnson, Samuel

1709-1784. 18th century ENG writer, noted for Boswell's famous biography of him, as well as for the first modern Dictionary of the English Language in 1755. Also wrote *The Lives of the English Poets, Rasselas*

Hume, David

1711-1776. Scottish philosopher. Use of induction.

Gray, Thomas

1716-1771. Early ENG Romantic poet. "Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard"

Smith, Adam

1723-1790. Britsh economist and author. Wrote *Wealth of Nations* which outlines basic ideas of free-market (laissez-faire) capitalism.

Smith, Adam

1723-1790. English; one of the founders of modern economics, author of *The Wealth of Nations*

Reynolds, Sir Joshua

1723-1792. 18th century British portrait painter

Gainsborough, Thomas

1727-1788. 18th century ENG painter of landscapes and portraits. *Blue Boy*.

rococo

1730s-1780s style of European art that glorified asymmetrical ornamentation on paneling, porcelain, and jewelry to display a love of gaiety and elegance.

Haydn, Franz Joseph

1732-1809. 18th century AUST composer

Thor

Norse god of thunder. Thursday is based on his name.

Tiw (Tyr)

Norse god of war. Tuesday is based on his name.

Frey

Norse god; twin brother of Freyja. Greek counterpart is Apollo.

Frigg (Frija)

Norse goddess of love and marriage. Wife of Odin. Friday is based on her name.

Freyja

Norse goddess; goddess of love and fertility. Greek counterpart is *Aphrodite*, Roman is *Venus*.

ogham

Old Irish, 5th and 6th century, notches

article

One of a small set of words or affixes (a, an, and the) used with nouns to limit or give definiteness to the application. English has an *indefinite* article (a, an) and a *definite* article (the).

Protista

One of the basic kingdoms that consists of primitive, animal-like organisms distinguished by method of locomotion.

teetoaler

One pledged to abstinence from all intoxicating drinks.

pariah

Outcasts or untouchables comprising the lowest of the Hindu castes.

de Gama, Vasco

PORT explorer who discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East (India)

sfumato

Painting technique in which one tone is blended into another without an abrupt outline.

Taoism

Pantheistic religion and philosophy originating in China focused on principles that allow people to live in harmony with the natural order. Founded by Lao-tzu.

Cronus and Rhea

Parents of the gods. Roman counterparts are *Saturn* and *Ops*

Musee d' Orsay

Paris

Griffin

Part lion, part eagle.

predicate

Part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers.

Triassic Period

Part of the Mesozoic Era, the period where dinosaurs first appeared. (248-213 million years ago).

Cretaceous Period

Part of the Mesozoic Era. Period from 144 million to 66 million years ago. Widespread volcanic activity occurs. First flowering plants appear. Dinosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus rex, dominate. First snakes appear. Mass extinction at the end of the period causes disappearance of many land and marine life forms, including dinosaurs.

Jurassic Period

Part of the Mesozoic Era; Period covers 208 million through 144 million years ago. Largest dinosaurs thrived, including Stegosaurus, Diplodocus, and Apatosaurus. First birds appear. First flying reptiles, pterosaurs, appear.

Restoration

Period of intensely active literary and artistic activity in England 1660-1688 when Charles II returned to the throne. *Dryden*

collage

Picture built up wholly or partly from pieces of paper, cloth, or other material stuck on canvas or other surface (early Cubist, dadaists, Matisse).

pastiche

Piece of art created in the style of a particular artist or movement but not faked, like a forgery.

eutheria

Placental mammal. One of the 3 subclasses of Mammals. Includes all placental mammals, i.e. humans, dogs, elephants, whales, rodents, armadillos, dolphins, etc.

Marshall Plan

Plan put forth by US Secretary of State George C. Marshall describing how to rebuild Europe after WWII.

blank verse

Poetry in which each line must have 10 syllables and a specific rhythm (iambic pentameter); the lines are unrhymed.

imperialism

Political, economic, or social domination of a strong nation over another nation or territory.

conchology

The study of shells

ophiology

The study of snakes

morphology

The study of structure and forms of plants and animals; word formation in a language

cytology

The study of the cell and its functions

otology

The study of the ears

eschatology

The study of the end of the world

horology

The study of the measurement of time

cosmology

The study of the nature and origin of the universe.

epistemology

The study of the nature, grounds, and limits of knowledge

etymology

The study of the origin of words

axiology

The study of values and value judgments (e.g., ethics)

vulcanology

The study of volcanos

cetology

The study of wales

hydrology

The study of water

enology

The study of wines and wine making.

libretto

The text of an opera

noble gasses

They can't mix with other elements, so they are called inert. Examples include argon (Ar), helium (He), krypton (Kr), neon (Ne), and xenon (Xe).

Rare earth metals

Thirty elements, including uranium (U) and einsteinium (ES).

triptych

Three panels, usually arranged or joined by hinges so that the two wings can be folded over to cover the larger central panel.

aestivate

To spend the summer in an inactive state

complementary angles

Two angles whose sum is 90 degrees

couplet

Two successive rhyming lines of poetry, usually having the same meter.

James, WIlliam

US *empiricist* philosopher and psychologist. Known for his description of the flow of ideas as a "stream of consciousness"

Chomsky, Noam

US philosopher and linguist. Believes in an innate "deep structure" to language.

Menuhin, Yehudi

US-born ENG violinist, violist, and conductor

era

Unit of geological time with two periods grouped together

vivace

Up-tempo and upbeat

onomatopoeia

Use of words to imitate natural sounds; accommodation of sound to sense. Hiss, whack, hum, cough, scratch.

presto

Very Fast Tempo

de facto

actual

trenchant

acute, sharp, incisive in expression or style; having a sharp edge. "heard trenchant voices"

weltanschauung

a comprehensive apprehension of the world; "world view"

poltroon

a coward

execration

a curse; something that is cursed or loathed. anathema.

effluvium

a disagreeable or noxious vapor; escaping gas

bravura

a display of spirit and dash

tour de force

a feat of strength, skill, or ingenuity

coup de grace

a final, decisive blow or event

punctilio

a fine point; a minute detail of conduct

equivocal

ambiguous, open to more than one interpretation

volume

amount of three dimensional space taken up by a three dimensional object.

droll

amusing in a wry, subtle way

fait accompli

an accomplished fact; a done deed

granivore

an animal that feeds chiefly on seeds

aficionado

an ardent devotee

larva

larvae

torpor

lassitude extreme mental and physical sluggishness

baroque

late 16th-to-early 18th century movement, developed in Italy, that stressed grand theatrical effects and elaborate ornamentation. *Palace of Versailles*.

Scarlatti, Domenico

late 17th early 18th century ITL composer of opera

Weber, Carl Maria von

late 18th early 19th century GER composer, conductor, and pianist. *Der Freischutz, Oberon* operas.

Monteverdi, Claudio

late16th early 17th century ITA composer. opera *La favola d'Orfeo*.

hegemony

leadership, domination, usually by a country

leopards

leap

erudite

learned, scholarly

radius

length of a line connecting the center to a point on a circle. radius is 1/2 the diameter

torpid

lethargic, unable to move, dormant

lassitude

lethargy, sluggishness

louse

lice

pellucid

limpid (adj.) easily intelligible, clear

parrallel

lines of latitude

meridan

lines of longitude (east west)

maculate

marked with spots

metatheria

marsupial. Koala, kangaroo, opossum.

bathetic

maudlin overly sentimental

mawkish

maudlin overly sentimental

pH

measures whether something is an acid or base. 0 is an acid, 14 is a base, and 7 is neutral

memorandum

memoranda

avaricious

mercenary Greedy

venal

mercenary capable of being bought or bribed, mercenary

specious

meretricious; (adj.) deceptive, apparently good or valid but lacking real merit

andiron

metal supports for logs in a fireplace

metamorphosis

metamorphoses

modus operandi

method of operating

lithography

method of painting that uses wax and ink on hard plates

frieze

middle section of a building, where relief sculpture was often executed.

bourgeois

middle-class, conventional, capitalist

ape

mimic

peccadillo

minor sin or offense

foible

minor weakness or character flaw

arch (adj.)

mischievous, roguish

epistle

missive A letter or literary composition in letter form

andante

moderate tempo

desquamate

molt

ephemeral

momentary, transient, fleeting.

evanescent

momentary, transitory, short-lived

self-abnegating

monastic self-denying; living without luxuries or pleasures

protheria

monotreme. mammal that lays eggs.

reprobate

morally unprincipled person

obtuse

more than 90 degrees and less than 180.

alpinism

mountain climbing

elegy

mournful poem, usually about the dead

peripatetic

moving from place to place

discursive

moving from topic to topic without order

turbid

muddy

uxoricide

murder of one's wife

chamber music

music meant for a room

peacocks

muster

credulous

naive too trusting; gullible

philistine

narrow-minded person, someone lacking appreciation for art or culture

in extremis

near death

myopic

nearsighted

mebula

nebulae

de rigueur

necessary, obligatory

penultimate

next to last

sobriquet

nickname. pseudonym.

nolo contendre

no contest

noblesse oblige

nobility obligates; the behavior and graciousness of nobility

beau geste

noble gesture

boreal

northern (antonym: austral)

intractable

not easily managed. incorrigible.

nota bene

note well

nugatory

of slight worth, trivial, insignificant

uxorial

of, relating to, or characteristic of a wife

fluvial

of, relating to, or living in a stream or river

umbrage

offense, resentment; a shadow from trees

impudent

offensively bold or disrespectful; insolent or impertinent.

aphorism

old saying or short, pithy statement.

prima facie

on the face of it

sui generis

one of a kind

parvenu

one recently risen to an unaccustomed position and not yet possessing the requisite dignity or characteristic; upstart

iconoclast

one who attacks traditional beliefs or religious images.

libertine

one without moral restraint. hedonist.

sibyl

oracle (ancient Rome) a woman who was regarded as an oracle or prophet

fulsome

ostentatious offensive because of insincerity; repulsive; disgusting

anachronistic

outdated.

alfresco

outdoors

officious

overly helpful, meddlesome

maudlin

overly sentimental

obsequious

overly submissive, brown-nosing. Servant.

roseate

overoptimistic; cheerful

tempo

pace at which music is played

reciprocals

pair of numbers whose product is one - 1/2 x 2/1

chiromancy

palmistry

nonpareil

paragon. having no equal

penguins

parcel

bucolic

pastoral, rural

salaam

peace (greeting)

pax vobiscum

peace be with you; peace

pedagogue

pedant A teacher, especially one who is dull and narrow-minded

epoch

period of geologic time less than a period and greater than an age

sybarite

person devoted to pleasure and luxury

epicure

person with refined taste in food and wine

bildungsroman

personal development novel

arrogate

to demand, claim arrogantly

decamp

to depart secretly. abscond.

extirpate

to destroy completely

abash

to embarrass

defalcate

to embezzle; to abscond with money

demur

to express doubts or objections.

founder (v.)

to fall helplessly, sink

husband (v.)

to farm; to manage carefully and thriftily

obtrude

to force, usually oneself or one's ideas on another person without request

presage

to foretell, indicate in advance.

yean

to give birth, used with sheep and goats

hypertrophy

to grow or cause to grow large (esp. organs)

anneal

to heat and then cool; to toughen

wax (v.)

to increase gradually, begin to be

inculpate

to incriminate

adumbrate

to intimate or foreshadow; to obscure

embroil

to involve in; cause to fall into disorder

depredate

to lay waste; to plunder

pervaricate

to lie, evade the truth

declaim

to make a bombastic speech

ameliorate

to make better, improve.

efface

to make indistinct by wearing away, to erase or remove

palliate

to make less serious, ease. make excuses.

rarefy

to make thinner, purer, or more refined

obviate

to make unnecessary, anticipate and prevent

amalgamate

to mix, combine.

melitate

to operate against, work against

dissemble

to pretend, disguise one's motives

cloy / glut

to satiate / to oversupply; satiate

denigrate

to slur or blacken someone's reputation

purloin

to steal

inculcate

to teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions

equivocate

to use vague or ambiguous language intentionally

macerate

to waste away or to become soft, esp. by soaking in water

enervate

to weaken, sap strength from

excoriate

to wear off the skin

fugitive

transitory One who flees or runs away; fleeting, lasting a very short time; wandering; difficult to grasp

hyaline

transparent or almost so; glassy

mordant

trenchant; Biting or caustic in thought, manner, or style

obtuse triangle

triangle with one that has an obtuse angle (between 90 and 180 degrees)

isosceles triangle

triangle with two sides of equal length

incommodious

troublesome; inconvienent

knobkerrie

truncheon a short wooden club with a heavy knob on one end

supplementary angles

two angles who add up to 180 degrees

amphora

two handled greek jar

jalouise

type of blind or shutter having adjustable slats or louvers and usually made of glass

fagoting

type of embroidery

taciturn

uncommunicative, not inclined to speak much

intrasigent

uncompromising, refusing to be reconciled

oleaginous

unctuous containing an unusual amount of grease or oil

deshabille

undressed or partially undressed

pedant

uninspired, boring Characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules

elite

unit of type measurement

pica

unit of type measurement

carte blanche

unrestricted power; blank document

fractious

unruly, rebellious

persona non grata

unwelcome person

Roman

used in Romantic languages and English

tracheophyta

vascular plants. They have water carrying stems that allow them to live on land solo, unlike mosses.

circu

*around, on all sides.* circuit (act of going or moving around), circuitous, circumambulate (walk about or around), circumference (outer boundary of a circular area), circumstances

peri

*around.* perimeter, peripatetic (walking or traveling about, itinerant), periscope

dis / dif

*away from, apart, reversal, not.* diffuse (to pour out and spread, as in a fluid), disperse, disseminate, dissipate, dissuade.

de

*away, off, down, completely, reversal.* decipher, defame (to attack the reputation of), deferential, defile, delineate (to trace the outline of, sketch, or trace in outline), descend

apo

*away.* apocalypse, apocryphal (doubtful authorship or authenticity), apogee (highest or most distant point), apostasy (total desertion of one's religion, principles, party, cause, etc), apostle (disciple sent to preach).

mal / male

*bad, ill, evil, wrong.* maladroit, malady, malapropism (humorous misuse of a word), malediction (curse), malfeasance, malfunction, malicious, malign (to speak harmful untruths about, to slander).

vil

*base, mean.* revile (to criticize with sharp language), vile, vilify (to slander, defame).

esce

*becoming.* adolescent (between childhood and adulthood), convalescent (recovering from illness), incandescent, obsolescent (becoming obsolete), reminiscent (reminding or suggestive of).

ante

*before.* antebellum (before the war, esp. the US Civil War), antecedent (existing, being, or going before), antedate (precede in time), antediluvian (belonging to a period before the Flood, very old or old fashioned), anterior (placed before).

fore

*before.* foreshadow (be warning or indication of), foresight (care or provision for the future), forestall (prevent by advance action), forthright (straightforward)

pre

*before.* precarious (dependent on circumstances beyond one's control), precedent, precept (commandment given as a rule of action or conduct), precocious, premonition (feeling of anticipation over a future event), presentiment (foreboding).

sub / sup

*below.* subliminal (below the threshold of consciousness), submissive, subsidiary, subterfuge, subtle, supposition

inter

*between, among.* interim, interloper (intruder into the domain of others), intermittent, intersperse (to scatter here and there), interstate

mag / maj / max

*big.* magnanimous (generous in forgiving an insult or injury), magnate, magnify, magnitude, maxim (expression of general truth or principle), maximum

gen

*birth, creation, race, kind.* carcinogenic, congenital, gender, generous, genetics, miscegenation (interbreeding of races), progeny (offspring).

culp

*blame.* culpable (deserving blame or censure), culprit, inculpate (to charge with fault), mea culpa (my fault, through my fault).

amb / amph

*both, more than one, around.* ambidextrous, ambiguous (open to more than one interpretation), amphibian (aquatic and terrestrial; person with two sides)

centr

*center.* centrifuge, centrist (moderate political or social ideas), concentrate (to bring to common center), concentric (to have a common center, as in circles or spheres), eccentric (off center)

fort (fortune)

*chance.* fortuitous (happening by luck), fortunate, fortune (chance or luck in human affairs).

mut

*change.* commute (to substitute, exchange), immutable (unchangeable), mutation, permutation (complete change), transmutation (changing from one form to another)

arch / archi / archy

*chief, principal, ruler.* anarchy (state with no government or law), archenemy, architect (devisor, maker, or planner of anything), monarchy, oligarchy (state or society ruled by a select group).

ped

*child, education.* encyclopedia, pedagogue (a teacher), pedant (one who displays learning ostentatiously), pediatrician.

per

*completely.* perforate, perfunctory (performed merely as a routine duty), perplex, persistent, perspicacious (shrewd, astute), pertinacious (resolute), peruse (to read with thoroughness or care).

cast / chast

*cut.* cast, caste, castigate (punish in order to correct), chaste, chastise (to discipline, esp. corporal punishment).

mort

*death.* immortal, morbid, moribund (dying, decaying).

(h)etero

*different.* heterodox (different from acknowledged standard; having unorthodox opinions or doctrines), heterogeneous (of other origin, not originating from the body), heterosexual (orientation towards opposite sex)

dub

*doubt.* dubiety (doubtfulness), dubious, indubitable (unquestionable)

fin

*end.* confine, definitive, final, infinite, infinitesimal (infinitely or very small)

equ

*equal, even.* adequate (equal to the requirement or occasion), equation, equidistant, iniquity (gross injustice, wickedness).

par

*equal.* apartheid (any system or caste that separates people according to race), disparage (belittle), disparate (essentially different), par (equality in value or standing) parity (equally, as in amount, status, or character).

fid

*faith, trust.* affidavit (written statement on oath), confide, fidelity (faithfulness, loyalty), fiduciary (of a trust, held or given in trust), infidel (disbeliever in the supposed true religion)

dys

*faulty, abnormal.* dysfunctional, dyslexia (brain defect causing impaired reading), dyspepsia (impaired digestion), dystrophy (faulty nutrition or development)

pas / pat / path

*feeling, suffering, disease.* compassion, dispassionate, empathy, impassive, pathogenic (causing disease), sociopath (person with antisocial behavior who lacks moral responsibility), sympathy

pau / po / pov / pu

*few, little, poor.* impoverish (to deplete), paucity (smallness of quantity, scarcity, scantiness), pauper (person without any personal means of support), poverty, puerile (childish, immature), pusillanimous (lacking courage or resolution).

carn

*flesh.* carnage, carnival, carnivorous, incarnation, reincarnation.

ped / pod

*foot.* antipodes (places diametrically opposite of each other on the globe), expedite, impede, pedal, pedestrian, podium.

theo

*god.* apotheosis (glorification, glorified ideal), athiest, theocracy (government where deity is supreme ruler), theology.

eu

*good, well.* eugenics (improvement of qualities of race by control of inherited characteristics), eulogy (speech or writing in praise or commendation), euphemism (pleasant sounding term for something unpleasant), euphony (pleasantness of sound), euthanasia (killing person painlessly)

ben / bon

*good.* benediction (act of uttering a blessing), benefit, benevolent (desiring to do good to others), benign (kindly disposition), bona fide (in good faith, without fraud), bonus

man

*hand.* emancipate, mandate (authoritative order or command), manifest (readily perceived by the eye or understanding), manual, manufacture.

dur

*hard.* dour (sullen, gloomy), durable, duration, duress, endure

nic / noc / nox

*harm.* innocent, innocuous, noxious (injurious to health or morals), obnoxious (highly disagreeable or offensive)

cap / capit / cipit

*head, headlong.* capital, capitulate (surrender unconditionally or on stipulated terms), caption, disciple, precipice (cliff with vertical face), precipitate (bring about prematurely).

card / cord / cour

*heart.* cardiac, concord (agreement, peace, amity), concordance (agreement, concord, harmony), discord, encourage.

cryp

*hidden.* apocryphal (doubtful authorship or authenticity), crypt, cryptography (procedures of making and using secret writing), cryptology (science of interpreting secret writings, codes, ciphers, etc).

im / in / em / en

*in, into.* embrace, enclose, implicit, incarnate (given a bodily form), indigenous (native, innate, natural), influx, intrinsic

gn / gno

*know.* agnostic, diagnose, ignoramus, ignore, incognito, prognosis (to forecast, especially disease), recognize (to identify as already known)

vi

*life.* convivial (sociable), joie de vivre (joy of life), viable (capable of living), vicarious (performed, exercised, received, or suffered in place of another), vivacity (quality of being lively, animated), vivid

lev

*lift, light, rise.* alleviate, levee (embankment against river flooding), levitate, levity (humor, frivolity, gaiety), relevant, relieve

luc / lum / lus

*light.* illuminate, illustrate, illustrious, lackluster, lucid (easily understood, intelligible), luminous, transluscent

am

*love.* amateur (for pleasure rather than financial gain), amenity (agreeable ways or manners), amity (friendship, peaceful harmony), amorous, enamored, inamorata (female lover).

phil

*love.* bibliophile (one who loves books), philatelist (one who loves stamps), philology (study of literary texts to establish their authenticity and determine their meaning), philosophy (rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct).

anthro / andr

*man, human.* androgen (any substance that promotes masculine characteristics), androgynous (male and female), android, anthropocentric (regarding humans as central fact of the universe), anthropology (looks at human origins), misanthrope (someone who hates humans or mankind), philanderer (one who carries on flirtations).

misc

*mixed.* miscegenation (interbreeding of races, esp. white and non-white people), miscellaneous, promiscuous (consisting of diverse and unrelated parts or individuals).

pro

*much, for, a lot.* prodigal (wastefully or recklessly extravagant), prodigious (extraordinary in size, amount, or extent), profuse (spending or giving freely), prolific, propound (to set forth for consideration), proselytize (to convert or attempt to recruit), provident (having or showing foresight).

nom / nym / noun / nown

*name.* acronym, anonymous, nomenclature (system of names, systematic naming), nominal (in name only; negligible), nominate, synonym

nov / neo / nou

*new.* innovate, neologism (newly coined word, phrase, or expression), neophyte (recent convert), nouveau riche (recently become rich), novice, renovate

para

*next to, beside.* parable, paragon (model of excellence), parallel, paranoid (baseless distrust of others), parasite, parody

anim

*of the life, mind, soul, spirit.* animosity, animus (hostile feeling or attitude), equanimity (mental or emotional stability, especially under tension), magnanimous (generous in forgiving an insult or injury), unanimous

ab / abs

*off, away from, apart, down.* abdicate, abduct, abhor (to hate, detest), abstinence, abstract (apart from reality), abstruse (hard to understand; secret, hidden).

idio

*one's own*. idiom (language, dialect, or style of speaking particular to a people), idiosyncrasy (peculiarity of temperment, eccentricity), idiot

dog / dox

*opinion.* dogma (system of tenets, as of a church), orthodox, paradox.

al / ali / alter

*other, another.* alias, alien, allegory (figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another), alternative, altruist (unselfishly concerned for the welfare of others).

e / ef / ex

*out, out of, from, former, completely.* efface (to rub or wipe out; to surpass, eclipse), evade, exclude, exonerate, expire, extricate

cour / cur

*running, a course.* courier, cursive (flowing handwriting), cursory (hasty, superficial), excursion (short trip), incursion (hostile entrance into a place, esp. suddenly), recur (to happen again).

scr / sanct / secr

*sacred.* execrable (abominable), sacrament (something possessing sacred character), sacred, sacrifice, sacrilege (violation of something sacred), sanctify (make holy), sanction (authoritative permission or approval)

(h)om

*same.* anomaly (deviation from common rule), homeostasis (stable state of equalibrium), homogeneous, homonym (words spelled and pronounced alike with different meanings), homosexual

auto

*self.* autocrat (absolute ruler), automatic (self-moving or self-acting), autonomy (independence or freedom)

morph

*shape.* amorphous (without shape), anthropomorphism, metamorphosis

ac / acr

*sharp, bitter.* acerbic (sour taste or temper), acrid, acrimonious (bitter in nature), acute (ending in a point, sharp at the end), exacerbate (increase in bitterness or violence; aggravate).

cla / clo / clu

*shut, close.* claustrophobia, cloister (courtyard bordered by covered walks, esp. in a religious institution), conclude, disclose (to uncover), exclusive (shutting out others), preclude (to prevent existence or occurrence of)

min (minutiae)

*small.* diminish, diminution (act of diminishing), miniature, minute, minutiae (small details)

sua

*smooth.* assuage (to make less severe, ease, relieve), dissuade (to deter), persuade (to encourage, convince), suave

fab / fam

*speak.* affable (friendly, courteous), defame, fable, famous, ineffable (too great for description that which must not be uttered).

fort (forte)

*strength.*forte (strong point, something someone does well), fortify, fortissimo (very loud).

dol

*suffer, pain.* condolence, doleful (sorrowful, mournful), dolorous (full of pain or sorrow, grievous), indolence (being lazy or slothful)

chron

*time.* anachronism (obsolete or archaic form), chronic (constant, habitual), chronology, chronometer (timepiece with a mechanism to adjust for accuracy), synchronize

nounc / nunc

*to announce.* announce, pronounce, renounce

rog

*to ask.* abrogate (to abolish by formal means), arrogant (making claims to superior importance or rights), arrogate (to claim unwarrantably or presumptuously), derogatory, interrogate, surrogate (person appointed to act for another).

nat / nas / nai

*to be born.* cognate (related by blood), naive, nascent (starting to develop), native, natural, renaissance (rebirth, esp. relating to culture).

tac / tic

*to be silent.* reticent (disposed to be silent or not to speak freely), tacit (unspoken understanding), taciturn (uncommunicative)

be

*to be, to have a particular quality, to exist.* belie (to misrepresent; to contradict), belittle (to regard something as less impressive than it apparently is), bemoan (express pity for), bewilder (to confuse or puzzle completely)

cred

*to believe, to trust.* credentials, credit (trustworthiness), credo (any formulation of belief), credulity (willingness to believe or trust to readily), incredible (unbelievable).

flect / flex

*to bend.* deflect, flexible, genuflect (to bend knee, esp. in worship), inflect (to change or vary the pitch of), reflect

ferv

*to boil, to bubble.* effervescent (with the quality of giving off bubbles of gass), fervid (ardent, intense), fervor (passion, zeal)

fra / frac / frag / fring

*to break.* fractious (irritable, peevish), fracture, fragment, infringe (to break or violate - law, etc), refractory (stubborn, unmanageable, rebellious)

fer

*to bring; to carry; to bear.* confer (to grant, bestow), offer, proffer (to offer), proliferate (to reproduce, produce rapidly), referendum (to vote on a political question open to the entire electorate)

flag / flam

*to burn.* conflagration (large, destructive fire), flagrant, flambeau (a lighted torch), flammable

voc / vok

*to call.* advocate, avocation (something one does in addition to a principal occupation), equivocate (use ambiguous or unclear expressions), invoke, vocation (particular occupation), vociferous (crying out noisily).

port

*to carry.* deportment (conduct, behavior), disport (divert or amuse oneself), export, import, importune (to urge or press with excessive persistence), portable (easily carried).

ven / vent

*to come or to move toward.* adventitious (accidental), contravene (to come into conflict with), convene (to assemble for some public purpose), intervene, venturesome (showing a disposition to undertaking risks).

cis

*to cut.* exorcise, incision, incisive (penetrating, cutting), precise, scissors

fac / fic / fig / fait / fy

*to do, make.* configuration, counterfeit, deficient, effigy (sculpture or model of person), faction (small dissenting group), factory, prolific (much output, producing many offspring), ratify (to confirm or accept by formal consent)

act / ag

*to do, to drive, to force, to lead.* agile, agitate (to move for force in violent, irregular action), pedagogue (teacher), synagogue (gathering of Jews for worship).

tract

*to drag, to pull, to draw.* abstract (to draw or pull away, remove), attract, contract, detract, protract, tractable (easily managed or controlled), tractor

vor

*to eat.* carnivorous, omnivorous, voracious (having a great appetite).

cad / cid

*to fall, to happen by chance.* accident, cascade, coincidence, decadent (moral or cultural decline), recidivist (repeated relapser, as into crime).

pend / pens

*to hang, to weight, to pay.* appendage, appendix (supplementary material at the end of a text), compensate, depend, indispensable, stipend (periodic payment, fixed or regular pay).

tain / ten / tent / tin

*to hold.* abstention (act of refraining voluntarily), detain, pertain, pertinacious (persistent, stubborn), sustenance, tenable (capable of being held), tenacious (holding fast), tenure (holding or possessing of anything).

sci

*to know.* conscience, conscious, omniscient, prescient (having knowledge of things before they happen), unconscionable (unscrupulous).

rid / ris

*to laugh.* derision (act of mockery), riddle, risible (causing laughter)

duc / duct

*to lead.* abduct (to carry off), conducive (contributive, helpful), conduct, induce (to lead or move away by influence), induct, produce

cli

*to lean toward.* climax (most intense point in the development of something), decline, disinclination, proclivity (inclination, bias), recline

sal / sil / sault / sult

*to leap, to jump.* assault, desultory (at random, unmethodical), exult (to show or feel triumphant joy), insolent (boldly rude or disrespectful), insult, resilient, salient (prominent or conspicuous0, somersault

cub / cumb

*to lie down.* cubicle (small space partitioned off), incubate (to sit upon for the purpose of hatching), incumbent (holding an indicated position), recumbent (lying down, reclining), succumb (to give away to superior force, yield).

spec / spic / spit

*to look, to see.* circumspect (watchful and discreet, cautious), perspicacious (having keen mental perception and understanding), retrospective (contemplative of past situations), specious (deceptively attractive), spectrum (broad range of related things that form a continuous series), speculation.

sol

*to loosen, to free.* absolution (forgiveness for wrongdoing), dissolute (indifferent to moral restraints), dissolution, dissolve, resolution (formal expression of opinion or intention made), soluble (capable of being dissolved into liquid).

join / junct

*to meet; to join.* adjoin (to be next to and joined with), junction, junta (clique, usually military, that takes power after a coup d'etat), rejoinder (to reply, retort), subjugate.

pen / pun

*to pay, to compensate.* penal (pertaining to punishment, as for crimes), penalty, penance (punishment to express regret for sin), penitent (contrite), punitive (concerned with inflicting punishment)

lud / lus

*to play.* allude, delude (to mislead the mind or judgement of, deceive), elude, illusion, ludicrous, prelude

plac

*to please.* complacent (self-satisified, unconcerned), complaisant (inclined to please), implacable (unable to be pleased), placebo, placid (pleasantly calm or peaceful).

punc / pung / poign

*to point, to prick.* compunction (feeling of uneasiness for doing wrong), expunge, point, punctilious (strict or exact in the observance of formalities), puncture, pungent.

fus

*to pour.* diffuse, fusillade (continuous discharge of firearms or outburst of criticism), infusion, profuse (lavish, extravagant, copious), suffuse (to spread throughout or over from within)

min (prominent)

*to project, to hang over.* eminent (towering over others; projecting), imminent, minatory (menacing, threatening) preeminent, prominent (projecting outward).

prob

*to prove, to test.* approbation (praise, consideration), opprobrium (disgrace incurred by shameful conduct), probe, probity (honestly, high-mindedness), problematic, reprobate (depraved or wicked person).

pon / pos / pound

*to put, to place.* component, expose, expound, juxtapose (to place close together or side by side, esp. for contract), repository (place where things are deposited).

mon / monit

*to remind, to warn.* admonish (to counsel or caution against something), monitor (one that cautions, reminds), monument, premonition, remonstrate (to say or plead in protection, objection, or reproof), summon

dic / dict / dit

*to say, to tell, to use words.* dictionary, interdict (to forbid, prohibit), predict, verdict, edict (official proclamation)

vid / vis

*to see.* evident (plain or clear to sight or understanding), vista (view or prospect)

que / quis

*to seek.* acquire, conquest, exquisite, inquisitive, perquisite (gratuity, tip), querulous (full of complaints), query

lect / leg

*to select, to choose.* collect, eclectic (selecting ideas from various sources), elect, predilection (preference, liking), select

mis / mit

*to send.* emissary, intermittent, remission, remit (send money), transmit

claim / clam

*to shout, cry out.* clamor, disclaim (to deny interest in or connection with), exclaim, proclaim (to announce in an official way), reclaim

cant / cent / chant

*to sing.* accent (prominence of a syllable pronunciation), chant, enchant, incantation, incentive (incites action), recant (withdraw statement)

sed / sess / sid

*to sit, to be still, to plan, to plot.* assiduous (diligent, persistent, hardworking), dissident, insidious (intended to entrap or beguile), preside, residual, subsidiary (serving to assist or supplement)

sta / sti

*to stand, to be in place.* apostasy (renunciation of an object of one's previous loyalty), constitute, destitute (without means of subsistence), obstinate, stasis, static

grad / gress

*to step.* aggressive, degrade, digress (to depart from main subject), egress (going out, a way out), progress, regress

her / hes

*to stick.* adherent (able to adhere, believer), adhesive, coherent (logically consistent; having waves in phase and of one wavelength), heredity, inherent

tend / tens / tent / tenu

*to stretch; to thin.* attenuate (to weaken or reduce in force), contentious, distend, extenuating (make less serious by offering excuses), tendentious (having a predisposition towards a point of view), tension, tentative, tenuous (very weak or slight)

jur

*to swear.* abjure (to renounce an oath), adjure (to beg or command), perjury.

cap / cip / cept

*to take, get.* anticipate, capture, emancipate, percipient (having perception, discerning, discriminating), precept (commandment or direction given as a rule of conduct), susceptible (capable of receiving, admitting, undergoing, or being affected by something).

prehend / prise

*to take, to get, to seize.* apprehend (to take into custody), comprise (to include or contain), comprehend (to understand), enterprise (a project undertaken), reprehensible (deserving rebuke), reprisals (retaliation against an enemy), surprise

dac / doc

*to teach.* didactic (intended for instruction), docile (easly managed), doctor, doctrine, indoctrinate

ject

*to throw, to throw down.* abject (utterly hopeless, humiliating, or wretched), conjecture, dejected, eject, inject

us / ut

*to use.* abuse, usage, usurp (to seize and hold), utilitarian (efficient, functional, useful),

err

*to wander.* errant (downright, thorough, notorious), err, erratic (deviating from proper or usual course of conduct), error (deviation from correctness)

lav / lut / luv

*to wash.* ablution (act of cleansing), antediluvian (before the Flood), deluge, dilute, lavatory, pollute

vol

*to wish.* benevolent (expressing goodwill), malevolent (expressing bad will), volition, voluntary

scribe / scrip

*to write.* ascribe, circumscribe (to draw a line around), conscription (draft), describe, postscript (any addition or supplement), proscribe (to condemn as harmful or odious), scribble, script, transcript

ad / al

*to, toward, near.* adapt, adhere, adjacent, advocate

ob / oc / of / op

*toward, to, against, over.* obese, obfuscate (to render indistinct or dim, darken), oblique (having a slanting or sloping direction), obsequious (overly submissive) obstinate, obstreperous (nosily defiant, unruly), obstruct, obtuse (not sharp, pointed, or acute in any form).

bi

*twice, double.* biennial (every two years), bilateral, bilingual, bipartisan (representing two parties)

hypo

*under, beneath, less than.* hypochondriac (one affected by extreme depression of mind or spirits often centered on imaginary physical ailments), hypocritical (affecting virtues or qualities one doesn't have), hypodermic (beneath the skin), hypothesis (assumption subject to proof).

epi

*upon.* epidemic, epidermis (outer layer of skin), epigram (witty or pointed saying tersely expressed), epilogue (concluding part added to a literary work), epithet (word or phrase used invectively as a term of abuse)

bel / bell

*war.* antebellum (before the war), belligerent (warlike), rebel (resists authority), bellicose (willingness to fight).

co / col / com / con

*with, together.* coerce, collaborate, collide, commensurate (suitable in measure, proportionate), compatable, conciliate (to placate, win over), connect

a

*without.* agnostic, amoral, anomaly (irregular), atheist.

loc / log / loqu

*word, speech.* colloquial (of ordinary or familiar conversation), dialogue, elocution (art of clear and expressive speaking), eulogy, grandiloquent (pompous or inflated in language), loquacious, prologue

dign

*worth.* condign (well-deserved, fitting, adequate), deign (to think fit or in accordance with one's dignity), dignitary (person who holds a high rank or office), dignity (nobility or elevation of character, worthiness), distain (to look at with contempt)

annui / enni

*year.* annals (record of events, esp. a yearly record), anniversary, annual, perennial (lasting an indefinite amount of time).

Petrarch

1304-1374. 14th century Italian poet and scholar, known for his love poems and his discovery of classical authors. *Canzoniere [Book of Songs]*, a collection of 400 of his poems, most of them about a woman named Laura.

Chaucer, Geoffrey

1343-1400. 14th century English author, often called the father of English Poetry. *The Canterbury Tales*.

Donatello

1386-1466. 15th century FLOR sculptor; one of the founders of Italian Renaissance sculpture. *David, St. George Slaying the Dragon*.

Aquinas, St. Thomas

13th century Christian philosopher. Wrote "The Five Ways", which outlined five proofs for the existence of God.

stone

14 pounds, 6.4 kg

Gutenberg, Johannes

1400-1468. German Inventor of movable type and the printing press.

Botticelli, Sandro

1444-1510. 15th century Italian Renaissance artist. *The Birth of Venus, St. Sebastian, Fortitude*.

Cabot, John

1450-1498. English Explorer. North America.

Diaz, Bartolomeu

1450-1500. Portuguese Explorer. Cape of Good Hope.

Bosch, Hieronymus

1450-1516. Early 16th century painter considered perhaps the greatest master of fantasy ever. *Garden of Earthly Delights, Mocking of Christ*

Columbus, Christopher

1451-1506. Italian/Spanish Explorer. Discovery of New World.

Da Vinci, Leonardo

1452-1519. Italian Inventor. Conceptualized a helicopter, painted Mona Lisa, advanced anatomy, etc.

Leonardo da Vinci

1452-1519. Late 15th-early 16th century ITL artist and scientist; most versatile genius of the Renaissance. Fresco: *The Last Supper*, painting: *Mona Lisa*; notbook drawings of the human anatomy.

Vespucci, Amerigo

1454-1521. Italian Explorer. America was named after him, first to realize that the Americas were a different continent than Asia.

Ponce de Leon, Juan

1460-1521. Spanish Explorer. First European explorer to Florida.

Pizarro, Franscisco

1470-1541. Spanish Explorer. Peru, Inca empire.

Dürer, Albrecht

1471-1528. late 15th - early 16th century GER artist known for his woodcuts and engravings. *His Mother*, a charcoal drawing; *Adam and Eve*, an engraving; and *The Apocalypse*, a series of woodcuts.

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de

1475-1517. Spanish Explorer. Pacific Ocean.

Michelangelo, Bounarotti

1475-1564. Late 15th-early 16th century Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet who embodied the Renaissance. *Pieta, David, Madonna and Child*, ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

Magellan, Ferdinand

1480-1521. Portuguese Explorer. First to sail around the world.

Raphael

1483-1520. Early 16th century Italian painter who, along with Leonardo and Michelangelo, is considered the creator of the Renaissance. *Transfiguration, St. Michael, Saint George and the Dragon*.

Cortes, Hernando

1485-1547. Spanish Explorer. Mexico, Aztec nation.

Titian

1488-1576. 16th century Italian artist, one of the greatest masters of the Renaissance. *Assumption, Venus of Urbino, Venus and Adonis*.

Henry VIII

1491-1547. Began Church of England in the 16th century.

Cartier, Jacques

1491-1557. French Explorer. St. Lawrence river region.

Holbein, Hans (the Younger)

1497-1543. 16th century GER Renaissance painter. *Dance of Death, Dead Christ*.

Occam, William of

14th century ENG philosopher who developed the notion of "parsimony". Ockham's Razor states that simpler explanations are preferable to more complex ones.

de Soto, Hernando

1500-1542. Spanish Explorer. Cuba, Florida, SE region of US.

Cellini, Benvenuto

1500-1571. 16th century Florentine sculptor, goldsmith, and designer of coins and medals. Perseus bronze, gold saltcellar.

Vasquez de Coronado, Franscisco

1510-1554. Spanish Explorer. First European to explore Arizona and New Mexico.

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de

1510-1554. Spanish Explorer. Sought mythical city of Cibola, explored SW region of the U.S.

mannerism

1520s-1590s school of art and architecture characterized by the exotic and confusing and the distortion of the human form. El Greco, Vassari.

Brueghel, Pieter (the Elder)

1525-1569. 16th century Flemish painter known for pleasant scenes and large landscapes; sometimes known as "Peasant Bruegel". *Hunters in the Snow, The Harvesters, Fall of the Rebel Angel*

Bunyan, John

1528-1688. 17th century English writer of religious allegories. *Pilgrim's Progress*.

Drake, Sir Francis

1540-1596. British Explorer. Circumnavigated the globe, helped defeat the Spanish Armada.

Greco, El

1541-1614. 16th century GREEK painter who lived and worked in Spain specializing in expressive portraits of nobility and cathedral altars. *The Annunciation, The Burial of the Count of Orgaz*.

Cervantes, Miguel de

1547-1616. Spanish writer. *Don Quixote de la Mancha*.

Spenser, Edmund

1552-1599. Great Elizabethan poet. *The Faerie Queene*.

Raleigh, Sir Walter

1552-1618. British Explorer. Eastern coast of US.

Marlowe, Christopher

1564-1593. 16th century English poet and dramatist; he was the first to use blank verse on the stage, influenced Shakespeare.

Bolivar, Simon

1783-1830. South and Central American general and liberator. Liberated Venezuela, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru from Spanish rule in the 19th century.

Beyle, Marie-Henri (pseud. Stendhal)

1783-1842. One of the leading 19th century French novelists, famous for the psychological and political insight of his works. *The Red and the Black, The Charterhouse of Parma*

Audubon, John James

1785-1851. Early 19th century US artist and illustrator known for his color engravings of birds. *Birds in America*.

Drais, Karl

1785-1851. German Inventor of the bicycle (Draisine).

Byron, Lord George Gordon

1788-1824. English *Romantic* poet. *Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Don Juan*.

Cooper, James Fenimore

1789-1851. 18th century American novelist who wrote about the American frontier. *Leather-Stocking Tales*, which includes *The Last of the Mohicans* and *The Deerslayer*.

neoclassicism

1790s-1830s rejection of rococo and a return to classical style; characterized by restraint and balance.

Shelly, Percy Bysshe

1792-1822. Early 19th century English Romantic poet. *Prometheus Unbound, Adonais, Ode to the West Wind*.

Rossini, Gioacchino

1792-1868. ITL composer of operas. *Barber of Seville*

Bryant, William Cullen

1794-1878. American nature poet. *Thanatopsis*.

Keats, John

1795-1821. ENG Romantic Poet. "Endymion," "Ode to a Nightingale," "Ode to a Grecian Urn," "La Bell Dame sans Merci"

von Ranke, Leopold

1795-1886. German historian considered on eof hte founders of modern source-based history.

Schubert, Franz

1797-1828. 19th century AUST composer of piano and vocal pieces.

Delacroix, Eugene

1798-1863. 19th century FR painter of the Romantic period. *Liberty at the Barricades*

Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeyvich

1799-1837. Russia's most celebrated poet; also wrote plays and other prose. *Eugene Onegin, The Bronze Horeseman.*

Balzac, Honore de

1799-1850. French novelist. *The Human Comedy, Cousin Bette, Pere Goriot*

Pachabel, Johann

17th century GER organist and composer of keyboard music

cubit

18 inches

Cole, Thomas

1801-1848. 19th century US landscape painter; member of the Hudson River school of painting.

Dumas, Alexandre

1802-1870. FR novelist and dramatist. *The Three Musketeers, The Count of Monte Cristo*.

Hugo, Victor

1802-1885. Victorian FR novelist *The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Les Misérables*.

Berlioz, Hector

1803-1869. FR composer of innovative pieces. *Symphonie Fantastique*.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

1803-1882. US poet and essayist; central figure in *transcendentalism*.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

1804-1864. 19th century US author who set many of his stories against the somber background of Puritan New England. *The Scarlet Letter*, in which Hester Pryne is the aduleress, Arthur Dimmesdale the adultere, and Roger Chillingworth the husband. *The House of the Seven Gables*.

Garrison, WIlliam Lloyd

1805-1879. Noted US abolitionist

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett & Robert

1806-1861. Married English poets. Elizabeth = *Sonnets from the Portuguese*, Robert = known for dramatic monologues such as *My Last Duchess*.

Mill, John Stuart

1806-1873. English philosopher; used principle of utility.

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

1807-1882. Liberator/Unifier of Italy

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth

1807-1882. Most popular American poet of the 19th century. *Evangeline*, "Songs of Hiawatha".

Daumier, Honoré

1808-1879. 19th century FR lithographer, cartoonist, and social satirist. *The Print Collector, The People of Justice*.

Davis, Jefferson

1808-1899. President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.

Poe, Edgar Allan

1809-1849. 19th century American poet, critic, and short-story writer; the father of modern mystery and detective fiction. *"Murders in the Rue Morgue," "The Fall of the House of Usher," "The Raven", The Tell-Tale Heart," "The Cask of Amontillado."

Braille, Louis

1809-1852. French Inventor of the Braille writing system.

Chopin, Federic

1810-1849. POL composer of the 19th century known for piano compositions.

Dickens, Charles

1812-1870. English novelist. *David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities, Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickelby, A Christmas Carol*. A contemporary of Thomas Hardy.

Wagner, Richard

1813-1883. 19th century GER composer whose use of *leitmotif* revolutionized opera. *Tristan and Isolde*, *Der Ring des Nibelungen*.

Currier, Nathaniel T. and Ives, James Merrit

1813-1888; 1824-1895. 19th century US lithographers know for prints depicting American life.

Verdi, Giuseppe

1813-1901. ITL composer of operas. *Rigoletto, La Traviata, Aida*.

Bismarck, Otto von

1815-1898. Liberator/Unifier of Germany.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady

1815-1902. American leader of the women's rights movement.

Bronte, Charlotte & Emily

1816-1855, 1818-1848. English authors. Charlotte = *Jane Eyre*, wrote under "Currer Bell", Emily = *Wuthering Heights*, wrote under Ellis Bell.

Hardy, Thomas

1840-1928. The last of ENG's great Victorian novelists. *Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D'Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure, Far from the Madding Crowd, The Return of the Native.*

Devoak, Antonin

1841-1904. 19th century CZECH composer of symphonies, including *New World Symphony*.

Renoir, Pierre-Auguste

1841-1919. Late 19th-early 20th century French painter; a founder of impressionism. *Moulin de la Gallette, Les Grandes Baigneuses, Bather*

James, William

1842-1910. American philosopher; pragmatism, functionalism.

Grieg, Edvard

1843-1907. 19th century NOR composer and pianist. Music for *Peer Gynt*

James, Henry

1843-1916. US author, known for his subtle psychological character studies. *The Turn of the Screw, The Ambassadors, Daisy Miller, Washington Square, The Portrait of a Lady*

Rousseau, Henri

1844-1910. 19th century French painter, one of the foremost primitive artists of the modern age. *The Sleeping Gypsy, The Dream*

Benz, Karl

1844-1929. German Inventor of the petrol powered automobile.

Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad

1845-1923. German Inventor of the X-ray machine.

Nation, Carry

1846-1911. Leader of the Temperance movement.

Bell, Alexander Graham

1847-1922. American Inventor of the telephone.

Edison, Thomas Alva

1847-1931. American Inventor of the lightbulb, phonograph.

Gauguin, Paul

1848-1903. 19th century FR painter best known for depiction of simple life in Tahiti. *Indian Ocean Maiden*.

Pavlov, Ivan

1849-1936. Russian physiologist/psychologist; conditioning of reflexes, worked with dogs.

Stevenson, Robert Louis

1850-1894. 19th century Scottish novelist, essayist, and poet; known for his adventure stories. *Treasure Island, Kidnapped, A Child's Garden of Verses*.

Binet, Alfred & Simon, Theodore

1851-1942 & 1873-1961. French psychologists; development of IQ tests.

van Gogh, Vincent

1853-1890. 19th century Dutch postimpressionist painter. *The Sunflowers, Starry Night, Self-Portrait*

Diesel, Rudolf

1853-1913. German Inventor of the first internal-combustion engine using fuel oil instead of gasoline.

Wilde, Oscar

1854-1900. Late 19th century Irish playwright, poet, and novelist; attacked Victorian narrow-mindedness and complacency. *The Picture of Dorian Gray, The Importance of Being Earnest, Salmoé*.

Sousa, John Phillip

1854-1932. Early 20th century US band conductor and composer of marches such as the classic *Stars and Stripes Forever*

Washington, Booker T.

1856-1915. Important African American spokesperson and scholar of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Peary, Robert E.

1856-1920. American Explorer. Explored North Pole (disputed claim; prior claim of Fred Cook)

Sargent, John Singer

1856-1925. Late 19th-early 20th century US portrait painter. *Lady Hamilton*.

Freud, Sigmund

1856-1939. Austrian psychiatrist; sexual drive, Oedipus complex.

Shaw, George Bernard

1856-1950. English (Irish-born) author of satirical plays. *Pygmalion*, used as a basis for *My Fair Lady; Man and Superman; Saint Joan*.

Conrad, Joseph

1857-1924. English novelist born in Poland. *Heart of Darkness, Lord Jim*.

Ravel, Maurice

1857-1937. FR composer known for his nationalistic symphonies. *Bolero*.

Boas, Franz

1858 - 1942. German American anthropologist; known for being the "father" of modern anthropology as he applied the scientific method to his anthropological studies

Puccini, Giacomo

1858-1924. ITL composer of operas, including *La Boheme* and *Madame Butterfly*.

Seurat, Georges

1859-1891. 19th century French artist who introduced pointillism. *Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte*.

Durkheim, Emile

1859-1917. French sociologist, considered one of the fathers of modern sociology.

Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan

1859-1930. ENG author, creator of Sherlock Holmes.

Dewey, John

1859-1952. American educator/philosopher; pragmatism.

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich

1860-1904. Russian writer, best known for his plays. *The Cherry Orchard, The Three Sisters, The Seagull*.

Mahler, Gustav

1860-1911. Late 19th-early 20th century AUST composer and conductor. *Symphony of a Thousand*.

Moses, Anna Mary (Grandma)

1860-1961. Late 19th-early 20th US painter known for her simple depictions of New England life and landscapes.

Remington, Federic

1861-1909. 19th century US painter, illustrator, and sculptor known for his romantic scenes of the American Old West.

Maillol, Aristide

1861-1944. Late 19th-early 20th century FR painter and sculptor. *The Three Graces, Seated Woman*

Debussy, Claude

1862-1918. FR Impressionist composer of late 19th-early 20th centuries

Ford, Henry

1863-1947. American Inventor. Developed modern assembly lines for mass production.

Caldecott, Randolph

1864-1886. 19th century English illustrator known for his illustrations of children's books; the prestigious Caldecott Award is given annually for excellence in children's book illustration

Klee, Paul

1879-1940. Late 19th-early 20th century SWISS painter and etcher known for his whimsical works that sought to portray reality through its inner nature. *Inventions, Senecio*. Helped found the Bauhaus school. Closely associated with Kandinsky.

Stalin, Joseph

1879-1953. Soviet leader during WWII and the Cold War.

Einstein, Albert

1879-1955. German Inventor/Physicist responsible for the theory of relativity.

Beecham, Sir Thomas

1879-1961. ENG conductor

Mencken, H[enry] L[ouis]

1880-1956. The most influential American critic of the 1920s and early 1930s.

pointillism

1880s art form in which tiny dots of paint, when viewed from a distance, take on the shape of objects. *Seurat*.

Fleming, Alexander

1881-1955. English Inventor of penicillin.

Picasso, Pablo

1881-1973. 20th century Spanish painter, sculptor, and printmaker considered one of the foremost artists of the 20th century. After his "Blue period" paintings of despairing people and his "Rose period" circus paintings, he turned to cubism and later surrealism and collage. *Gurnica, Three Musicians, Artists*.

Woolf, Virginia

1882-1941. English novelist and critic; with her husband Leonard, provided a center for the Bloomsbury Group, an informal group of famous intellectuals. *Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse*. Modernist.

Joyce, James

1882-1941. IRISH author, noted for use of interior monologue and stream of consciousness. *Ulysses, Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, The Dubliners, Finnegan's Wake*

Milne, A[lan] A[lexander]

1882-1956. English author, creator of *Winnie-the-Pooh*.

Hopper, Edward

1882-1967. 20th century US artist known for bleak surreal scenes depicting city life and the ennui of workers. *Early Sunday Morning, Nighthawks*

Kodaly, Zoltan

1882-1967. Late 19th early 20th century HUNG composer, edited Hungarian folk songs (with Bartok). *Psalmas Hungaricus*, opera *Hary Janos*.

Stravinsky, Igor

1882-1971. RUS-born composer best known for his conducting and for his compositions for ballets.

Kafka, Franz

1883-1924. GER *existentialist* novelist who penned the classic *The Metamorphosis*

Keynes, John Maynard

1883-1946. British developer of Keynesian economics, founder of modern theoretical macroeconomics.

Kant, Immanuel

1883-1946. German philosopher; proposed categorical imperative.

Utrillo, Maurice

1883-1955. Late 19th century-early 20th century French painter. *Sacre Coeur*.

Modigliani, Amedeo

1884-1920. Late 19th-early 20th century Italian sculptor and painter known for his sad, elongated faces. *Seated Nude, The Brown Haired Girl*

Malinowski, Bronislaw

1884-1942. Polish anthropologist, pioneer in ethnographic fieldwork.

symbolism

1885 movement in art that sought to depict the world through the visionary eye of dreams and illusions.

Lawrence, D[avid] H[erbert]

1885-1930. ENG novelist, poet, and short-story writer. *Sons and Lovers, Lady Chatterley's Lover*.

Lewis, Sinclair

1885-1951. Early 20th century US novelist and social critic. *Main Street, Babbitt, Arrowsmith, Elmer Gantry*

Horney, Karen

1885-1952. American psychiatrist; importance of social and cultural influences on behavior.

Pound, Ezra

1885-1972. American poet and critic, one of the most influential poets and controversial figures of the 20th century. *Cantos*. Modernism.

Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig

1886-1969. 20th century German-US architect known for clean-line skyscrapers of glass and metal and for steel-framed furniture. Barcelona chair.

Benedict, Ruth

1887-1911. American anthropologist; author of *Patterns of Culture*

Kohler, Wolfgang

1887-1967. German-American psychologist; Gestaltist, worked with chimps.

O'Keeffe, Georgia

1887-1986. 20th century US painter known for her large New Mexican landscape.

O'Neill, Eugene

1888-1953. One of the greatest American playwrights. *The Hairy Ape, The Emperor Jones, Desire Under the Elms, Ah! Wilderness, The Iceman Cometh, Long Day's Journey Into Night.*

Eliot, T[homas] S[tearns]

1888-1965. 20th century ENG (American born) poet, dramatist, and critic. *Prufrock and Other Observations, The Waste Land, Murder in the Cathedral*.

Gardner, Erle Stanley

1889-1970. US writer, author of Perry Mason mysteries.

Chagall, Marc

1889-1985. 20th century French painter of Russian-Jewish origin, forerunner of surrealism. *The Juggler, The Green Violinist*.

Prokofiev, Sergei

1891-1953. 20th centiry composer of *Peter and the Wolf*

Ernst, Max

1891-1976. 20th century German-born FR artist, a leading surrealist and one of the founders of dada; known for his "reveries". *Europe after the Rain, Mundus est Fabula, Two Children are Threatened by a Nightingale*.

Miller, Henry

1891-1980. 20th century American author. *Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn*.

Wood, Grant

1892-1942. 20th century US regionalist painter famous for midwestern American themes. *American Gothic*

Mao Tse Dung

1893-1976. Chinese revolutionary who established communism in mainland China.

Miller, Arthur

1915-2005. Contemporary American dramatist. *Death of a Salesman, The Crucible, The Misfits*.

Faulkner, William

1897-1962. 20th century US novelist; wrote about the South; famous for his use of *stream of consciousness*. *The Sound and the Fury, As I Lay Dying, Absalom -Absalom!*.

Wilder, Thornton

1897-1975. American novelist and playwright. *The Bridge of San Luis Rey, Our Town, Matchmaker*, which was the basis for the Broadway musical *Hello, Dolly*.

Gershwin, George

1898-1937. US composer of symphony and jazz music, as well as musicals. *Porgy and Bess, Rhapsody in Blue, An American in Paris*.

Calder, Alexander

1898-1976. 20th century US sculptor and abstract painter best known for mobiles and stabiles (nonmoving sculptures). *Lobster Trap and Fish Tail, Spiral*

Moore, Henry

1898-1986. 20th century British sculptor known for large-scale abstract works and "truth to materials" doctrine. *Family Group*

Suzuki, Shin'ichi

1898-1998. JAP music educator who promoted learning by repetition as well as by instruction.

Hemingway, Ernest

1899-1961. US author. *A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea*.

Nabokov, Vladimir

1899-1977. American author. *Lolita* (effete protagonist Humbert Humbert), *Invitation to a Beheading*.

Rameu, Jean-Philippe

18th century FR composer and organist. *Castor et Pollux*

Wolfe, Thomas

1900-1938. American author, known for his autobiographical novels. *Look Homeward, Angel; You Can't Go Home Again*.

Copland, Aaron

1900-1990. 20th century AUS composer who utilized folk and jazz in his compositions. *Rodeo, Appalachian Spring*.

Fermi, Enrico

1901-1954. Italian Inventor. One of the first developers of the nuclear reactor.

Heifetz, Jascha

1901-1967. Lithuanian violinist

Steinbeck, John

1902-1968. 20th century American author, known for his powerful novels about agricultural workers. *The Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men, East of Eden*.

Parsons, Talcott

1902-1979. American sociologist; developed structural functionalism as a means of analyzing society.

Rodgers, Richard

1902-1979. US composer who worked first with lyricist Lorenz Hart and later with Oscar Hammerstein on great musicals. *Sound of Music, Oklahoma!*

Erikson, Erik

1902-1994. American psychologist; stage theory of development.

George Orwell (Eric Blair)

1903-1950. British novelist. *Animal Farm, 1984*.

Rothko, Mark

1903-1970. 20th century Russian-born US abstract expressionist painter known for his canvases of irregular shapes and bands of color.

Dali, Salvador

1904-1989. 20th century SPA painter, considered one of the foremost surrealists. *Premonition of the Civil War, Christ of St. John of the Cross, Persistence of Memory*.

Skinner, B[urrhus] F[rederic]

1904-1990. American psychologist; behaviorist; studies the effects of reinforcement on behavior; worked with rats, pigeons (Skinner box)

de Kooning, Willem

1904-1997. 20th century DUTCH abstract painter known for distorted shapes and tragic expressions.

Harlow, Harry

1905-1981. American psychologist; importance of attachment of baby monkeys.

Shostakovich, Dmitri

1906-1974. 20th century RUS composer, known for political motivations. *Leingrad* symphony, *The Golden Age* opera, *Songs of the Forests* ballet.

Beckett, Samuel

1906-1989. Irish-born novelist, dramatist, and poet; lived in France. *Waiting for Godot, Molloy*.

cubism

1907 - to - 1915 art movement, mainly French, characterized by fragmentation of reality; use geometric forms in nature as a departure from representational art; a reaction to Impressionism

Wright, Richard

1908-1960. 20th century American author, known for his description of black life in America. *Native Son, Black Boy*, his autobiography.

Strauss, Claude Levi

1908-2008. French anthropologist; author of Structural Anthropology; viewed culture as a system of symbolic communication.

futurism

1910 Italian art movement that stressed motion and sought to glorify the machine by painting and sculpting multitudes of moving parts.

Williams, Tennessee

1911-1983. Considered the greatest American playwright. *The Glass Menagerie, A Streetcar Named Desire, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof*.

Golding, William

1911-1993. 20th century ENG author. *Lord of the Flies*.

Pollock, Jackson

1912-1956. 20th century US painter of the abstract expressionist school known for his large canvases (later cut up) that aim to create subconscious reality. Characterizes the Abstract Expressionist movement.

Friedman, Milton

1912-2006. American economist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in economics; opposed government regulation.

Camus, Albert

1913-1960. French *existentialist* writer. *The Stranger* and *The Plague*.

Britten, Benjamin

1913-1976. ENG conductor and composer. *The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra*.

Hersey, John

1914-1993. US novelist, known for his words about WWII *A Bell for Adano*

dada

1915 to 1923 international anti- art movement reflecting cynicism by producing bizarre works that represented the absurd. *Mona Lisa with a Mustache*.

Bellow, Saul

1915-2005. American novelist. *Seize the Day, Herzog*. Awarded the nobel prize in 1976.

abstract expressionism

1940s-50s American art movement stressing spontaneous, nonrepresentational creation with emphasis on the paint itself; first truly American school of art. *Pollock*.

Du Pre, Jacqueline

1945-1987. ENG cellist.

Rushdie, Salman

1947 - ENG novelist who had a death sentence imposed upon by a leader of the Islamic faith because supposed blaspheme within *The Satanic Verses*.

Warsaw Pact

1955 defense alliance organized by the Soviet Union and several Eastern European nations.

op art

1960s American art movement derived from popular culture and commercial art, with art culled from every day life. *Warhol*.

Smentana, Bedirch

19th century Czech composer and pianist *The Bartered Bride* opera.

Mendelssohn, Felix

19th century GER composer and conductor. Operetta *Son and Strnger, Scottish* symphony, *Elijah*, overture to *Midsummer Night's Dream*.

Schumann, Robert

19th century GER composer and pianist

Borodin, Aleksandr Porfiryevich

19th century RUS composer. Opera *Prince Igor*

Mussorgsky, Modest Petrovich

19th century RUS composer. Operas *Boris Godunov, Pictures at an Exhibition, Night on Bald Mountain*.

Romantic movement

19th century literary movement that began in England. It contrasts with Classicism because it emphasizes passion rather than reason, and imagination and inspiration rather than logic. *Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelly, Keats, Byron*.

Neil Armstrong / Buzz Aldrin / Alan Shepard

1st and 2nd people to walk on the moon. Pilot of the first manned space mission.

bushel

2 buckets or 4 pecks (dry)

bucket

2 pecks or 16 quarts (dry)

prime number

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 17, 23, 29, 31

hectare

2.47 acres

score

20

expressionism

20th Century art in which the expression of the artist takes precedence over rational and faithful rendering of the subject matter; stress on emotions and inner visions *van Gogh, El Greco*

Schoenberg, Arnold

20th century AUST-American composer *Ode to Napoleon*, opera *Moses and Aaron*

Mihaud, Darius

20th century FR composer. Operas *David* and *Christopher Columbus*, ballets **Jeux de printemps* and *Creation of the World*.

Orff, Carl

20th century GER composer and conductor. Operas *Oedipus the Tyrant*, incendal music and choral works, *Songs of Catullus, Carmina Burana*.

Weil, Kurt

20th century GER-born US composer. *The Threepenny Opera* opera.

Bartok, Bela

20th century HUNG composer who developed Hungarian national musical style, known for dissonant, atonal sounds. *Bluebeard's Castle*

Menotti, Gian Carlo

20th century ITA-US composer of opera. *Amahl and the Night Vision*

Stern, Issac

20th century RUS born US violinist

Segovia, Andres

20th century Spanish classical guitarist

Tropic of cancer

23.5 degrees north of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

23.5 degrees south of the equator.

Transition metals

29 metallic metals, including chromium, iron, inckel, copper, silver, and gold. Valence electrons in two shells instead of one. Only mercury (Hg) exists naturally as a liquid.

league

3 miles or 4.8 km at sea

barrel

31.5 gallons

Aristotle

384-322 BCE. Plato's student who criticized the theory of Forms and developed a systemized logic

gill

4 ounces (liquid)

Ovid

43 BC - 17 AD. Roman poet who was a major inspiration to Renaissance and Baroque writers. *Metamorphoses, The Art of Love*

Aristophanes

445-380 BC. Greek playwright, master of Old Comedy. *Lysistrata, The Frogs*.

Euripides

480-406 B.C. GREEK tragic dramatist. *Medea*

Sophocles

496-406 BC. Greek dramatist. *Oedipus the King, Antigone*.

Augustine of Hippo

4th and 5th century bishop, philosopher, and *neoplatonist*

Aeschylus

525-456 BC. Earliest Greek dramatist. *Promethus Bound, The Oresteia*.

hogshead

63 gallons - two barrels

Vergil (Virgil)

70-19 BC. Greatest Roman poet; wrote the *Aeneid*, the epic that tells of the founding of Rome and describes the adventures of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan hero who founded the city.

peck

8 quarts or 1/4 of a bushel (dry)

Homer

9th-8th century B.C. Earliest greek author whose works have survived. *The Illiad* and *The Odyssey* are both about the Trojan War.

preposition

A (usually small) word that combines with a noun, pronoun, or noun equivalent to form a prepositional phrase that modifies part of the sentence. After, at, before, by, for, with.

kitch

A German word that means "trash" and is frequently applied to a work of poor quality taht appeals to low-brow tastes

equilateral triangle

A triangle that has all three sides the same length and all angles 60 degrees

acute triangle

A triangle with 3 acute angles

scalene triangle

A triangle with sides of different lengths

classical conditioning

A type of conditioning in which a stimulus that does not elicit a response is consistently paired with a stimuli that can elicit a response such that later the stimulus can elicit the response.

operant conditioning

A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

satire

A type of literary work that uses sarcasm, wit, and irony to ridicule and expose the follies of mankind. *The Rape of the Lock, Gulliver's Travels*.

Naturalism

A type of realistic fiction that developed in France, America, and England in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It presupposes that human beings are like puppets, controlled completely by external and internal forces.

igneous

A type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface. Includes basalt and granite.

serigraphy

A type of silk screen painting.

transitive verb

A verb that can act upon an object. One might say that a transitive verb is object oriented. Examples - see, buy (I say my friend when I bought a bagel).

intransitive verb

A verb that doesn't act on an object. You sleep, you don't "sleep it".

free verse

A verse form without regular meter. Whitman's *Leaves of Grass* is written in free verse.

composite number

A whole number greater than 1 that has more than 2 factors. 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18

caduceus

A winged staff with two serpents coiled around it; emblem of the medical profession

pronoun

A word that is used as a substitute for a noun or noun equivilent, takes noun counstructions, and refers to persons or things named or understood in the context. I, you, he, she it, we, they , me, him, her, us, then.

conjunction

A word that joins together sentences, clauses, phrases, or words. There are two kinds of conjunctions: *coordinating* conjunctions (and, or) and subordinating conjunctions (although, because).

onomatopoeia

A word whose sound is descriptive of its sense of meaning.

von Karajan, Herert

AUS-born GER conductor

Wittgenstein, Ludwig

AUST philosopher who began as a logical positivist and later developed important ideas in the philosophy of language.

Lend-Lease Act

Allowed FDR to give arms and other supplies to any nation considered vital to the security of the United States.

Other metals

Aluminum, gallium, indium, tin, thallium, lead, bismuth. Ductile and malleable like transition metals, but don't have variable oxidation states and their valence electrons are only present in their outer shell.

luminism

American art movement associated with impressionism, concerned with the effect of light.

Beat Movement

American writers of the 1950s who expressed their feelings of alienation from society. *Kerouac, Ginsberg, Ferlinghetti*.

empiricism

Belief that all knowledge is derived from experience

Barzun, Jacques

B. 1907. American historian specializing in expressions of culture like music, literature, and education.

Ferguson, Niall

B. 1964. Scottish historian specializing in financial and economic history.

rabbit

Baby: *bunny/kitten* Male: *buck* Female: *doe* Group: *nest/warren* Adjective: *rabbity*

cattle

Baby: *calf* Male: *bull* Female: *cow* Group: *drove/herd* Adjective: *bovine*

crow

Baby: *chick* Male: *cock* Female: *hen* Group: *murder/horde* Adjective: *corvine*

crocodile

Baby: *crocklet* Male: *bull* Female: *cow* Group: *congregation/bask* Adjective: *crocodilian*

bear

Baby: *cub* Male: *boar* Female: *sow* Group: *sleuth/sloth* Adjective: *ursine*

lion

Baby: *cub* Male: *lion* Female: *lioness* Group: *pride* Adjective: *leonine*

swan

Baby: *cygnet* Male: *cob* Female: *pen* Group: *bevy/wedge/drift* Adjective: *swanlike*

donkey

Baby: *foal* Male: *jack* Female: *jenny* Group: *herd/drove* Adjective: *asinine*

horse

Baby: *foal* Male: *stallion/colt* Female: *mare/filly* Group: *herd* Adjective: *equine*. *Gelding* = castrated male horse.

goose

Baby: *gosling* Male: *gander* Female: *goose* Group: *gaggle*

chimp/monkey

Baby: *infant* Male: *male* Female: *female* Group: *cartload* Adjective: *simian*

kangaroo

Baby: *joey* Male: *buck/jack* Female: *doe/jill* Group: *mob/troup*

goat

Baby: *kid* Male: *billy* Female: *nanny* Group: *trip/tribe/flock* Adjective: *goatish*

ferret

Baby: *kit* Male: *hob* Female: *jill* Group: *business* Adjective: *ferrety*

fox

Baby: *kit/cub/pup* Male: *dog/todd* Female: *vixen* Group: *leash/skulk* Adjective: *vulpine*

cat

Baby: *kitten* Male: *tom* Female: *queen* Group: *clutter/clowder* Adjective: *feline*

sheep

Baby: *lamb* Male: *ram* Female: *ewe* Group: *flock/drove* Adjective: *ovine*

bees

Baby: *larva* Male: *drone* Female: *queen/worker* Group: *swarm/hive* Adjective: *apian*

pig

Baby: *piglet/shoat* Male: *boar* Female: *sow* Group: *sounder* Adjective: *porcine*

porcupine

Baby: *pup* Male: *boar* Female: *sow* Group: *prickle*

dolphin

Baby: *pup* Male: *bull* Female: *cow* Group: *pod*

shark

Baby: *pup* Male: *bull* Female: *female* Group: *school/shiver* Adjective: *sharklike*

Ishtar

Babylonian goddess of love and war. Greek counterpart is *Aphrodite*.

tabula rasa

Belief put forth by John Locke that the human mind begins with a blank slate

logical positivism

Belief that a concept is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified

metalloids

Boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, polonium, and astatine. Elements intermediate in properties between typical metals and nonmetals.

Cultural Revolution

Campaign carried out by the Chinese Red Guards 1966-1976 with the goal of revitalizing the Chinese Communist Party and consolidating Mao Zedong's leadership.

consonance

Comfort brought about in tone or playing

Kelvin

Celcius + 273

prokaryote

Cellular organism that doesn't have a distinct nucleus. Moneran kingdom only.

St. Anselm of Canterbury

Christian philosopher. Developed an ontological argument for the existence of God.

assonance

Close repetition of similar vowel sounds.

Geneva Conference

Conference held in 1954 that divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

Fitzgerald, F[rancis] Scott

Considered the literary spokesperson for America's "Jazz Age" (the lost generation). *This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby*.

Kierkegaard, Soren

Danish *existentialist* philosopher

vignette

Decoration, often of leaves, adorning the first letter of a chapter of book section.

Gestalt Psychology

Developed in German and Austria in the late 19th century. Gestalt psychologists believe that the conscious experience must be considered as a whole, rather than broken down into small elements. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Proponents include *Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Koehler, and Fritz Perls*.

Humanistic Psychology

Developed in the 1950s in response to both behaviorism and psychoanalysis. Focused on individual free will, personal growth, and self-actualization. Major proponents include *Abraham Maslow* and *Carl Rogers*.

ontogeny

Development of an organism

allotrope

Different forms of the same element having different molecular structures.

longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Mill, John Stuart

ENG *empiricist* philosopher known for his ethical writings on utilitarianism.

Locke, John

ENG *empiricist* philosopher who put forth many of the basic ideas of empiricism, including tabula rasa. Important figure in the Age of Enlightenment.

Hobbes, Thomas

ENG *materialist* philosopher who viewed human existence as nasty, brutish, and short

Russell, Bertrand

ENG philosopher and linguist

Ryle, Gilbert

ENG philosopher of language and logical positivist.

latitude

East-west lines parallel to the equator used to measure distance in degrees *north or south* of the equator

Byzantine art

Eastern (Greek) art of the 5th to 15th centuries, characterized by Oriental motifs, formal design, and free use of gilding.

pathos

Evoking pity in a literary work

pianissimo

Exceptionally soft volume

hubris

Excessive pride leading to the downfall of the hero in a tragic drama

fortissimo

Extremely loud volume

grave

Extremely slow and moody

largo

Extremely slow tempo

Rosseau, Jean Jaqcues

FR *Romantic* philosopher and philosopher of education.

Sartre, Jean Paul

FR *existentialist* philosopher

La Salle, Rene-Rovert Cavalier

FR explorer who was the first european to travel the length of the Mississippi river.

Pascal, Blaise

FR philosopher, mathematician, and theologian best known for "Pascal's Bargain" which argues for belief in the existence of God.

Helen

Face that launched a thousand ships. Kidnapped by Paris to start the Trojan war.

Buddhism

Faith centered around enlightenment. Based on teachings of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gotama. Its main tenet is that life is suffering. Through meditative practice, one can escape Samsara (the Wheel of Suffering) and achieve a state of Nirvana (spiritual enlightment)

pagoda

Far Eastern tower generally erected as a temple or memorial

pistil

Female reproductive organ of a plant

simile

Figure of speech in which a comparison between two distinctly different things is indicated by the word like or as. "O my love is like a red, red rose".

species

Final classificaiton for living organism. Humans are homo sapiens.

kingdom

First and largest category used to classify organisms. There are five kingdoms: *Plant, Animal, Fungi, Moneran* (bacteria, blue-green algae, and primitive pathogens that have prokaryotic cells), and *Protista* (Primitive, animal-like organisms distinguished by method of locomotion).

Cambrian Period

First period of the Paleozoic era. Many different organisms evolved very suddenly - called the Cambrian Explosion . Many were invertebrates living in the sea.

Uffizi

Florence

Cognitive Psychology

Focuses on mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember, and learn. One of the most influential theories was the stages of cognitive development theory proposed by *Jean Piaget*. Other cognitive psychologists include *Albert Bandura, Daniel Kahneman, Steven Pinker, Daniel Schacter, and Robert Sternberg*

Farenheit

Freezing at 32 and boiling at 212

Celcius

Freezing is at 0 and boiling at 100

Existentialism

French school of thought based on the belief that people live in an indifferent world with free will and are therefore completely responsible for their actions. *Dostoyevsky*.

Kant, Immanuel

GER *idealist* philosopher best known for the "categorical imperative" which states that a moral agent acts only in ways that could become universal laws.

Hegel, Gerog Wilhelp Freidrich

GER *idealist* philosopher known for his theory of dialectic: "The thesis combines with the antithesis to form the synthesis of the two." Also know for his teleological (a given thing's purpose) orientation.

Leibnitz, Gottfried Willhelp von

GER *rationalist* philosopher and mathematician.

Nietzsche, Friedrich

GER philosopher best known for his concept of the Ubermensch (superman)

Husserl, Edmund

GER philosopher known as the father of phenomenology.

Heidegger, Martin

GER philosopher who had a major influence on *existentialism*.

Mutter, Anne-Sofie

GER violinist

Socrates

GRK philosopher whose oral teachings were transcribed in part by his student, Plato

Mesozoic Era

Geologic era between the Paleozoic Era to the Cenozoic Era, marked by the rise and fall of the dinosaurs. 245-66 million years ago.

rune

Germanic, from 3rd to 13th centuries

crescendo

Gradually becoming louder

diminuendo (also decrescendo)

Gradually becoming softer

Modernism

High intellectual movement whose goal was the examination of pure art *Pound, Stein, Woolf*.

Brahmin

Highest Hindu caste reserved for priests, spiritual leaders, etc

tenor

Highest adult male vocal range

soprano

Highest female vocal range

nonmetals

Hydrogen (only nonmetal in IA), nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Sulfur usually occurs as a solid.

mea culpa

I am to blame

Berkeley, George

IRISH *idealist* philosopher who viewed mental representations and impressions as fundamental

Descartes, Rene

Important FR *rationalist* philosopher and mathematician. Saw mind and body as distinct (Cartesian dualism). "Cogito ergo sum"

ego

In Freudian theory, the conscious component of the psyche that attempts to incorporate the urges of the id with the limitations of conscience and superego

id

In Freudian theory, the division of the psyche that is totally unconscious and serves as the source for instinctual impulses and demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs.

superego

In Freudian theory, the division of the unconscious that is formed through internalization of moral standards of parents and society; censors and restrains the ego.

Mehta, Zubin

Indian conductor

Devanagari

Indian writing with syllabic feature

Hagia Sophia

Instanbul

Barbizon school

Mid-19th century group of landscape artist who rejected the classical and romantic to portray nature as they perceived it; forerunner of impressionism. *Rousseau*.

Toscanini, Arturo

Italian conductor

Shintoism

Japanese religion based on the polytheistic worship of nature and ancestors

vapid

Lacking vitality; flat; uninteresting. Not challenging. Insipid, spiritless.

Paganini, Nicolo

Late 18th early 19th century ITA violinist and composer *Bell Rondo, The Carnival of Venice*.

impressionism

Late 19th century FR School that stressed visual impression; first of the modern art movements *Monet, Renoir, Dégas*

naturalism

Late 19th century art movement that tried to depict humans and society true to life and in precise detail.

Sibelius, Jean

Late 19th early 20th century Finnish composer *Finlandia*

Scarabin, Aleksandr Nikoloyevich

Late 19th early 20th century RUS composer and pianist

Rachmaninoff, Sergey Vasilyevich

Late 19th early 20th century RUS composer and pianist. *Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini, The Isle of the Dead*.

Hermitage

Leningrad / St. Petersburg

Realism

Literary and artistic style in which society and events are depicted as they appear in real life.

Classicism

Literature characterized by balance, restraint, unity, and proportion; epitomized by *Virgil, Pope, Homer*.

Tate Britain / Modern

London

forte

Loud volume

contralto

Lowest female vocal range

Prado

Madrid

monotreme

Mammal that reproduces by laying eggs. Platypuses, echidnas. AKA protheria.

area

Measure of the size of a region in a plane. usually length x width. Area of a circle is π x r(radius) squared

Yalta Conference

Meeting of Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin during World War II (1945). Discussed the partitioning of Europe at the conclusion of WWII.

Potsdam (German) Conference

Meeting of Truman, Churchill (replaced by Atlee), and Stalin during World War II (1945). Decided how to administer punishment to the defeated Nazi Germany, which had agreed to unconditional surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8 May (V-E Day)

mezzo forte

Moderately loud volume

messo piano

Moderately soft volume

Tretyakov

Moscow

bryophyta

Mosses

Bauhaus

Most famous school of architecture and design of modern times; founded in Germany in 1919; austere, geometric style. Founder: *Gropius*. Teachers: *Klee* and *Kandinsky*.

constructivism

Movement, since the 1920s, principally in Russia, involving the creation of three - dimensional art, using iron, glass, plastic, and other materials to express technological society (Calder's mobiles)

madrigal

Musical piece utilizing poetry and stanzas.

Frick Collection

New York

Whitney

New York

Hillary, Sir Edmund Percival

New Zealand explorer. First to reach top of Mt. Everest

laissez-faire capitalism

No government regulation of the market is advocated.

Loki

Norse god of mischief

Njord

Norse god of the sea. Greek counterpart is *Poseidon*, Roman counterpart is *Neptune.*

Balder

Norse god of the sun. Greek counterpart is *Helios*.

Positivism

Positivism is the philosophy of science that information derived from logical and mathematical treatments and reports of sensory experience is the exclusive source of all authoritative knowledge, and that there is valid knowledge (truth) only in this derived knowledge.

Fourteen Points

Post WWI peace plan developed by Woodrow Wilson; major points included the principle of self-determination and the establishment of an association of nations.

Pythagoras

Pre-Socratic philosopher and mathematician

baroque

Predominately 17th-century movement characterized by flourish and ornamentation. (Monteverdi, Bach)

Presbyterianism

Protestant faith that originated in Scotland

Episcopalianism

Protestant faith that recognizes the Church of England

Psychoanalysis

Psychology. Founded by *Sigmund Freud.* States that the human mind is composed of three elements: the id, ego, and the superego. The unconscious plays an important role in the explanation of behavior. Other psychoanalysts include *Anna Freud, Carl Jung,* and *Erik Erikson*.

Behaviorism

Psychology. School of thought in psychology since the early 1900s. Suggests that behavior can be explained by means of environmental causes. Proponents were *John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner*, for example. Focus on classical and operant conditioning.

Gagarin, Colonel Yuri

RUS cosmonaut and the first human in space.

Reykajavik Conference

Reagan-Gorbachev summit meeting (1986)

Fayum potrait

Realistic form of portraiture found on shrouds and mummy cases from the first to fourth centuries

neoplatonism

Rebirth of platonic thought in Europe from CE 250-1250. Incorporated the ideas of Aristotle, Pythagorus, and others into the teachings of Plato.

consonance

Recurrence or repetition of consonants, especially at the end of stressed syllables without similar correspondence of vowels.

Victorian Age

Refers to the 19th century England; typified by optimism, rigid social manners, and conservative ideals. Apex of the British Empire.

oratorio

Religious music composed for orchestra, chorus, and soloists

tautology

Repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or sentence. Cease and desist.

alliteration

Repetition of consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables.

alliteration

Repetition of the same sound beginning several words in a sequence. Vini, vidi, vici.

sedimentary rocks

Rocks formed by becoming compacted and cemented over time. Examples include shale, sandstone, and limestone.

metamorphic rocks

Rocks that have been altered by heat, pressure, and/or the chemical action of fluids and gasses. Examples include slate, quartzite, and marble.

Ceres

Roman god of grain. Greek counterpart *Demeter*

Hume, David

SCOT *empiricist* philosopher. Questioned the necessity of the connection between cause and effect.

diaspora

Scattering of specific ethnic groups throughout various parts of the world.

Cyrillic

Slavic and Russian languages

Symbolic interactionalism

Sociology. People interact with each other by interpreting each other's actions. Their interactions are therefore based on the meaning they attach to the actions. Proponents include *George H. Mead, Herbert Blumer*, and *Erving Goffman*.

piano

Soft volume

montage

Sticking one layer over another, especially photographs applied to an unusual background; associated with cubists.

obdurate

Stubborn. inexorable. refractory. hardened in feeling; resistant to persuasion

period

Subdivison of an era marked by evolutionary changes less dramatic than those used to differentiate eras.

cuneiform

Sumarian system of writing

Odin

Supreme god of Norse mythology. Wednesday is based on his name.

Confucianism

System of codes and ethics originating under Confucius. Religion centers around individuals understanding and fulfilling their roles in society.

utilitarianism

System of ethics based on maximizing the collective good

lost generation

Term coined by Gertrude Stein, originally referring to the many young American writers who gathered in Paris after WWI. *Hemingway, Fitzgerald*. Modernist.

chiaroscuro

The balance of light and shadow in a picture; used to describe works that are predominantly dark, like those of Rembrandt.

existentialism

The belief that existence acquires value and meaning through active reflection on one's own existence

denouement

The conclusion or resolution following the climax of a story.

coda

The conclusion; the concluding portion of a musical composition

superlative

The degree of grammatical comparison that denotes an extreme or unsurpassed level, or extent, denoted usually by an -est ending. Best, worst fastest, smartest.

still life

The depiction of inanimate objects.

absolute value

The distance a number is from zero on a number line. ALWAYS POSITIVE

Moneran

The kingdom of classification for prokaryotic organisms (no distinct nucleus); these organisms include bacteria and blue-green algae.

phylum

The major taxonomic group of animals and plants, primary unit of division of a kingdom. Major phyla of the Animal Kingdom include Chordata (vertebrates), Anthropoda, and Mollusca.

subject

The part of the sentence that indicates what acts upon the verb. Noun, pronoun, or noun clause. *Skiing* is one of my favorite activities.

timbre

The quality that allows tones to be discerned from one another

motif

The recurrence of a theme, word pattern, or character in a literary work.

serial art

The repetition, possibly with slight variation, of a particular image in a work of art. *Warhol*.

suffrage

The right or privilege of voting; franchise

Bhagavad Gita

The sacred book of Hinduism

gerontology

The study of aging and problems of the aged

alology

The study of algae

ethology

The study of animal behavior in the wild.

myrmecology

The study of ants

apiology

The study of bees

ornithology

The study of birds

etiology

The study of causes of phenomena

speleology

The study of caves

pedology

The study of children

nephology

The study of clouds

cryptology

The study of codes and cyphers

numismatology

The study of coins

thanatolgy

The study of death and dying

deontology

The study of ethics

teleology

The study of final causes or purpose in nature

pyrology

The study of fire

ichthyology

The study of fishes

limnology

The study of fresh waters

mycology

The study of fungi

graphology

The study of handwriting

hippology

The study of horses

anthropology

The study of human beings

entomology

The study of insects

philology

The study of language, speech, linguistics, and literature

histology

The study of living tissue

teratology

The study of malformations or serious deviations from the norm in organisms; monsters and monstrosoties

mammalogy

The study of mammals

cartology

The study of maps and mapmaking

ontology

The study of nature of existence

herpetology

The study of reptiles and amphibians

petrology

The study of rocks

hagiology

The study of saints and revered persons

polyphony (-ic)

With two or more lines of melody

protmanteau

Word created by blending two words together to forma new word related to the original words. Brunch.

adverb

Word serving as a modifer fo a verb, an adjective, another adverb, preposition, etc which often, but not always, ends in -ly. Slowly, sadly, well, often.

anagram

Word that is formed when the letters of a word or phrase are rearranged.

adjective

Word that serves as a modifier of a noun to denote a quality of the thing named. Happy, strong, thin, green.

fauvism

Work of early 20th Century Impressionists, characterized by strident color and distortion; first artistic revolution of the 20th century of *Matisse, Roualt*

welter

a chaotic mass or jumble

quisling

a traitor

chanson

a type of song popular to 14th to 16th century France

chorale

a type of traditional German hymn-tune for congregational use; an instrumental piece based on a chorale

dray / teamster

a vehicle used to haul goods / a person who drives a truck as an occupation

ambergris

a waxy substance found floating in or on the shores of tropical waters; originates in the intestines of the sperm whale

obloquy

abusive language; bad repute

upbraid

admonish. to scold sharply

ex post facto

after the fact; retroactively

bumptious

aggressive and assertive in an offensive way (antonym shy; self-effacing).

coloratura

agile, florid style of vocal music

tryst

agreement between lovers to meet, rendezvous

alga

algae

tout le monde

all the world; everyone of importance

diaphanous

allowing light to show through; delicate.

Cyrillic alphabet

alphabet of Russian and other Slavic langauges

alumna

alumnae

quid pro quo

an equal exchange; "this for that"

cantata

an extended choral work, with or without solo voices, and usually with orchestral accompanyment

contretemps

an inopportune or embarrassing situation

homily

an inspirational discourse; a sermon

jaundiced

jaded (adj) prejudiced; hostile

argot

jargon (n.) A special vocabulary or phrase used by a specific group of people

joie de vivre

joy of living; buoyant enjoyment of life

kittens

kindle

privation

lack of usual necessities or comforts.

finéant

lackadasical

langourous

lackadasical lack of physical or mental energy; listlessness

spurious

lacking authenticity, counterfeit, false

languid

lacking energy, indifferent, slow

bromidic

lacking originality; trite

desultory

lacking plan, regularity, or purpose; random

insensate

lacking sensation, unconscious

stream of consciousness

literary style, employed especially by *Joyce and Faulkner*, that presents the inner thoughts of a character in an uneven, endless stream that simulates the character's consciousness.

alkali metals

lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, francium. Univalent, mostly basic metals of group IA.

ebullient

lively; enthusiastic; boiling up

execrate

loathe curse; express abhorrence for; detest

djellabah

loose-fitting gown worn in North Africa

inanition

loss of vitality from lack of food and water

strident

loud, harsh, unpleasantly noisy

bass

lowest male vocal range

galumph

lumber (v.)

prurient

lustful, exhibiting lewd desires. licentious.

lurid

macabre Causing horror; extremely gruesome

deliquesce

macerate To dissolve gradually and become liquid by absorption of moisture from the air.

magus

magi

nabob

magnate a very wealthy or powerful person

alkaline earth metals

magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, radium. Bivalent, strongly basic metals of group IIA.

cooper

maker of casks and barrels

gauche

maladroit (adj.) awkward, lacking in social graces, tactless, clumsy

stamen

male reproductive organ of a plant

ductile

malleable

fop

man who is devoted to or vain about his appearance or dress

churlish

marked by a lack of civility or graciousness

prolix / prolixity

marked by or using an excess of words

neophyte

novice, beginner

Avogadro's number

number of representative particles in a mole, 6.02 X 10^23

imaginary number

number that can't be represented on the number line

divsor

number that divides into another number

dividend

number to be divided

oasis

oases

impenitent

obdurate (adj) not feeling remorse or sorrow for errors or offenses

tractable

obedient, yielding

idee fixe

obsession; "fixed idea"

patent (adj.)

obvious, unconcealed

quotidian

occurring daily, commonplace

prochial

of limited scope or outlook, provincial

solid

three dimensional figure

sic transit gloria mundi

thus passes away the glory of the world

baksheesh

tip, gratuity

succor

to aid. abet.

foment

to arouse or incite

importune

to ask repeatedly, to beg

expiate

to atone for, make amends for

etiolate

to bleach and alter the natural environment of (a green plant) by excluding sunlight.

impugn

to call into quesiton, attack verbally

expurgate

to censor

adjure

to command or urge solemnly and earnestly

imprecate

to curse

invective

verbal abuse

munificent

very generous

hoary

very old; whitish or grey from age

garrulous

very talkative

esprit

vim group spirit

brio

vim vigor; vivacity

vox populi

voice of the people

rapacious

voracious; excessively greedy and grasping

snails

walk

fresco

wall painting; painting on wet plaster

bellicose

warlike, aggressive

chary

watchful, cautious, extremely shy

fathom

water depth of 6 feet

sinecure

well-paying job or office that requires little or no work


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