MindTap Ch. 1-4

B) Produces numerical scores ( The results of quantitative research are usually numerical scores that can be summarized, analyzed, and interpreted using standard statistical procedures.)

The primary distinction between quantitative and qualitative research is that quantitative research typically: A) Produces narrative reports B) Produces numerical scores C) Involves extensive note-taking D) Involves listening and interpreting

C) Method

Where, in a research paper, are you most likely to find a description of the operational definition used by the investigators? A) Results B) Introduction C) Method D) References

Empiricism (The method of empiricism can be time consuming and sometimes even dangerous.)

Which method of acquiring knowledge can be time consuming and sometimes even dangerous?

Parallel-forms reliability

accuracy established by comparing scores obtained by using two alternate versions of measure.

method of acquiring knowledge

way in which a person can know things or discover answers to questions

C) Critical Reading (Often, the unanswered question in a potential research idea is the result of critical reading. As you read a research report, ask yourself why the study was done a certain way.)

Finding an unanswered research question is often the result of: A) Random selection B) Logical arguments C) Critical reading D) Design constraints

D) PsycINFO

In psychology, what is the definitive source for abstracts? A) PsycARTICLES® B) ERIC C) MEDLINE D) PsycINFO®

B) An operational definition

Which of the following is a procedure for measuring a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly? A) An intervening variable B) An operational definition C) A construct D) A hypothesis

double blind research

a research study in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of the predicted outcome

predictive validity

efficacy wherein scores obtained from a measure accurately predict behavior according to a theory

Construct Validity

efficacy wherein scores obtains from a measure behave exactly the same as the variable itself.

Test-retest reliability

efficacy wherein two different measures of the same construct exhibit a relationship between scores

Reactivity

participant modification of behavior in response to participating in a research study

C) Theory

A ____ is a set of statements about the mechanisms underlying a behavior. A) Corollary B) Postulate C) Theory D) Construct

C) Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas. (The method of tenacity does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas)

A drawback of the method of tenacity is that it: A) Is nearly always counter-intuitive B) Tends to be extremely flexible and rapidly changing. C) Does not allow for the correction of erroneous ideas. D) Requires adherence to specific religious doctrine

C) Primary

A first-hand report in which the authors describe their own observations is a _____ source. A) Secondary B) Summary C) Primary D) First-line

C) Constant

A hypothetical attribute or mechanism that helps explain and predict behavior is a: A) Corollary B) Construct C) Theory D) Postulate

A) You want to learn more about

According to your text, the key to finding a good research idea is to find a topic that: A) You want to learn more about B) Is consistent with prevailing theories C) Is well understood D) Few others have researched

Split-half Reliability

Accuracy obtained by calculating consistency between scores on two halves of measure items.

C) Rationalism ( Reasoning things through logically is characteristic of the method of rationalism)

Angela likes to try to reason things out and often creates lists of pros and cons to aid her unmaking decisions. Angela is using the method of: A) Tenacity B) Empiricism C) Rationalism D) Authority

Authority (The method of faith is a variant of the method of authority)

Deeply religious individuals may defer to their religious leaders for all types of decisions, including those that seem unrelated to religion. This method of acquiring knowledge, called the method of faith, is variant of which method?

C) MEDLINE

Frank wants to learn more about the biology of Alzheimer's disease. His best choice for a literature review would be: A) PsycARTICLES® B) ERIC C) MEDLINE D) PsycINFO®

A) Motivation (Providing rewards (external stimulus) improved hygiene (external behavior) via changes in motivation (construct).)

Identify the construct in the following scenario: In a study of adolescents with schizophrenia, providing modest rewards was found to increase motivation and improve personal hygiene. A) Motivation B) Adolescence C) Rewards D) Hygiene

D) Improving performance on memory tests (Teaching memory strategies (external stimulus) alters information processing (construct) and improves performance on memory tests (external behavior).)

Identify the external behavior in the following scenario: Teaching elderly individuals to use memory strategies alters their information processing and improves performance on memory tests. A) Teaching the elderly B) Altering information processing C) Using memory strategies D) Improving performance on memory tests

D) Reminder text messages (In this scenario, providing reminder text messages (external stimulus) increased studying time (external behavior) via awareness.)

Identify the external stimulus in the following scenario: In an evaluation of methods for improving studying, providing reminder text messages was found to increase awareness of study methods and increase studying time. A) Study methods B) Awareness C) Studying time D) Reminder text messages

B) Engaging in pseudoscience (The primary distinction between science and pseudoscience is based on the notion of testable and refutable hypotheses.)

In a recent debate about a sometimes controversial scientific theory, Debater A was able to list observations that would cause her to modify the theory Debater B supported, while Debater B said nothing would cause him to change his views. This suggests that Debater B is: A) Better prepared for the debate B) Engaging in pseudoscience C) A better scientist D) More highly educated

C) Premise (In logical reasoning, premise statements describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true.)

In logical reasoning, ______ statements describe facts or assumptions that are presumed to be true. A) Foundational B) Deductive C) Premise D) Consequential

D) A hypothesis

In the context of science, a statement that describes or explains a relationship between or among variables is called: A) A corollary B) A deduction C) A theory D) A hypothesis

B) intuition ( Basing decisions on what feels right or wrong is relying on intuition)

Jan decides to play the lottery because she just feels like it is her day to win. She picks the numbers based on those that feel right. Jan is relying on which of the following for her decisions? A) Rationalism B) Intuition C) Empiricism D) Authority

A) Empiricism (relying on one's own sensory input involves relying on the method of empiricism.

Jared relies on looking out the window to decide what the days weather will be like. Jared is relying on which method? A) Empiricism B) Authority C) Intuition D) Tenacity

D) Casual observation (Watching the behavior of people you encounter in your everyday life can be an excellent source for research ideas.)

Joel volunteers with a food bank and has noticed that some individuals become more comfortable with repeat visits, while others seem to become increasingly uncomfortable and anxious on repeat visits. He comes to realize that those who become more comfortable with the process are often employed but have low pay, while those who become increasingly uncomfortable are often unemployed and have been unable to find new jobs. This illustrates finding a research idea through: A) Practical problems B) Statistical analysis C) Behavioral theories D) Casual observation

C) ERIC (ERIC provides access to educational resources and literature.)

Jules is conducting a literature review on academic achievement among children who are homeless. Her best choice for a literature review would be: A) PsycARTICLES® B) ERIC C) MEDLINE D) PsycINFO®

C) PsycARTICLES

Karla is conducting a literature review on children's moral development. She has progressed to the point where she wants to read the journal articles, not simply the abstracts. Her best choice would be: A) MEDLINE B) PsycINFO® C) PsycARTICLES® D) ERIC

C) Curiosity

Michele is very interested in how families change when a child is diagnosed with cancer, and she decides to learn more about the topic through research. Your text would describe this as picking a research topic based on: A) Analysis B) Casual observation C) Curiosity D) Practical problems

B) Deduction ( Reasoning from the general to the specific is deduction)

Nina is about to start chemotherapy for cancer. She is aware that chemotherapy can cause vomiting and diarrhea, and therefore reasons that she, too, will experience vomiting and diarrhea. Which of the following best describes Nina's reasoning? A) Intuition B) Deduction C) Empiricism D) Induction

Faithful Subject Role

Participant attempt to follow experimental instructions to the letter

B) Replication

Peggy is fascinated by the patterns between diet and behavior in children. She is surprised to learn that, when several researchers tried to repeat a small study of the impact of a gluten- and casein-free diet on the behavior of children with autism, they found the diet failed to produce statistically significant behavioral changes. This process of repeating experiments is known as: A) Observation B) Replication C) Objectification D) Peer-review

C) Applied

Research that is intended to answer practical questions is called ____ research. A) Basic B) Bench C) Applied D) Experimental

D) Authority ( Advertisers often rely on famous individuals to endorse products, this using the method of authority)

Russell is shopping for a new car, and when he walks in to the showroom, he notices huge monitors playing endorsements by famous athletes. He recognizes that reliance on the method of __________ is a common advertising ploy. A) Intuition B) Tenacity C) Empiricism D) Authority

B) Authority (Relying on a perceived expert for information is characteristic of the method of authority.)

Sara relies on news from a network known to have an extremely liberal slant, and Constance relies on news from a network known to have an extremely conservative slant. No matter what has occurred, it seems as thought their takes are diametrically opposed and completely irreconcilable. Both Sara and Constance are relying on the method of: A) Empiricism B) Authority C) Rationalism D) Tenacity

C) Basic (Research intended to gather knowledge for the sake of knowledge is called basic research.)

Steven is fascinated by the interactions among various neurotransmitter systems and wants to learn more about them at the cellular level. This research is best described as: A) Applied B) Practical C) Basic D) Functional

C) A general topic area

The best strategy for finding a research idea is to begin with which of the following? A) A template of an existing experiment B) A very specific idea C) A general topic area D) A well-tested theory

B) External stimulus --> construct --> external behavior

The function of a construct is best illustrated by the sequence: A) External stimulus --> construct --> internal behavior B) External stimulus --> construct --> external behavior C) Internal stimulus --> construct --> internal behavior D) Internal stimulus --> construct --> external behavior

C) Induction (Induction involves reasoning from a small set of observations to a larger of possible observations)

Tim watches a well-known "reality" competition for fashion designers and, based on his observations of the contestants, concludes that fashion designers are prone to artificially coloring their hair and wearing long, flowing tops. Tim is engaging in: A) Deduction B) Intuition C) Induction D) Rationalism

Ratio Scale

Type of continuous measurement in which there is an absolute zero point

D) Tenacity (Natasha's assertion is based on a superstition and thus represents the method of tenacity.)

Upon hearing that one of her favorite actors has dies, Natasha worries out loud about who other two deaths will involve, as she is certain that death come in threes. Natasha's assertion that deaths come in threes is based on which of the following? A) Authority B) Intuition C) Rationalism D) Tenacity

B) Applied (Because Virginia's research is intended to answer practical questions about service dog-handler teams, it is best called applied research.)

Virginia, a graduate student in psychology, is an accomplished dog trainer. She is fascinated by how service dogs can help people with PTSD and other psychiatric disorders and conducts research on the characteristics of successful service dog-handler teams. Which of the following best describes this research? A) Basic B) Applied C) Bench D) Experimental

C) Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources

When considering the sources in your literature review, you should remember that: A) Books cannot be primary sources B) Sources can be classified as either primary or secondary, but not both C) Primary sources may include sections that are secondary sources D) Journal articles are always primary sources

A) Variables ( Characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals are called variables.)

When the scientific method is being used, which of the following describes the characteristics or conditions that change or have different values for different individuals? A) Variables B) Factors C) Identifiers D) Qualities

D) Secondary (A resource that contains a description or summary of other people's research is a secondary source.)

While reading her abnormal psychology text, Nancy reads about research on the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia. The textbook is best described as a _____ source. A) Primary B) Summary C) First-line D) Secondary

Demand Characteristic

any feature of as Judy that gives away the purpose of the study

Ceiling effect

clustering of scores at the high end of a scale, allowing little possibility of increases

floor effect

clustering of scores at the low end of a scale, allowing little possibility of decreases

Face Validity

concern whether a measure appears to measure what it claims to measure

Face validity

concern whether a measure superficially appears to measure what it claims to measure

Divergent Validity

efficacy demonstrated by using two different methods to measure two different constructs

concurrent validity

efficacy wherein scores from a measure are directly related to scores from an established measure

Concurrent Validity

efficacy wherein scores from a measure are directly related to scores from an established measure.

Construct

hypothetical attribute or mechanism that helps explain and predict behavior

Experimenter Bias

influence on the findings of a study form the experimenter's expectations

desynchrony

lack of agreement between two measures

Scientific Method

means of acquiring knowledge that functions via formation and testing of hypotheses

Method of Authority

method in which a person relies on information or answers from experts

method of tenacity

method in which information is accepted because it has always been believed

method of intuition

method in which information is accepted on the basis of a hunch

method of faith

method of authority, in which people have unquestioning trust in an authority figure

method of faith

method of authority, in which people have unquestioning trust in an authority figure.

rational method

method that involves seeking answers by the use of logical reasoning

empirical method

methods using observation and direct sensory experience

Apprehensive Subject Role

participant tendency to respond in a socially desirable fashion, rather than truthfully

good subject role

participant tendency to respond in a way that is expected to corroborate investigators' hypothesis

negative subject role

participant tendency to respond in a way that is expected to refute.

behavioral measure

record obtained by direct observation on an individual's actions

Physiological measure

record of a physiological activity, such as heart rate.

replication

repetition of a research study with the same basic procedures used in the original study

quantitative research

scientific study based on measuring variables numerically and submitting them to statistical analyses.

qualitative research

scientific study that is based on observation summarized and interpreted in a narrative report

Premise Statement

sentence used in logical reasoning that describes facts or assumptions

premise statement

sentence used in logical reasoning that describes facts or assumptions

Psuedoscience

set of ideas based on nonscientific theory, faith, and beliefs

argument

set of premise statements that are logically combined to yield a conclusion

hypothesis

statement that provides a tentative description or explanation for the relationship between variables

double-blind research

study in which both the researcher and the participants are unaware of the predicted outcome

nominal scale

type of measurement in which the categories represent qualitative differences in the variable being measured

Deduction

use of a general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

deduction

use of general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

Induction

use of small sets of observation to form general statements about larger sets of observations