MIS 111 Module 2 Exam
Which of the following is FALSE
a. Big data is valuable because it is structured ** b. big data is often inaccurate, incomplete, incorrect, or erroneous c. big data can come from untrusted sources d. big data changes, especially in data streams
Which of the following decisions would *not* be a quantitative decision?
a. Comparing project objectives with corporate objectives b. Return on Investment Analysis c. Price - to - Earnings Stock Analysis d. Approving a person's loan based on total debt and their age
ERP systems are an evolution of _____
a. DSS b. AI c. CRM d. FAIS **
[GoldmanSachs] What term was coined by Goldman Sachs in 2001 to describe the fastest growing market economies?
a. EAGLES b. TIMP c. BRIC ** d. TICK
If the gross requirements for weeks 1-4 were decreased to 20 units per week, calculate the shortage for week 4 (identified by the red box)
0
According to IT's About Business 10.1, legacy systems were developed as _________.
1) Silos ** 2) ERP 3) Integrating systems 4) DSS
In which stage of the IDC do you examine the problem?
1. Choice 2. Design 3. Implementation 4. Intelligence **
With the ________ approach to on-premise ERP implementation, a company implements a standard ERP package using the package's built-in configuration options.
1. Custom 2. Vanilla ** 3. Best of Breed 4. Chocolate
________ support local control, whereas _____ support central control
1. Data marts; data warehouses ** 2. data warehouses; data marts 3. data marts; data dictionaries 4. data warehouses; data dictionaries
Which of the following is an informational role?
1. Disturbance handler 2. Figurehead 3. Entrepreneur 4. Disseminator **
_____ are those data that visitors and customers produce when they visit a website and click on hyperlinks.
1. ERP 2. Cookies 3. Clickstream data ** 4. RFID
The __________ test proposes a scenario in which a man and a computer both pretend to be women or men, and a human interviewer has to identity which is the real human
1. Google 2. Turing ** 3. SkyNet 4. Terminator
The _____ is a summary of information needs of the functional areas and of the organization as a whole
1. IT environment ** 2. Application portfolio 3. Objective of the IT function 4. Mission
_________________________ is a communication standard that enables business partners to exchange routine documents electronically.
1. JIT 2. EDI ** 3. VMI 4. ERP
________ is NOT a problem associated with expert systems
1. Making recommendations ** 2. Automating a complex reasoning process 3. Liability 4. Transferring knowledge from the human to the system
Operational, transactional and ______ systems are examples of a source system for a data warehouse
1. OLAP 2. Web Browser 3. ERP ** 4. DSS
__________ is a capability that is direct and rich in possibilities when performed by natural human intelligence than AI, which is often limited.
1. Preservation of knowledge 2. Total cost of knowledge 3. Documentability of process and knowledge 4. Use of sensory experiences **
_______ is a group-based tool for collecting user requirements and creating system designs
1. RAD 2. End-user development 3. JAD ** 4. Agile development
ERP ______________ systems have the capability to place automatic requests to buy products from suppliers in real time.
1. SCM ** 2. CRM 3. AI 4. DSS
SCM helps address which of Porter's Five Forces?
1. Threat of substitutes 2. buyer power 3. rivalry 4. supplier power **
_______ delivers the precise number of parts to be assembled into a finished product at precisely the right time.
1. VMI 2. Vertical Integration 3. Just in time ** 4. The bullwhip effect
___________ is the ability of information systems to work with text the way that humans do.
1. computer texting 2. speech recognition 3. natural language processing ** 4. computer vision
Which of the following is the correct order for the KMS cycle?
1. create, capture, store, refine, manage, disseminate 2. create, capture, refine, manage, store, disseminate 3. create, capture, store manage, refine, disseminate 4. create, capture, refine, store, manage, disseminate ****
Big Data helps companies identify groups of customers that share one or more characteristics. This is called _____
1. data analyzation 2. experimentation 3. micro-segmentation ** 4. business model creation
The ________ process originates in the warehouse department and ends in the warehouse department.
1. fulfillment 2. procurement 3. marketing 4. production **
Information about data sources; database, table, and column names; refresh schedules; and data-usage measures are collectively define what issue about the information in a data warehouse
1. governance 2. cost 3. quality 4. metadata **
Data warehouses is a repository of ______ data, used primarily by ______ companies
1. historical; small 2. real-time; large 3. real-time; small 4.historical; large **
Data _______ means all applications are able to access the same data, which is ________ by databases
1. independence; maximized ** 2. independence; minimized 3. isolation; minimized 4. isolation; maximized
A(n) _____ agent searches for information and displays it to users
1. information ** 2. personal 3. personal 4. user
___________ support(s) the linking of business partners.
1. intranets 2. the internet 3. suppliernets 4. extranets **
Intellectual capital is also called ______ (contextual, relevant, actionable)
1. knowledge ** 2. data 3. information 4. wisdom
Successful managers have always valued ______ as an important intellectual asset
1. knowledge ** 2. information 3. databases 4. data
Who can submit new transactions to Bitcoin's Ledger
1. open, pseudonymous contributors ** 2. government regulators 3. trusted pre-vetted participants 4. accredited bankers
A _______ conversion involves running the old and new systems at the same time
1. parallel ** 2. direct 3. phased 4. pilot
Targeted marketing relies on _______ analytical information
1. predictive ** 2. useful 3. descriptive 4. prescriptive
You would use optimization or simulation for ________ analytics
1. prescriptive ** 2. descriptive 3. predictive 4. useful
If your sales team shows a customer's name is "Johnny Smith" but your shipping department says it is "John A. Smith", this is a data ________ issue
1. redundancy 2. inconsistency ** 3. security 4. isolation
According to IT's About Business 12.1, Esurance used the concept of _______ to get customers to add towing to their packages
1. sales promotions 2. up-selling ** 3. cross-selling 4. loyalty programs
________ is a technical aspect of the IT architecture
1. the applications software ** 2. Functional area manger involvement 3. How the IT department will be managed 4. How IT decisions will be made
Nonvolatile in the context of a data warehouse means ______
1. the data can't be changed while reports are running 2. the data cannot be changed or updated by users of the data warehouse ** 3. the data mart must be used when modifying information 4. the data can only be changed if it is also modified in the system where it was originally warehouse
What are the Effects of Technology on Environmental Sustainability? (three orders)
1st order (direct result of its existence) 2nd order (from application) 3rd order (long term socio-economic structural changes)
A product design being changed to meet EPEAT standards would be an example of what order sustainability effect?
1st- Creation ** 2nd Application 3rd Long term structural Change
Avnet using telepresence and home-based workers are examples of using technology to produce what order sustainability effect?
2nd order -- Application
What is a drill down?
Accessing the supporting detailed data
By allowing group members to contribute ideas anonymously online, the think tank system could help a participant overcome which of the following difficulties?
All of the above (Lack of focus, hidden agendas, fear of speaking)
If we want to know how much was spent on Food, what field would be in the Sum Fields box?
Amount
When analyzing the performance of students on exam 1, which of the following would not be a useful "dimension"?
An email address
Rank the SDLC stages from lowest to highest with respect to the economic costs of making a change to the systems requirements?
Analysis, design, implementation
How would a capital equipment purchase, such as a new, more energy efficient computer, be classified on the company's balance sheet
Asset
When a company purchases a high-value software package, how is the ownership of the software package represented on the company's balance sheet?
Asset
What data mining analysis method is used to identify instances where one event is closely connected to another? Formally implication, in that A implies B (A → B)
Association
In a business process diagram, the comparison used to make a decision is known as what type of expression?
Boolean
What step in a group decision support system process would be used to identify all the possible key issues in a category?
Brainstorming (similar to the create step in the knowledge management cycle)
Which of the following supply chain activities eliminates the need for the 3 way match process?
CFAR
In the six sigma DMAIC a specific metric that is central to the success of a process would be described using what term?
CSF
What Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification was the building where our classroom is located, Environment and Natural Resources 2, awarded by the U.S. Green Building Council?
Certified Silver Gold Platinum **
What type of data mining analysis would be used to produce the clery report, which is based crimes for the preceding 3 calendar years committed
Clustering
In the video case about the factory of the future, what term did Goldman Sachs used to describe the man-machine systems?
Cobots
What approach to knowledge management would best describe the MIS 111/112 Study Halls?
Community of Practice
Porter's Forces describes which of the following business issues?
Competition
What aspect of an ERD is used to enforce business rules, such as the maximum number of classes a student can take?
Constraint
What term is used to describe paid-for product rating and reviews?
Conversational marketing Expert reviews Sponsored reviews ** Customer reviews
What information-related issues does using a relational database model solve?
Data redundancy Data isolation Data inconsistency (all of the above essentially)
In a business process diagram, a diamond shape is used to indicate what action?
Decision
What type of inventory demand is derived and based on the forecasted need for finished products?
Dependent Demand
What type of inventory demand is derived and calculated by an MRP system based on the forecasted need for finished products?
Dependent Demand
Setting the criteria for making a choice and searching for alternatives typically occurs in what phase?
Design
Converting all MIS 111 students from clickers to response cards without an initial test period is an example of what type of conversion
Direct Conversion
What building at the University of Arizona is the largest project in the state of Arizona achieved LEED? (highest possible certification by the U.S. Green Building Council's)
ENR2
What was the major benefit of Toyotas pioneering the SMED
Eliminated the need for agile workers
What is ERP?
Enterprise Resource Planning - Plan and control all business resources needed for orders
In your telephone contacts, the list of all possible fields (names, addresses, telephone number etc), that can be saved for each contact would be described using what term?
Entity Class
What term is used to describe an abstract representation of ALL possible attributes of a particular type of entity?
Entity Class
What type of MPS scheduling resulted in MPS planning a quantity of 100 units?
Fixed order quantity
What is exception reporting?
Identifies metrics outside tolerance
What are the two types of demand?
Independent Demand -Is the demand forecasted for finished products - Does not depend upon other products Dependent Demand: - Is the demand derived from finished products - Based on the number of items being produced - Is calculated by the MRP system
Why is shortage gaming the most difficult of the bullwhip effects for a company to manage?
Information latency Customer deception ***** Inaccurate prices Product obsolescence
Define KPI
Key Performance Indicator - Business or performance metric
By allowing group members to contribute ideas in parallel and anonymously online the ThinkTank system could help a participant overcome which of the following difficulties?
Lack of focus, hidden agendas, fear of speaking (all of the above)
The UofA acquiring Office365 Turnitin and D2L as cloud-based products are examples of what type of approach for software acquisition?
Lease (operational expense)
What is MRP-II
Manufacturing Resource Planning - Plan and execute product inventory, people, and facilities
What is MRP?
Materials Requirements Planning A time-phased net requirements for assemblies and parts
What term is used to describe the visual images used on executive dashboards that are readily recognizable and easily understood?
Models
Allocating resources based on the frequency of past incidents in an area would be an example of using what predictive DM strategy?
Nearest Neighbor
In the last example, a group of fields all associated with one identifier, such as an SSN, would be described using what database term?
Record
If total units sold is our CSF, which regions manager should get a sales incentive bonus?
Region 2 (yellow)
Words such as "enrolled" and "teaches" are used to indicate what aspect of a database
Relationship
What type of problem has an optimal solution that can be reached through a single set of steps by using an algorithm?
Structural Problem
The value of the "all-time" total sales created by this project could be calculated using what Excel function?
Sum
Creating a business process that can be franchised is an example of what type of knowledge management conversion?
Tacit to Explicit
How does the Heart Attack Diagnoses Decision Tree transform medical expert's knowledge?
Tacit to Explicit
Elements of a company's IT architecture, such as data networks, applications, and databases, are related to what type of feasibility?
Technical Feasibility
Running examity's computer check to determine whether your personal computer has the appropriate software is also known as what?
Technical feasibility
What type of information system that we've discussed could support the change to more virtual collaboration in the product design processes?
Telepresence
Which of the following technologies is an environmentally friendly "best practice for communication" that could benefit small businesses?
Telepresence
Define Lead Times (LT)
Time to Replenish - PLT - Purchasing Lead Time (time to receive) - MLT - Manufacturing Lead Time (Time to build)
If we want to know how much was spent on food, what field would be in the rows box?
Type
Which of the following would not be a "behavioral change?"
UARes Life Recycle Mania Encouraging 2 sided printing Turning off computer Avnet using virtualization **
If the search column for a VLOOKUP contains a duplicate value, which value will be returned?
VLOOKUP will return the first match found
In the prior case study, Nestle's Digital Acceleration Team training program focuses on developing skills in all of the following business issues, except:
Validating ** Engaging Listening Inspiring and Transforming
Current information systems have evolved to focus on what role with respect to their services?
Value Creation
What term is used to describe a specific metric that often determines the success or failure of a task?
Variance Analysis
The "4 V's" of big data are Volume, Variety, Velocity, and what?
Veracity
When you check your credit score for the incorrect information, you're responding to which of the "4 V's"?
Veracity
What are the 4 V's of Big Data?
Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity
If the gross requirements for week 1-4 were increased to 30 units, in what week would the first shortage occur
Week 4
In the video case about Dr. Chiu's Smartrek application, which of the following was not an incentive used to encourage driver participatio
a. Ability to find other people for carpooling ** b. Possibility of avoiding traffic congestion c. Ability to earn points for charity d. Ability to help the community e. Ability to earn prizes and gifts
Pioneered at the University of Arizona, what decision support technology as developed to address problems such as a lack of focus, fear of speaking, hidden agendas and misunderstandings then collaborating with others?
a. Data mining b. communities of practice c. executive dashboard d. Group decision support systems ** e. crowdsourcing
What Regents Professor on the MIS Faculty at the University of Arizona developed the COPLINK system for managing knowledge used in law enforcement?
a. Hsinchun Chen *** b. Joe Valacich c. Jay Nunamaker d. Sudha Ram
Which of the following do extranets use to make communication over the internet more secure?
a. JIT b. VPN ** c. EDI d. SFA
COPLINK, developed at the University of Arizona in the MIS Department's Artificial Intelligence Lab, allows law enforcement officers to integrate database information to identify crime suspects based on limited information (e.g., a license plate number or nickname). What term is used to describe the type of information system that is commonly used to maintain collection of experiential, reflective and solutions-oriented information?
a. Knowledge management ** b. Group decision support systems c. Crowdsourcing d. Telepresence e. Spiderweb Mapping
In the COPLINK video case, law enforcement in what city used the COPLINK system developed to manage knowledge more efficiently and effectively?
a. Mesa, Arizona ** b. Chicago, Illinois c. Las Vegas, Nevada d. Tucson, Arizona
"Locate my child", "Track my movement" and "Emergency and Roadside assistance" are all examples of what kind of value proposition for location-based services
a. Mobile resource management b. entertainment c. Information services d. Personal security ***
Sensors, RFID tags, meters, GPS, and other devices are used to collect supply chain information. These are all examples of ________
a. OLAP b. batch processing c. source data automation ** d. OTLP
Which of the following companies would use a push mode?
a. Rolls-Royce b. Ford ** c. Men's Warehouse d. Dell
_______ is one process used for data integration?
a. SQL b. SAP c. EDI d. ETL **
In the Jack Welch Video Case in the SCM Lecture, What approach was he discussing as key to providing customer value?
a. Six sigma ** b. total quality management c. lean manufacturing d. the SCOR method
In the video case for Nestle, data - driven decisions were primarily based on visualizations of information from what source?
a. Social Media Platforms ** b. Investment Analyst Forecasts c. Financial Performance Reports d. Cost and Production Schedules
Donut Charts are difficult to read, Microsoft recommends what as an alternative?
a. Stacked Column or Bar Charts ** b. scatter charts c. pie charts d. cake charts
What term describes individuals with tacit knowledge about a particular domain?
a. Subject Matter Experts (SNE)
What is the advantage of bubble charts over scatter charts?
a. They add another dimension ** b. They are more colorful c. They allow negative values on the Y axis d. There is no advantage
A Stacked Area chart is good for showing relative contributions of different series to a total over time, but they have one big limitation, which is?
a. They can't show negative values ** b. They can only include 3 series c. One series can be hidden behind another series d. They can only show four points in time e. tend to lack color and not draw the eye
In a decision matrix, a "weighting" allows what additional information to be included in the analysis?
a. relative importance ** b. cost of capital c. order of analysis d. number of employees on the project team
The procurement process originates in the _____ department and ends in the ______ department
a. sales; accounting b. accounting; sales c. accounting; warehouse d. warehouse; accounting **
In the _____ component of SCM, the organization should manage the logistics process
a. source b. plan c. deliver ** d. make
Which of the following is not a primary objective of ERP
a. streamline the manufacturing process ** b. tightly integrate FAIS c. enable information to flow seamlessly d. all of these options are objectives of ERP
Suppose you work for XYZ corporation. You know you contribute 6% of your salary to a 401K and the company will match that 100% after 6 years of service because it is documented in the employee handbook. Your ability to understand this company policy is an example of ________
a. tacit knowledge b. tacit information c. explicit knowledge ** d. explicit information
________ is an advantage of the buy option?
a. time b. modifications c. control d. integration
What type of chart would be typically be used to show how the an initial value is affected by intermediate values -- either positive or negative -- and resulted in the composition of a final value?
a. waterfall charts ** b. histogram charts c. sunburst charts d. surface charts
In the SmartTrek video case, which of the following was NOT used as an incentive for participation?
→ avoiding where law enforcement is checking for speeding and traffic violations
In response to poor communication problems with application development, many companies are __________
1. nearshore outsourcing 2. offshore outsourcing 3. forward outsourcing 4. insourcing **
ERP address information silos by _____________.
1. simplifying system creation 2. integrating functional areas ** 3. correcting a lack of communication between TPSs 4. reducing the amount of information presented
_____ deals with more objective, rational, and technical knowledge
1. tacit knowledge 2. explicit information 3. tacit information 4. explicit knowledge **
__________ is knowledge that is generally imprecise, costly to transfer, and difficult to formalize or codify
1. tacit knowledge ** 2. information 3. explicit knowledge 4. data
What is the process of identifying metrics that are outside of acceptable tolerance levels?
Exception reporting
What is the three phase decision making process?
Intelligence phase (scoping) - Collect data and transform into information Design Phase (algorithm) - Select a method for considering data Choice Phase (Execution) - Select an alternative
What is data mining?
It is the detection, characterization, and exploitation of actionable patterns in business data
One of the downsides (or upsides in some cases) of Neural networks is?
It is transparent (quantitative)
What term describes the cost-savings inventory management approach using SCOR and MRP to schedule the delivery of parts close to the time as items are used in the production process?
Just in time
What term means users that cannot change or update the data in data warehouses or data marts?
Nonvolatile
What is lot sizing?
Number to purchase/build when inventory needs replenishment FOQ - Fixed order quantity (consistent demand) EOQ - Economic Order Quantity (Overhead) L4L - Lot for Lot (Inconsistent Demand/Cost)
What is explicit knowledge?
Objective, rational, and technical, such as policies and procedures (leaky knowledge)
Commonly-occurring and well-defined business activities such as scheduling an employees work hours would be category of organizational decision?
Operational
What term is used to describe when both the consumer and retailer are informed of the price of an item, pre and post purchase?
Personalized pricing Price transparency ** Customer intelligence Price experience
In the project prioritization example, if priority was based on the announced date for a vendors end of life support for a information system currently used in our production line?
Quantitative
What topic from data mining is closely related to decision trees?
Rule Induction (where you go out and look and decide what should be the rules for the decision trees)
The adoption of CPFAR will eliminate the need for which of the following business processes?
Sales forecasting Product margin analysis Three way matches **
Which of the following factors resulting in the bullwhip effect was due to deception between two trading partners?
Shortage gaming
What type of electronic commerce helps shoppers connect with one another based on tastes, location, age, gender, and other attributes allowing them to share information using voting, comments, discussions, and reviews focused on shopping?
Social shopping
Define CSF - Critical Success Factor
Specific metric central to the success of a task
Pie charts have several limitations, including all of the following except?
a. They have limited color and don't draw the eye and attention ** b. They can only show one series c . They cannot show negative values d. When two or more items are close in value it can be hard to determine which is larger e. Values near zero may not show up and be hidden
Treemap Charts largest advantage over bar or column charts is?
a. They show individual values relative to the sum of the series as well as other values ** b. They allow multiple series to be displayed c. They allow time series data to be displayed d. There is no actual advantage
If the search column for a VLOOKUP contains a duplicate value, which value will be returned?
a. VLOOKUP will return a value based on the the first match ** b. VLOOKUP will return a value based on the the last match c. VLOOKUP will return an error (#DUPLICATE), since the search column must be unique d. VLOOKUP will return both values
According to IT's About Business 11.5, the caribou coffee case is an example of ________
a. a portal and exchange b. joint ventures and other business partnerships c. an extranet for a company and its dealers, customers, or suppliers ** d. an industry's secret
A _____ generally describes an entity
a. byte b. record ** c. file d. field
Which of the following is not a reason managing data is difficult
a. data are generated from multiple sources b. the amount of data is decreasing exponentially with time ** c. data are subject to data rot d. data are scattered throughout organizations
The entire business analytics process starts with
a. data management b. a business problem c. analytics d. recommendations
The first step in the information systems planning process is to ______
a. evaluation the potential IT architecture b. consider potential IS development projects c. analyze the organization's strategic plan ** d. create an IS strategic plan
The law enforcement data used by the COPLINK system is primarily focused on managing what type of knowledge
a. explicit ** b. sticky c. tacit d. feasible e. open
Which of the following is NOT a use for data mining?
a. forecasting bankruptcy b. comparing products c. detecting fraudulent credit card transactions d. predicting sales
Suppose you are failing one of your classes. If you don't know what the problem is, you need to enter the ___ phase of the IDC
a. implementation b. choice c. design d. intelligence **
You are a new employee of ABC Corporation and are told to read documentation that outlines the company's policies, procedural guides, reports, strategies, and goals. Your learning is focused on ______
a. information b. data c. explicit knowledge *** d. tacit knowledge
Verification/testing of the proposed solution and picking an option occur in the ___ phase of the IDC
a. intelligence b. implementation c. choice ** d. design
Apple's Siri and Microsoft's Cortana are examples of _______
a. intelligent agents ** b. expert systems c. neural networks d. genetic algorithms
Bitcoin's ledger technology is quite complex to prevent fraud, an example of which is given in the paper, what was the example and how did it work?
a. it was a "double spend" where the hacker paid a merchant and themselves then invalidated the merchant payment ** b. it was a 'reverse spend' where hackers paid a merchant in a bitcoin that didnt actually have underlying value and hence was later reversed c. it was a 'double spend' where the hacker paid two merchants the same bitcoin at the same time and hence doubled their money d. it was through 'bitcoin theft' where a hacker paid a merchant with bitcoins that actually belonged to a different party
Knowledge management systems (KMS) can make an organization's human capital accessible as they cope with ___________
a. lack of technical expertise and insights b. information that is not actionable c. turnover, rapid change, and downsizing ** d. corrupted information in computer systems
In the case study presented in class, Nestle's Digital Acceleration Team training program focuses on developing skills in all of the following business issues, except:
a. listening b. engaging c. inspiring and transforming d. validating **
Which of the following is a characteristic of natural intelligence?
a. low creativity b. difficult and expensive to duplicate and disseminate knowledge ** c. limited use of sensory experiences d. reasoning is only good in narrow, focused and stable domains
What term is used to describe the practice of visiting a store or stores in order to examine a product before buying it online at a lower price?
a. mCommerce b. Showrooming ** c. ICommerce d. monetization
Put the production steps of the SCOR model in the correct order
a. make , deliver, return b. Source, make, return c. Source, make, deliver ****** d. Return, source make
_________ analysis focuses on the outputs rather than the inputs
a. market basket b. goal-seeking ** c. what-if d. sensitivity
You know your current IT personnel knows nothing about SAP, so you will need to train them or hire experienced people. This is an assessment of your ________ feasibility
a. operational b. behavioral c. technical ** d. economic
_______ analytics is the first step in data reduction
a. predictive b. descriptive ** c. prescriptive d. useful
A(n) ________ agent constantly observes and reports on some items of interest, such as updated information on airline tickets
a. predictive ** b. information c. personal d. user
_______ analytics examines recent and historical data to detect patterns and predict future outcomes and trends
a. prescriptive b. descriptive c. useful d. predictive **
____ analytics require ___ analytics
a. prescriptive; predictive ** b. descriptive; prescriptive c. predictive; prescriptive d. descriptive; predictive
Upper CASE tools automate which of the following stages of the SDLC?
a. programming b. operations c. maintenance d. design **
After checking your kitchen for ingredients, your shopping list would be formally known as:
shortages
Identifying majors with specific language and mathematics requirements using the Degree Search selection filters help you solve what type of business problem?
structured
What is tacit knowledge?
subjective, cognitive, and experiential Lets them take same facts we have to a higher level (sticky knowledge)
What term is used to describe a field that identifies a record into another database table with the goal of minimizing data redundancy?
→ Foreign Key (because it is pointing to a different table)
