MIS 301 Exam 1 Notes

Applets

(little applications)—Small application programs that are often utility programs performing less-complex operational functions

Memory cache

- high-speed memory used by the central processing unit (CPU) to store frequently accessed data and instructions - Referred to by levels (L1—smaller and integrated into the CPU• L3—larger and next to the CPU)

CPU Components

-Arithmetic logic unit (ALU):performs mathematical tasks -Control unit: locates, analyzes, and executes program instructions and tells the computer's memory, arithmetic logic unit, and input and output devices how to respond to a program's instructions

Machine Cycle

-Fetch -the processor fetches the instruction or data from random access memory (RAM). - Decode -The processor decodes the instruction or data into a readable form the computer can understand. -Execute -the processor executes the instruction -Store -The results of the processing are stored in RAM; the cycle repeats

HTML

-HTML: is the source code used to "markup" content that appears on web pages. It is used to define webpages <img> tag is used to embed image elements Source code is designed to be readable by people (programmers are people) <p> defines paragraphs Many tags use an opening tag and closing tag to wrap around the content that they are used to modify. Closing tags are denoted with a backslash like this: </tag_name> <h2>MIS</h2> = mis is 2nd level heading <bold>MIS</bold> = bold mis <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">Wikipedia Website</a> = hyperlink

Multicore Processors

-has two or more cores that are responsible for processing. • Your laptop has a multicore processor! • Hyperthreading is when a multicore processor can execute two or more sets of instructions at the same time. • affords faster processing by allowing a new set of instructions to start before the prior set of instructions has finished being processed Using multiple cores is one method of increasing processing speed

Which tag is used to embed YouTube Videos? <iframe> It does not have any attributes on Julia Gulia's page <img> It does not have an attribute on Julia Gulia's page <iframe> It has at least one attribute on Julia Gulia's page <img> It has at least one attribute on Julia Gulia's page none of these are correct

<iframe> It has at least one attribute on Julia Gulia's page

Embedded Computers

A computer that is integrated (a part of) to a larger device or system • Accepts input, processes data into information, provides output, and can store data • Have small operating systems (OS) referred to as real-time OS (RTOS) with limited capability • Ex: • digital watch • programmable thermostat or coffee pot • anti-lock brakes an ignition systems

Single Core Processor

A core on a CPU refers to the components on the chip that are needed for processing. • A single core processor has only one core. • Usually this means one arithmetic logic unit and one control unit. • Older personal computers had a single core The number of cores is not a measure of the computer's speed. It is just a description of the processor.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A processor or central processing unit (CPU) is the brains of the computer where most calculations take place. • located on the main circuit board (mother board) • Without a processor, the digital device would not function

Android Operating System

Android Operating System The Android operating system(OS) is a Google product based on the Linux OS. Strengths:• integrated with Gmail and other google products• phone apps easily obtained and often free Weaknesses:• considered less user-friendly than Mac iPhone OS• "Free" apps include frequent advertising

macOS

Apple and Macintosh operating systems (OS) are designed and distributed by Apple Inc. and have a reputation of being very easy to use. Strengths: • relatively few viruses • outstanding graphics capabilities Weaknesses: • not as widely used as PCs • generally costs more than PCs • only use proprietary licensed software

IOS

Apple's iPhone operating system (OS), the iOS is a hugely popular OS for smartphones in the United States. • used on iPhones and iPads • includes Apple apps including FaceTime, Safari, and Siri. • third-party apps must go through approval process.

Productivity Software

Applications that allow users to work more efficiently.Traditional productivity apps include Microsoft Office and other business apps

Green Computing and Sustainability

As businesses endeavor to reduce their impact on the environment, management information systems will likely play a large role in assisting managers to act in a more environmentally friendly manner.

A national dashboard showing multiple charts for each state showing vaccination rates, hiospitalization rates, and death rates from COvide-19 is an example of which of these kinds of software? -ERP Software -Decision Support Software -Business Intelligence Software -POS software

Business Intelligence Software

What was the first modern transaction processing system?

Cash Register

You use your bussiness laptop to send SQL commands to a corporate database to retrieve information about a customer in a client server interaction. In this situation, your computer is the -Client -Server -Virtual machine

Client

Computer components

Computer components are divided into two categories: • Hardware: Physical elements • Software: Virtual elements including the operating system (OS) and a variety of software applications

Servers (aka The Cloud)

Computer system in a network that is shared by multiple users. Three common types of servers 1. Network server controls access to resources such as printers and applications on a network 2. Web server controls access to resources on the web 3. File server is used for data storage

lightening connectors

Designed by Apple for iPods, iPads, iPhones,and Apple Watch docks. • High-speed data and power transfer connection. • 8-pin adapter. • With adapter, can be connected to universal serial bus (USB), high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI), or video graphics array (VGA)connector or port. • Symmetrical—can plug in either direction.

Modern Communication

E-mail, office productivity software (data processing, word processing, etc.)

Computer Bus

Electronic pathway connecting computer parts. • Data and information travel over buses. • Most important bus = bus connecting central processing unit (CPU) to random access memory (RAM), sometimes called the system bus or the front-side bus (FSB)

Operating Systems

Every computer must have operating system (OS)software, commonly referred to as the platform. The OS controls the computer's hardware. Software applications are written for particular operating systems and different versions are needed for different OS's. Windows, iOS, Android, and Linux are all OSs.

Which of the following is an example of decision support software? -MS Excel -Google Maps in Navigation mode -SQL -HTML

Google Maps In Navigation Mode

disk storage

Hard drive capacity is the amount of storage you have available to save data and information. Capacity is usually measured in gigabytes (billions of bytes) and terabytes (trillions of bytes). Computer applications such as Microsoft Office and multimedia files need a lot of storage capacity.

All the Hertz

Hertz: used to measure clock rate Megahertz (MHz): is equal to one million cycles (or instructions processed ) per second. Gigahertz(GHz): is equal to one billion cycles (or instructions processed) per second Gigahertz: The speed of most modern processors is measured in this, aka billions of computer operations each second. • 3.8 GHz is 3.8 billion instructions per second

Point-of-Sale Systems (POS

Include tracking sales and taxes and more

ports and connectors

Input and output devices plug into the ports located on your digital device. • A point designed to accept a specific connector. • A connector plugs into a port. • Common ports include universal serial bus (USB), Thunderbolt, USB C and high-definition multimedia interface(HDMI). • Many users prefer symmetrical plugs that can be inserted in either direction, such as USB C.

RAM memory numbers

Laptop and desktop computers range from 4 GB to 16 GB of RAM. Most new smartphones range from 1GB to over 4 GB of RAM

What was the first company to use a mobile POS?

McDonalds

the 4 types of computer networks

Personal Area Network (PAN) typically involve laptops, tablets, and smartphones. Local Area Network (LAN) connect a variety of devices at a single site such as an office or retail store. Wide Area Network connect a variety of devices between two or more geographic locations. Internets connect LANs, WANs, and other internets together, think of an internet as a network of networks and is the world's largest network.4

IP Address Formats

Pv4, has a four-decimal notation such as 182.124.7.9 • this allows for approximately 4 billion IPv4 addresses, which is far less than the 7 billion people on earth. • IPv6 is also being adopted. IPv6 uses a format such as 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370: 7334 and can accommodate at least 340 undecillion addresses (that's a lot of IP addresses!).

Memory (RAM)

RAM (random access memory)— main form of computer memory. • The memory available to programs to execute tasks. • Comprises solid-state electronics (fast, no moving parts). • Found microchips located on the motherboard. • Refers to a variety of memory types. • Does not store data when computer is shutdown (volatile). Most laptops come with between 4 and 16 GB of memory. Some allow you to add more memory.

ROM (read only memory)

Storage for data and instructions installed by a manufacturer. • Not generally rewritable (cannot be altered or removed). • Common information stored in ROM includes the device's boot(starting) instructions.

System Software

System software provides the structure and control necessary to run the computer and its peripheral devices. There are two major components of system software • Operating Systems • Utility Software

Network Operating Systems

The Linux operating system (OS)is open-source software that anyone can use and modify Strengths:• enables resource sharing• makes networks run smoothly Weaknesses:• expensive to run and maintain• requires expertise to administer

cash register

The first modern transaction processing system; made to decrease employee theft and have more service efficiency

Ethernet

The most commonly used port for a wired network connection • Wired network connections are faster and more reliable than wireless connections • Used for local area networks or for connecting modems and routers to the Internet • Ethernet cable comes in categories: • CAT5—up to 100 Mb/sec. • CAT5e—up to 1 Gb/sec. • CAT6—up to 10 Gb/sec.

Popular Platforms

The most widely used computer platforms are: Windows operating system (OS)—Most common for personal computers - 73%worldwide, 68% in the US Mac OS—Used on Apple computers -20% worldwide, 29% in the US Android OS—Most common smartphone OS worldwide - about 70%worldwide, 42% in the US iOS—OS used on iPhones. Most common smartphone OS in the United States - about 30% worldwide, 58

screen resolution

The number of horizontal and vertical pixels on a display screen. • A pixel is the smallest element in an electronic image. • Usually composed of a red + blue + green dot. • Screen resolution is measured in lines ofpixels • more pixels = higher resolution and clarity • color depth = amount of data (number of transistors) supporting each individual pixel

What are some of the devices that modern POS stations integrate with?

There are a few. Typically a cash register system with input devices such as barcode scanner, scales, touchscreens, credit/debit card readers and more

Utility programs

Utility programs perform as pecific maintenance-type task on a computer and are included with both Windows and macOS. Utility programs perform maintenance-type tasks that include: • disk cleanup • file search • system backup and restore

wireless connectivity

Wireless ports allow for the transmission of data between fixed and mobile devices using short-range radio waves or light waves. • Bluetooth signal is limited to approximately 35 feet. • Infrared Data Association (IrDA) use radio waves and so requires line-of-sight transmission. It is often used with TVs.

server

a computer designed for a specific purpose such as data storage, backups, printing, communication, and many other uses

Internet Protocol (IP) address

a number that is assigned to all information technology devices (routers, modems, etc.) that identifies the device and allows the device the ability to communicate with each other on a computer network, including the Internet. • Think of an IP address much the same as your home address; without a specific IP address, information cannot be received • Your ISP knows where you are physically when you are connected. UT Austin generally knows down to the room when you are on campus • IP address can be assigned permanently, known as static (email servers, businesses, permanent home address, etc.) or from a pool of available IP addresses that are assigned by your Internet Service Provider (ISP)

protocol

a set of rules for communication between devices that determines how data is transmitted and received. • There are many protocols that are used to help streamline the communication of all digital devices. • Wi-Fi uses the 802.11 protocol. This protocol ensures that devices enabled with Wi-Fi can connect to any Wi-Fi network

cloud computing

accessing computer resources through the Internet. This means that any Internet- capable device can access powerful computing capability that is available online. - Benefits of Cloud Computing: most large companies use over 100 terabytes of stored data • cloud computing allows users to access virtual applications software, such as database software, through the Internet • To avoid the expense of setting up individual client-server networks, many businesses simply use Cloud storage, primarily provided through companies such as Amazon and Google, to store their data securely

Employee Monitoring software

allows network administrator to view all computer activity, purpose is to collect performance data by tracking and digitizing employee use

Client-server networks and local area networks:

are commonly used in nearly all businesses today, including small businesses

computers

are devices that perform the four basic computing functions referred to as the information processing (IPO(S)) cycle. • Input—accept data from sources including keyboards, cameras, microphones, even other computers • Process—Computers compile and transform data into useful information • Output—Computers display information in many forms: images, video, audio • Store—Computers can store data for future use

Windows Operating System

are used in a variety of Microsoft digital devices. Strengths: • most popular OS worldwide • used by businesses and govt • highest selection of apps • many manufacturers=more competition-less expensive Weaknesses : • often considered not as intuitive as Apple products • possibly more prone to viruses • constantly revised and updated

Learning management systems (LMS):

are used to manage academic processes at nearly all large educational organizations. Includes delivering and administering class activities and assignments, tracking performances and attendance

Marketing information systems (MKIS

assist managers by integrating numerous processes related to marketing management into a single computer system. Includes gathering marketing data, storing the data, analyzing and distributing sales and market information to users

Decision support systems (DSS):

assist middle managers with organizational processes when a large number of inputs are changing rapidly. Ex: one of the first applications of a DSS was used in assisting United Airlines managers to assign incoming aircraft to gates at Chicago's O'Hare Airport • Using apps such as Waze and Google Maps to navigate

motherboard

circuit board that holds the computer's central processing unit (CPU)

ISP

connections to the internet are provided by an internet service provider An ISP provides three important functions: 1. Provide an Internet Protocol (IP) address 2. Provide access or a gateway to the resources on the Internet 3. Your ISP pays for access to the Internet(ISPs charge a fee to their customers toaccess the Internet)7

What is it called when twoproducts start to have the samefeatures and resemble each otherso much that buyers start to seeone as a substitute for the other?

convergence

graphics

depiction of image data on a display or output device. • A video card is sometimes referred to as a graphics card or graphics adapter. • The graphics adapter performs graphics processing and creates video output. • Graphics are usually created by a separate processor within the computer known as the graphics processing unit (GPU).

CPU Speed

determined by clock speed, bus width, word size the speed of a computer's processor does not indicate how quickly it can perform an operation. • This is why most speed tests are benchmarks of how quickly a computer or a network can perform a specific task

Executive support system (ESS)/(EIS):

extract enterprise data and transforms it into executive-level reports which makes complex data more accessible for decision makers -creating graphs that can convey significant info without a requiring extensive database

What are the primary functions of an HR Management System?

forecasting, recruiting, selection, hiring, evaluation, training, retention, scheduling, compensation

management theory

great management=ability to communicate, convey concepts & goals, make sure everyone understands their roles

Supply chain management systems (SCMS):

have been changed dramatically with the addition of computerized communication and tracking software. Includes inventory management and forecasting. - consists of 4 components: supply chain planning, supply chain sourcing, manufacturing and assembly, supply chain logistics

Human resource (HR) management systems:

have closely followed the development of computers. Tracked employee compensation and performance evaluations

disk cache

high-speed memory used by the harddrive to store frequently accessed

Computer System Unit

houses motherboard

Videoconferencing

increases effectiveness of in-person convos while saving travel time

Flextime

increasingly common practice of allowing employees to control their work schedule

Enterprise resource planning (ERP):

integrates the management of nearly all aspects of an organization. Typically, ERP incorporates a suite of business applications. Includes all systems and more ^

MIS

intersection of technology, people, and processes in organizations and businesses

software license

is a legal document that governs the use or redistribution of software.

TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP)

is a system of rules listed step-by-step that each computer connected to the Internet uses to communicate with each other

storage capacity

is measured in bytes (or megabytes or gigabytes), but data transmission speed is measured in bites per second (bps) or more likely Mbps or Gpbs

Linux Operating System

is open-source software that anyone can use and modify. Strengths:• free to download and use• less susceptible to viruses• modifiable by users Weaknesses:• steep learning curve• compatibility issues with some programs

Central processing unit (CPU)

is the computer's main microprocessor aka the brain

control panel

is the system management tool in the Windows operating system (OS).

What is Square, Inc.?

it was the first credit/debit card reader that could be connected to mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

Mainframe Computers

known for their reliability, availability, and serviceability. their role cannot be overemphasized...they're that important!!! IBM was dominant for many years - uses: reliable for transaction processing systems, database operations: (inventory control, reservation services bank records), enterprise resource planning

Mainframe computers

more powerful than servers and are used by organizations to process large amounts of data., commonly used by large banks or retailers

network

network is a group of two or more devices/computers connected together to allow for the exchange of information and for the sharing of resources. • many computer networks are linked together and supported by the Internet Computer networks support many different software applications and services including allowing access to the World Wide Web, digital video and audio, storage, application servers, and email

Personal Computers:

often networked together or added to networks to provide flexibility for managers uses: every conceivable managerial use, including: e-mail, composing documents, online communications using apps such as Skype and WebEx, database access and creation, spreadsheet calculations, can be used to access the Cloud PCs were first developed by IBM in the early 1980s and later popularized by other companies such as Apple, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell

employee scheduling software

particularly important in professions such as nursing and aircrew, where many variables must be considered when making schedules. originally designed to increase employee performance and decrease management inconsistency.

Convergence

personal computers let you make phone calls, phones let you browse the internet and use personal productivity software; substitution

What was the first mechanized employee scheduling and management tool?

punch card

Data analytics

refers to interpreting vast amounts of available data and translating this into effective decision making to maximize a business's potential. Being able to draw conclusions from data allows managers to maximize a business's potential. used to: • customize ads and sell more products • recommend movies • improve employee scheduling

Cache

refers to two types of memory,memory cache and disk cache

Bullwhip effect

situation where a small error in demand forecasts results in large eros in inventory and production

screen resolution/pixels

tells you how many pixels your screen can display horizontally and vertically.• a pixel is the smallest element in an electronic image• the more pixels, the higher the resolution• screen resolution refers to the sharpness and clarify of an image

Boot Process

the loading of an operating system into the mainmemory of a device. • It consists of 4 steps: 1. The device is powered on and the CPUactivates BIOS 2. The Power-On Self-Test is executed 3. The OS is loaded into RAM 4. The OS checks the registry settings andloads saved configuration settings

Supercomputers

the most powerful type of computer. Supercomputers can evaluate complex data very quickly • many of the supercomputers in the United States are owned by the government or large research universities

What makes mainframes so important in management?

they are capable of adding or changing system capacity without shutting the whole system down

What are PCs often used for in business?

they are often networked together opr added to networks to provide more flexibility for managers

client

typically a user's personal computer, that accesses services provided by a server What services does a business network provide anyway? • a method for personal computers to access servers so employees can share resources • security and authentication processes • access through the Internet (users access the network's resources remotely)

Word Processing

used to create an assortment of documents. Word processing programs can also be used for desktop publishing and creating basic web pages

Business Intelligence software

used to extract enterprise data and transform it into executive-level reports. • This makes complex data more accessible for decision makers. • Digital Dashboards are often used to make trends easier to spot

transmission speed

usually more of a limiting factor than storage capacity. • This leads to latency, generally meaning that you wait sometimes while your computer receives data via the internet • Common measurements of rates of data transmission:• Kilobits (KB) = about 1 thousand bits per second • Megabits (MB) = about 1 million bits per second • Gigabits (GB) = about 1 billion bits per second

Solid State Device (SSD)

• All-electronic storage devices. • Used in a variety of products—smartphones, cameras,tablets, and many laptop computers. • Unlike traditional hard drives, SSD has no movingparts, which makes it fast, efficient, and durable. • Your laptop has an SSD instead of a disk drive

Storage Capacity + the bytes

• Bits and bytes are used to represent the quantity of data the computer stores and processes. • Common quantities of information include: • Kilobyte (KB) = about 1 thousand bytes • Megabyte (MB) = about 1 million bytes • Gigabyte (GB) = about 1 billion bytes • Terabyte (TB) = about 1 trillion bytes • Petabyte (PB) = about 1,000 terabytes • Exabyte (EB) = about 1 million terabytes

Bits & Bytes

• Bits are the smallest unit of data a computer can store or process. • Binary language, the language of computers, consists of two digits - 0 and 1. • Each 0 or 1 is called a bit. • Eight bits grouped together are called a byte.