Mizzou SOC_WK 3320 Exam 2

Psychoanalysis and compensation (Horney)

*strongly influenced by Adler -physical attractiveness was a cause of inferiority feelings

secondary traits (allport)

*the least influential -appear much less consistently than cardinal and central traits -may be so inconspicuous or weak that only a close friend would notice evidence of them ex: minor preference for a particular type of music or food

To Horney, what are people motivated by?

-DRIVEN BY LOVE AND SECURITY Like Adler, Horney placed a greater emphasis than Freud on social relationships and interaction in the formation of personality

Being submissive (horney)

-a form of self-protection that involves complying with the wishes of one particular person or everyone in our social environment -these people avoid doing anything that might antagonize others

Personality (Horney)

-challenged Freud's perceptions of women -brought a different gender perspective and understood the influence of culture based largely upon her experiences as an immigrant from Germany to the United States -decided culture and our social environment must influence personality development

personal dispositions (allport)

-derived from individual traits traits that are peculiar to an individual, as opposed to traits shared by a number of people

esteem (maslow)

-once we feel loved and have a sense of belonging, we may find ourselves driven by two forms of the need for esteem -we require esteem and respect from ourselves, in the form of feelings of self-worth -and from other people; in the form of status, recognition, or social success

Attaining power (horney)

-person can compensate for helplessness and achieve security through success or through a sense on superiority

Parent and child relationship (Horney)

-suggested that if a child's safety need was met, then that child could withstand a traumatic event with resiliency *a child who feels loved or wanted (i.e., secure) will have fewer consequences of a traumatic event than those who are insecure

Securing affection and love (horney)

-the individual tries to find someone to love her and won't hurt her

perseverative functional autonomy (allport)

-the level of autonomy that relates to low-level and routine behaviors -more elementary level, concerned with such behaviors as addictions and repetitive physical actions such as habitual ways of performing some everyday task -no external reward -actions once served a purpose but no longer do so and are at too low a level to be considered an integral part of personality

propriate functional autonomy (allport)

-the level of functional autonomy that relates to our values, self-image, and lifestyle. -more important than perservative functional autonomy and is essential to understanding adult motivation -the word propriety derives from proprium (Allport's term for the ego or self) -motives are unique to the individual -ego determines which motives will be maintained and which will be discarded -we retain motives that enhance our self-esteem or self-image (ex: if we're forced to play piano as a kid, we might like it later bc we're so good at it now)

Characteristics of Needs (Maslow)

-the lower the need is in the hierarchy, the greater are its strengths, potency, and priority. the higher needs are weaker needs -higher needs appear later in life -physiological and safety needs arise in infancy -belongingness and esteem needs arise in adolescence -the need for self-actualization doesn't arise until midlife -although higher needs are less necessary for survival, they contribute to survival and growth

central traits (allport)

-these are the kinds of characteristics we would mention when discussing a friend's personality or writing a letter of recommendation

Withdrawing (horney)

-withdrawing from other people, not physically but psychologically -someone becomes independent of others, not relying on anyone else for the satisfaction of internal or external needs

10 neurotic needs (horney)

1. Affection and approval 2. A dominant partner 3. Power 4. Exploitation 5. Prestige 6. Admiration 7. Achievement or ambition 8. Self-sufficiency 9. Perfection 10. Narrow limits to life

Erikson extended Freuds theory in three ways...

1. He elaborated on Freud's stages of development. Freud emphasized childhood and proposed that personality is shaped by approximately age 5, Erikson suggested that personality continues to develop in a succession of eight stages over the entire life span 2. Erikson placed greater emphasis on the ego than on the id. In Erikson's view, the ego is an independent part of the personality; it is not dependent on or subservient to the id 3. impact on personality of culture and historical forces. He argued that we are not governed entirely by innate biological factors at work in childhood. Although they are important, they do not provide the complete explanation for personality

personality development in childhood: the unique self (allport)

1. bodily self: infants become aware of their own existence and distinguish their own bodies form objects in the environment 2. self-identity: children realize that their identity remains intact despite changes 3. self-esteem: children learn to take pride in their accomplishments 4. extension of self: children recognize objects and people 5. self-image: children develop actual and idealized images of themselves, their behavior, and are aware of satisfying parental expectations 6. self as a rational coper: children begin to apply logic and reason to the solution of everyday problems 7. propriety striving: young people begin to formulate long-range goals and plans

In what ways did Allport challenge Freud?

1. emotionally healthy people function rationally and consciously- aware and in control of many of the forces that motivate them. The unconscious is only important in the behaviors of neurotic/disturbed persons 2. Historical determinism- we are not prisoners of childhood conflicts and experiences. We are guided more by the present and by our view of the future. Focus on research and not personal experiences . 3. focus on healthy personalities *another thing is that Allport focussed on uniqueness of personalities in individuals

Parents engender hostility through a variety of means... (horney)

1. encouraging dependency and limiting peer interactions 2. fearing a parent due to abuse 3. providing conditional love that can be taken away 4. causing guilt regarding feelings of resentment

Allport stated that healthy individuals have six features. A healthy individual:

1. extends self to others/activities 2. can relate to others- capable of intimacy and tolerance 3. self acceptance- allows emotional security 4. realistic sense of reality, commits to work 5. humor/insight to their behavior 6. philosophy of life that guides behavior

propriate functioning organization process (allport)

1. organizing the energy level (how we acquire new motives) ex: when we retire, we have extra time and energy that should we directed towards new interests an activities 2. mastery and competence (levels to which we choose to satisfy motives. its not enough for us to be at an adequate level) 3. propriety patterning (describes a striving for consistency around the self, keeping what enhances our self image and rejecting the rest. dependent on the structure or pattern of the self)

In childhood we try to protect ourselves against basic anxiety in four ways... (horney)

1. securing affection and love 2. being submissive 3. attaining power 4. withdrawing *these motivate people to seek security and reassurance, rather than happiness/pleasure

the following conditions are necessary in order for us to satisfy the self-actualization need: (maslow)

1. we must be free of constraints imposed by society and by ourselves 2. we must not be distracted by the lower-order needs 3. we must be secure and our self-image and in our relationships with other people; we must be able to love and be loved in return 4. we must have a realistic knowledge of our strengths and weaknesses, virtues and vices

safety need (horney)

A higher-level need for security and freedom from fear for children

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow is considered the founding father of the humanistic movement due to his focus on the entire person and the strengths and virtues that exist within that individual. Maslow focused on psychological health and was optimistic in his belief that we could all achieve our potential. He firmly believed that we are able to shape our future and society, and his hierarchy of needs reflects that belief

identity cohesion vs. role confusion (erikson)

Age: 12-18 Basic Strength: Fidelity Some of Erikson's greatest contributions and socially accepted work comes from his research regarding adolescence and the development of an identity. Our self identity is the integration of our views of self and what we should be and how others see us. If a successful sense of self develops, our view is consistent with that of others and lends us confidence and security. This is a lengthy, difficult task and often creates anxiety as adolescents try to determine their sense of self. If a cohesive identity does not develop, the individual will have a confusion of roles

intimacy vs. isolation (erikson)

Age: 18-35 Basic Strength: Love Young adulthood encompasses the stage in which children seek independence from parents. This is a true independence, both financial and emotional. Intimacy, not just sexual, is established in friendships and with significant others. Our identity is secure enough that we can be emotionally connected to others without losing a sense of self. If someone cannot accomplish this intimacy, that person will have feelings of isolation and avoid relationships with others due to feeling anxious and insecure in relationships. The strength for this stage is love.

initiative vs. guilt (erikson)

Ages: 3-5 Basic Strength: Purpose -an extension of autonomy; the child is better able to take charge in what he wants and has the motor skills to accomplish his goals. -Freud believed that the superego develops in this time of life, because it is a time when children explore what they are capable of physically and socially, and they must be taught what is right or wrong (i.e., we don't hit when we want a toy someone else has; we use our words) and what is socially acceptable -*again, this stage is largely determined by the people in our environment

industriousness vs. inferiority (erikson)

Ages: 6-11 Basic Strength: Competence -this stage involves learning a work ethic and directing efforts toward achieving goals -children are initially motivated by the praise or recognition that their efforts are rewarded with, but by the end of this stage there should be intrinsic motivation to do the work for the value of the work

trust vs. mistrust (erikson)

Ages: Birth-1 Basic Strength: hope -occurs during infancy when a baby is helpless and dependent upon the caregiver (primarily the mother) -Depending upon the response in meeting biological and social needs, infants may or may not develop a sense of trust with their social environment -If biological needs are met adequately and social/psychological needs of security and love are provided, then the infant gains trust in his environment -If the environment is unstable, though, through inconsistent attention, food, etc., then the infant will become mistrustful of his environment, leading to anxiety and fear.

aggressive personality (Horney)

Behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving against people, such as domineering and controlling manner -everyone is hostile; only the fittest and most cunning survive -never display fear of rejection; act tough and domineering with no regard for others -consistently perform at high level; by excelling and receiving recognition they find satisfaction in having their superiority affirmed by others -very judgmental, no effect to appease others but will argue, criticize, demand -want to be the best, confident, defensive -DRIVEN BY INSECURITY, AXIETY, AND HOSTILITY

detached personality (Horney)

Behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving away from people, such as an intense need for privacy -driven to move away from other people; maintain emotional distance -must not love, hate, or cooperate with others or be involved in any way -self-sufficient -disturbs them to share time with other people -no marriage or long-term commitments -want to feel superior but lowkey; their greatness should be recognized automatically, without struggle or effort -intimacy must be avoided bc that leads to conflict -UNIQUE= SUPERIORITY

compliant personality (Horney)

Behaviors and attitudes associated with the neurotic trend of moving toward people, such as a need for affection and approval -want to be loved, wanted, and protected 24/7 from everyone, but usually for one dominant person -manipulate others to achieve goals -obsessed with people pleasing (very generous and unselfish) -quick to blame other people, never assertive or demanding -they do whatever the situation requires to gain affection/approval -these people say "look at me, I'm so weak and helpless you must love and protect me" -they see themselves as inferior bc they depend on attitudes of other people -Rejection is frightening, as is any change in relationships; compliant people are continually seeking reassurances and validation -hostile impulses must be repressed

Horney's similarities to Adler when it comes to personality types

Compliant-> Getting Aggressive-> Dominant/Ruling Detached-> Avoiding

Erik Erikson

Erikson was a scholar of Freud, and his work further expounded upon Freud's developmental stages. Erikson acknowledged Freud's view of biological influence but also emphasized social and psychological influences. He presented a view of personality development that occurs over the life span; many of our current social views related to developmental expectations are based upon his work.

idealized self-image (horney)

For neurotic individuals: -the self-image is based on an inflexible, unrealistic self-appraisal -does not allow for modifications based upon growth or change *very real to the person who created it -NOT A GOAL BUT A FIXED IDEA

realistic self-image (horney)

For normal people: -the self-image is an idealized picture of oneself built on a flexible, realistic assessment of one's abilities; dynamic (situationally responsive) and serves as a motivating factor. -modifications are made as the individual changes and matures and as situations and people influence beliefs -reflects strength, growth, and self-awareness -non-neurotic individuals are able to see the conflict inherent between ourselves and perfection

Karen Horney

Horney was a pioneer in personality theory development. She focused on the concept of anxiety as it relates to childhood relationships and subsequent personality development. She also conceptualized the role of anxiety as it relates to neurotic behavior. Horney was an early feminist and was able to articulate the roles of gender and diversity related to personality development.

The Hierarchy of Needs (maslow)

Maslow's understanding of personality- from the perspective of who we could become versus who we are now -an arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and direct behavior -They are the physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization needs

Which statement reflects a Gordon Allport belief?

People function rationally and consciously

generativity vs. stagnation (erikson)

Stage: Adulthood Ages: 35-55 Basic Strength: Care Erikson believed that middle adulthood (which he thought started at age 35) is a time in which we become actively involved in guiding the next generation. This is the opportunity to set aside the need for personal gain in order to help society. Similar to Jung's concept of middle age crisis, Erikson believed that if people were not successful in navigating this stage then they might regress or indulge themselves in materialistic ways. Does the purchase of a muscle car during middle age sound stereotypical of a midlife crisis? That is based upon this premise—if people are not comfortable with their role in shaping the future for others then the focus becomes self centered. Careis the basic strength that emerges in middle age.

ego integrity vs. despair (erikson)

Stage: Maturity-old age Age: 55+ years Basic Strength: Wisdom Our final stage in life is focused on accepting and coping with our life, both the good and the bad. Reflection is a piece of that acceptance but not the entirety. If we are bitter or regretful then we will feel despair. But if we accept our place in life and our past, we are more likely to have ego integrity. The strength associated with our final stage is wisdom.

autonomy vs. doubt, shame (erikson)

Stage: Muscular-anal Ages: 1-3 Basic Strength: Will -occurs when a child is ready and able to explore her environment on her own -Because of growing ability, a child is able to experience more opportunities for autonomy and choice in behavior -Parental response often dictates how autonomous that child can be. -The parent who continually makes choices will eventually teach the child dependency, whereas the parent who allows choice when available (i.e., clothes, food, etc.) will help the child develop independence. -If the child cannot develop a sense of autonomy, she will develop self doubt in making decisions or dealing with others.

neurotic trends (horney)

Three categories of behaviors and attitudes towards oneself and others that express a persons needs; 1. moving towards other people (compliant) 2.moving against other people (aggressive) 3.moving away from other people (detached) *these are rigid and inflexible

psychosocial stages of development (erikson)

To Erikson, eight successive stages encompassing the life span. At each stage, we must cope with a crisis in either an adaptive or a maladaptive way.

Gordon Allport

While Allport agreed that our childhood experiences affect us significantly, he thought that those experiences affect the child rather than the adult. He agreed with the significance of support and security in childhood but thought that people could be healthy adults even without that support or security in childhood.

basic anxiety (Horney)

a pervasive feeling of loneliness and helplessness; the foundation of neurosis

What is a crisis in a psychosocial stage? (erikson)

a turning point for the stage

externalization (horney)

a way to defend against conflict caused by the discrepancy between an idealized and a real self-image by projecting the conflict onto the outside world. -neurotic people externalize by attributing the conflict to external forces rather than from within ex: a person might state others are jealous of him and just don't like him, when in reality he doesn't like himself

How does the aggressive personality move in relationship to people? (horney)

against others

tranny of the shoulds (horney)

an attempt to realize an unattainable idealized self-image by denying ones true self and behaving in terms of what we think we should be doing -neurotic individuals are not able to see conflict, so they continually strive to achieve something that is not possible -others see this gap, but the neurotic individual does not

physiological needs (maslow)

are those that sustain us with food and water. -includes sex, because it is life sustaining. -because this is the most basic need, its the strongest deficit need—failure to meet this need results in a deficit for the individual

What type of anxiety defense would involve an individual who seeks accomplishments to defend against feelings of helplessness? (horney)

attaining power

Which type of trait is the most influential? (allport)

cardinal

Which statement reflects the discontinuous nature of the personality? (allport)

childhood experiences are separate from adult personality

In addition to the hierarchy of needs, Maslow also proposed needs related to what?

cognition

Which term describes traits shared by others? (allport)

common

Human Nature (Erik Erikson)

delineates basic human strength, optimistic

will (erikson)

described as an ability to know what we want and what we need and then to choose to exercise free will and choice as a way of living life. Again, this stage is largely dependent upon interactions with others.

traits (allport)

distinguishing characteristics to that guide behavior -traits are measured on a continuum and are subject to social, environmental, and cultural influences. 1. personality traits are real and exist within each of us. they are not theoretical constructs or labels made up to account for behavior 2. traits determine or cause behavior. they do not arise only in response to certain stimuli. they motivate us to seek appropriate stimuli, and they interact with the environment to produce behavior 3. traits can be demonstrated empirically. by observing behavior over time, we can infer the existence of traits in the consistency of a person's responses to the same or similar stimuli 4. traits are interrelated; they may overlap, even though they represent different characteristics. for example, aggressiveness and hostility are distinct but related traits are are frequently observed to occur together in a person's behavior 5. traits vary with the situation. for example, a person may display the trait of neatness in one situation and the trait of disorderliness in another situation

What stage is associated with maturity-old age? (erikson)

ego integrity vs. despair

identity crisis (erikson)

failure to achieve an ego identity during adolescence. There is strong peer influence on ego identity development; this is the first stage in which caregivers are not as important in successful navigation of the crisis

Allport is considered a trait theorist, because...

he believed that behavior is a function of the interaction between personal and situational variables

Who were Allport's primary research subjects?

healthy individuals

Allport believed that personality is influenced both by...

hereditary aspects and the social environment

According to Horney, what would result if a child's safety need was not met?

hostility

Question about Human Nature (Maslow)

humanistic and optimistic -focussed on psychological heath rather than illness, growth rather than stagnation, virtues and potential rather than weaknesses and limitations -strong sense of confidence in our ability to shape our lives and our society

What stage is associated with adolescence? (erikson)

identity cohesion vs. role confusion

Which term is defined as the failure to achieve ego identity during adolescence? (erikson)

identity crisis

belongingness and love needs (maslow)

if safety needs are not met, then it is difficult for the individual to have a sense of belonging

safety needs (maslow)

include security and stability- emotional and physiological safety *emotionally healthy adults have usually satisfied this

The first three methods of protecting anxiety all involve... (Horney)

interacting with others to try to reduce anxiety

Horney believed that the defense mechanisms can be used

interchangeably

cardinal traits (allport)

is so pervasive and powerful that they affect every aspect of a person's life -ruling passion, a powerful force that dominates behavior -center of target

self-actualization (maslow)

is the final need in Maslow's hierarchy. -growth need as compared to a deficit need—this need helps us realize our potential -oriented toward strengths: skill, talents and abilities, and the maximization of such. -a process that few of us realize; however we continue to strive toward it. -outcome of the process is determined by the individual

Security, rather than pleasure, is the goal because...

it reflects Horney's personal experiences- her mother married her father in order to avoid being a spinster rather than for love or personal happiness

Which is not one of Maslow's five hierarchal needs?

material items

womb envy (horney)

men are likely to feel womb envy because they are unable to bear children -this was a response to Freud's concept of penis envy in females

basic strengths (erikson)

motivating characteristics and beliefs that derive from the satisfactory resolution of the crisis at each developmental stage

the functional autonomy of motives (allport)

motivation for these traits as coming from our present situation and future goals -the idea that motives in the normal, mature adult are independent of the childhood experiences in which they originally appeared -we shouldn't be defined by our past and childhood. those people and experiences aren't who we are now

Anxiety lays the foundation for... (horney)

neuroses

Human Nature (Horney)

optimistic

Questions about Human Nature (Allport)

optimistic view of adults in conscious control of their lives, rationally attending to current situations, planning for the future, and actively fashioning an identity -people could change as the situation warranted

Maslow believed that our needs are innate but driven by...

our hereditary -so although the needs are innate, how we try to meet them is unique to each of us

A neurotic need seeks to accomplish what goal? (horney)

override all other needs in order to be met

metamotivation (maslow)

people who are motivated from within

On what did Maslow base his view of personality?

people who were mentally stable and healthy

Maslow focused on...

psychological health and was optimistic in his belief that we could all achieve our potential -He firmly believed that we are able to shape our future and society

What is an example of a growth need? (maslow)

self-actualization

common traits (allport)

shared by a number of people, such as members of a culture -people in different cultures have different common traits

fidelity (erikson)

the ability to be genuine and have empathy with others

purpose (erikson)

the ability to envision life goals, both long term and short term. People who do not gain this strength may not have life goals but rather will live for the present

conflict (Horney)

the basic incompatibility of neurotic trends

Jonah Complex (Maslow)

the fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope

growth (being) needs (maslow)

the higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential

epigenetic principle of maturation (erikson)

the idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factors

What is the neurotic need? (horney)

the irrational defense against anxiety that becomes a permanent part of personality that affects behavior

Which statement is not true regarding failure to successfully meet a developmental crisis? (erikson)

the person can never return to that stage and successfully navigate it

crisis (erikson)

the turning point faced at each developmental stage

Maslow's belief that our needs are innate means what?

they are biological

cognitive needs (maslow)

to know, understand, and explore -the need to know is stronger than the need to understand. -This can be likened to curiosity, and it starts in infancy. How others respond to those continual questions and that compulsive need to know can determine the strength of the cognitive need in later life -Adults in a child's life can shut down that cognitive need or can encourage it. In your classes, you likely hear this referred to as critical thinking skills: how important it is to know what is occuring and why.

What is the goal of an anxiety defense? (horney)

to seek security

individual traits (allport)

unique to a person and define his/her character