Mock Exam 4
Where are the semilunar valves?
Between the ventricles and the great arteries
Which fetal structure carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
Soon after birth, what happens to the foramen ovale?
It closes to form the fossa ovalis.
What is the effect of glucagon?
It increases blood glucose levels.
Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
It produces hormones that promote lymphocyte maturation.
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
Left subclavian vein
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
Produces plasma hormones
What is the pacemaker that sets the rate of the heartbeat?
SA node
Which of the following is true regarding the nervous and endocrine systems?
The nervous system responds more quickly than the endocrine system.
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
What is another name for the epicardium?
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
They release their secretions into the blood.
A blood vessel adapted to withstand great fluctuations in blood pressure would be expected to have __________.
an elastic tunica media
Alternative routes of blood supply are called __________.
anastomoses
Match the action of the AV and semilunar heart valves with the correct statement regarding pressure differences in the heart chambers.
atrial pressure is grater than ventricular pressure --> AV valves open ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure --> AV valves closed pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the great arteries --> semilunar valves open ventricular pressure is lower than arterial pressure --> semilunar valves closed
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin?
beta cells
The pancreas produces insulin as well as digestive enzymes. This means that the pancreas has __________ functions.
both exocrine and endocrine
The lungs receive a systemic blood supply by way of the __________.
bronchial arteries
What is the accumulation of excess fluid in loose connective tissue called?
edema
Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.
endocrine - communicates by means of hormones - sometimes has very general effects - may continue responding long after stimulus stops - releases hormones into the bloodstream for general redistribution Nervous - communicates by means of electrical impulses - release neurotransmitters at synapses - reacts quickly to stimuli - usually has relatively local , specific effects - stops quickly when stimulus stops
Sort each description or image by whether it characterizes endocrine or exocrine glands.
endocrine - secretions are distributed through the bloodstream - secretions serve as a form of cell-to-cell communication - secretions belong to three chemical categories - glands exhibit a high density of capillaries exocrine - secretions are released via ducats onto epithelial tissues - secretions serve to lubricate mucosal membranes - secretions might contain metabolic waste - secretions may have antimicrobial properties
The outermost layer of the heart wall is known as the __________.
epicardium
When a person has not eaten for several hours, which hormone ensures a steady level of blood glucose?
glucagon
Many hours after a meal, alpha (α) cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete __________.
glucagon, which raises blood glucose
Which lymphatic structures absorb dietary lipids that cannot be absorbed by intestinal blood capillaries?
lacteals
Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to which chamber of the heart?
left atrium
Which of the following is produced by the pineal gland?
melatonin
When the left ventricle contracts, the __________ valve closes and the __________ valve is pushed open.
mitral; aortic
Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the structure contains oxygenated or deoxygenated blood.
oxygenated - coronary arteries - descending aorta - carotid artery - left ventricle deoxygenated - jugular vein - pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - right atrium - superior vena cava - great cardiac vein
Which of the following structures only functions to produce and release hormones?
parathyroid glands
Which hormone leads to increased osteoclast activity and elevates the blood calcium concentration?
parathyroid hormone
The nervous system reacts to stimuli __________ compared to the endocrine system, adapts __________ compared to the endocrine system, and has __________ effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly; quickly; specific
Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?
salivary gland
The __________ is the pacemaker of the heart.
sinutrial node
Lymphatic vessels are found in which of the following tissues?
small intestines
Classify the following statement as belonging to either sympathetic or parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
sympathetic - originates in the lower cervical and upper thoracic segments of the spinal cord - can raise the heart rate to as high as 230 bpm - fibres pass through the cardiac plexus - increases the contraction strength of the heart - dilates the coronary arteries to increase myocardial blood flow parasympathetic - little or no innervation to the myocardium - slows heart rate to as low as 20 bpm - pathway begins with the nuclei of the vagus nerves in the mediulla oblongata
The coronary blood vessels are part of the __________ circuit of the circulatory system.
systemic
Which of the following glands has more exocrine than endocrine tissue?
the pancreas
Erythrocytes transport oxygen and __________.
transport some carbon dioxide
Which valve is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid
Hormones that target another endocrine gland and stimulate that gland to produce more hormones are called __________ hormones.
trophic
Skeletal muscle contraction aids in the flow of lymph.
true
Where is the greatest volume of blood found in the body?
veins