Mod 32

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do so best illustrates ________ memory. sensory semantic implicit flashbulb explicit

implicit

Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. implicit; explicit short-term; long-term explicit; implicit iconic; echoic long-term; short-term

implicit; explicit

The quest for a physical basis of memory involves a search for a(n) mnemonic device. iconic memory. flashbulb memory. spacing effect. memory trace.

memory trace.

Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs. Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them.

Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate the recency effect. the relearning effect. implicit memory. a primacy effect. iconic memory.

a primacy effect.

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? recall rehearsal recognition relearning reconstruction

recall

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? reconstruction recognition relearning misinformation recall

recognition

What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory? Frontal lobes and basal ganglia Cerebellum and basal ganglia Amygdala and cerebellum Amygdala and hippocampus Frontal lobes and hippocampus

Cerebellum and basal ganglia

John has noticed that he does better on his chemistry exams when he takes them in the same seat that he sits in during class than when he sits in a different seat for exams. If he is properly prepared for each exam, then _____ may explain his difference in scores. explicit memory the serial position effect flashbulb memory context effects recall

context effects

Information learned while a person is ________ is best recalled when that person is ________. angry; calm fearful; happy drunk; sober drunk; drunk sad; happy

drunk; drunk

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the frontal lobe. hippocampus. adrenal glands. sensory cortex. pituitary gland.

hippocampus.

Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________. epinephrine; serotonin hippocampus; cerebellum long-term memory; short-term memory automatic processing; effortful processing skill memory; fact memory

hippocampus; cerebellum

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. flashbulb sensory state-dependent implicit short-term

implicit

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates ________ memory. state-dependent sensory working short-term implicit

implicit

On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items at the beginning and in the middle of the list. at the end of the list. at the middle and the end of the list. at the beginning of the list. in the middle of the list.

in the middle of the list.

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze and then removed pieces of their cortexes. He observed that storage of their maze memories was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex. was restricted to their left and right occipital lobes. was restricted to their left and right frontal lobes. was restricted to their right cerebral hemispheres. was not restricted to the association areas.

was not restricted to specific regions of the cortex.

Which of the following is an example of a flashbulb memory? Anton remembers a moment from his last homecoming dance because a strobe light seemed to freeze the scene in his imagination. Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does of her third grade teacher because her second grade teacher has the same name as her neighbor. Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water. Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her. Robert remembers that correlation does not prove a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized this fact over and over again.

Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her.

Rats given a drug that enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) will learn a maze with half the usual number of mistakes. This suggests that state-dependent memories are easily retrieved. source amnesia decreases the more the rat runs the maze. LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations. proactive interference is minimized by LTP. priming is affected by the release of serotonin into the synapse.

LTP provides a neural basis for learning and remembering associations.

Whenever he feels sexually jealous, Oliver is flooded with painful recollections of the rare occasions in which he had observed his girlfriend flirting with other men. Oliver's experience best illustrates repression. the misinformation effect. source misattribution. mood-congruent memory. retroactive interference.

mood-congruent memory.

Conscious memory of factual information is called ________ memory. iconic implicit explicit proactive procedural

explicit

The ability to learn something without any conscious memory of having learned it suggests the need to distinguish between explicit memory and implicit memory. short-term memory and long-term memory. proactive interference and retroactive interference. recognition and recall. iconic memory and echoic memory.

explicit memory and implicit memory.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called sensory memories. semantic memories. mood-congruent memories. flashbulb memories. repressed memories.

flashbulb memories.

Although Mr. Kameda has recently learned to play poker quite well, he cannot consciously remember ever having played poker. It is likely that he has suffered damage to his cerebellum. hippocampus. motor cortex. brainstem. hypothalamus.

hippocampus.

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the corpus callosum. hypothalamus. hippocampus. motor cortex. cerebellum.

hippocampus.

The day after Kirsten was introduced to 13 people at a business luncheon, she could recall the names of only the first 4 people to whom she had been introduced. Her effective recall of these particular names best illustrates the impact of rehearsal. parallel processing. flashbulb memory. automatic processing. the serial position effect.

the serial position effect.

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories.

the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.

Which of the following is an example of the serial position effect? Remembering where you left your cell phone when you cannot find it Remembering the skills you learned early in life, such as walking Remembering the most important assignment you have to complete for school tomorrow Remembering the names of co-workers you met at your new job Remembering the beginning and end of your grocery list, but not the items in the middle

Remembering the beginning and end of your grocery list, but not the items in the middle

Which of the following offers the best explanation for infantile amnesia? The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature. The accumulation of life experiences disrupts the retrieval of early life events. Iconic memories last for less than a second in infants. Birth trauma prevents explicit encoding. The emotional reactivity of infants inhibits the process of encoding.

The hippocampus is one of the last brain structures to mature.

One effect of long-term potentiation is that more neurons are added into a neural chain of memory. the sending neuron needs additional prompting to release its neurotransmitters. a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase. the memory trace can be tracked to specific sites in the brain. more glucose energy is made available to fuel brain activity.

a receiving neuron's receptor sites may increase.

Shortly after hearing a list of items, people tend to recall the last items in the list especially quickly and accurately. This best illustrates implicit memory. automatic processing a recency effect. iconic memory. the spacing effect.

a recency effect.

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from mood-congruent memory. implicit memory. amnesia. long-term potentiation. repression.

amnesia.

Long-term potentiation refers to the impact of overlearning on retention. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

Researchers studying the links among emotion, stress, and memory have discovered that emotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events. excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered. both stress and emotion make events more memorable. both stress and emotion make events harder to remember.

both stress and emotion make events more memorable.

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by semantic encoding. context effects. source amnesia. flashbulb memory formation. the misinformation effect.

context effects.

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is excited. depressed. unemotional. happy. relaxed.

depressed.

Which of the following best describes explicit memories? include memory for general knowledge acquired through classical conditioning accessed without conscious recall nondeclarative processed by the cerebellum

include memory for general knowledge

An understanding of the distinction between implicit and explicit memories is most helpful for explaining infantile amnesia. the spacing effect. repression. the serial position effect. state-dependent memory.

infantile amnesia.

By shrinking the hippocampus, prolonged stress is most likely to inhibit the process of source misattribution. long-term memory formation. mood-congruent memory. repression. proactive interference.

long-term memory formation.

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as automatic processing. proactive interference. chunking. long-term potentiation. the serial position effect.

long-term potentiation.

Kyler remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kyler should be reminded that source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events. when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new memories. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories. retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information. iconic memories decay quickly.

misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.

Compared with formerly depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. This best illustrates mood-congruent memory. source amnesia. the misinformation effect. retroactive interference. the self-reference effect.

mood-congruent memory.

Negative recall primed by distressing emotions most clearly illustrates proactive interference. repression. mood-congruent memory. the misinformation effect. retroactive interference.

mood-congruent memory.

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to retroactive interference. mood-congruent memory. source amnesia. the self-reference effect. repression.

mood-congruent memory.

When Bryan's girlfriend broke up with him, he felt very down. As he sat in his bedroom, he thought about all of the other times his heart had been broken. Bryan's experience provides an example of long-term potentiation. implicit memory. retroactive interference. iconic memory. mood-congruent memory.

mood-congruent memory.

Hearing the word "rabbit" may lead people to spell the spoken word "hair" as "h-a-r-e." This best illustrates the outcome of a process known as priming. chunking. retroactive interference. repression. proactive interference.

priming.

Reading a romantic novel caused Claudia to recall some old experiences with a junior high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Claudia's memory retrieval is an illustration of priming. source amnesia. automatic processing. chunking. the spacing effect.

priming.

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to chunking. repression. the spacing effect. relearning. priming.

priming.

Retrieval cues are most likely to facilitate a process known as repression. relearning. priming. automatic processing. chunking.

priming.

Shortly after you see a missing-child poster you are more likely to interpret an ambiguous adult-child interaction as a possible kidnapping. This best illustrates the impact of chunking. priming. retroactive interference. source amnesia. state-dependent memory.

priming.

The often unconscious activation of particular associations in memory is called repression. priming. chunking. state-dependent memory. automatic processing.

priming.

Watching a TV soap opera involving marital conflict and divorce led Fatima to recall several instances in which her husband had mistreated her. The effect of the TV program on Fatima's recall provides an example of automatic processing. the spacing effect. repression. the serial position effect. priming.

priming.

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of rehearsal. visual imagery. flashbulb memory. automatic processing. chunking.

rehearsal.

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the transformation of neurons in the medulla. activity level of the hippocampus. development of the cerebellum. release of certain neurotransmitters. structure of DNA molecules.

release of certain neurotransmitters.

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful echoic memory. spacing effect. retrieval cue. mnemonic. implicit memory.

retrieval cue.

After learning that kicking would move a crib mobile, infants showed that they recalled this learning best if they were tested in the same crib. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on recall. retrieval cues parallel processing the serial position effect the spacing effect state-dependent memory

retrieval cues

Memories are primed by the serial position effect. retroactive interference. retrieval cues. source amnesia. repression.

retrieval cues.

The discovery that words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land best illustrates the value of retrieval cues. the serial position effect. implicit memory. the spacing effect. echoic memory.

retrieval cues.

Words, events, places, and emotions that trigger our memory of the past are called déjà vu. schemas. iconic traces. context effects. retrieval cues.

retrieval cues.

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of retrieval. storage. repression. relearning. encoding.

retrieval.

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ________ effect. serial position misinformation priming mnemonic spacing

serial position

At your first day of work the manager introduces your coworkers, one at a time. As you meet each person, you repeat all the names, starting at the beginning. By the time you meet the last person, you can better recall the names at the beginning and the last names you heard. Which of the following best explains your experience? proactive interference chunking serial position effect spacing effect semantic encoding

serial position effect

When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ________ at certain synapses. insulin acetylcholine epinephrine serotonin LTP

serotonin

A baseball strikes Mindy in the head and she is momentarily knocked unconscious. The physical injury, though not serious, is most likely to interfere with Mindy's ________ memory. short-term mood-congruent echoic flashbulb implicit

short-term

Passing an electric current through the brain during electroconvulsive therapy is most likely to disrupt ________ memory. flashbulb implicit iconic mood-congruent short-term

short-term

After his last drinking spree, Harvir hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Harvir's pattern of recall best illustrates the serial position effect. state-dependent memory. motivated forgetting. proactive interference. the spacing effect.

state-dependent memory.

Research suggests that a memory trace is most likely to involve source amnesia. motivated forgetting. synaptic changes. the serial position effect. hormonal changes.

synaptic changes.

Most Americans still have accurate flashbulb memories of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. This best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by the serial position effect. long-term potentiation. source amnesia. retrieval cues. the body's release of stress hormones.

the body's release of stress hormones.

The accuracy of the flashbulb memories of those who witnessed the 2010 earthquake in Haiti best illustrates that memory formation is facilitated by hierarchical organization. implicit memory. the body's release of stress hormones. the serial position effect. the spacing effect.

the body's release of stress hormones.