Modern Middle East Test
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
______ was a former Turkish president. He also was an army officer who founded an independent Republic of Turkey out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire. Ataturk was born around 1881 in the city of Salonica
Islam vs Muslim
_______ is one of the three major monotheistic religions, and _________ are people that follow the religion. The 5 basic tenets of the ________ religion that Muslims follow include the Declaration of Faith which is what people say to become Muslim, prayer: Muslims are supposed to make 5 daily ritual prayers, giving charity: Muslims are required to give their bounty to those who have less, fasting during the month of Ramadan, and pilgrimage/hajj: if the Muslim has enough money they are required to make a pilgrimage/hajj once in their lifetime. There are more than 1.5 billion Muslims and about 20% of them live in the Middle East and North Africa.
Aberration
a state or condition markedly different from the norm
Abraham
all religions
Kurd
are agricultural people who live in places such as Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. ________people make up 10% of the population in Syria, 19% of Turkey, 15-20% of Iraq, and nearly 10% of Iran
Divine Revelation
belief in a prophet
Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini
came onto the public eye when ________started protesting the Shah's regime in Iran. _____ began protests of the regime and called for an Islamic republic to be established. In 1964 ______ was exiled from Iran and he moved to Iraq. _______ influence grew as he continuously fought for the Islamic republic in Iran. In 1978 ______ was forced to leave Iraq by Saddam Hussein. _______ moved to Paris and continued to push the movement for a Islamic republic by send taped messages to his followers in Iran. In 1979 ________ arrived in Ira after the Shah stepped down, ______ established a new constitution that made Iran an Islamic Republic. _______ enstated Islamic law by creating laws that required women to wear the veil and banning western music and alcohol. ________ is important because he created the Theocracy that Iran uses today.
Christian holy site
church of the holy sepulcher originally built in c. 326 by Constantine, place where Jesus was crucified
Islamic holy site
dome of the rock-located on Temple Mount in old city of Jerusalem(691ce)
Muslim
follower of islam
who sponsored hezbollah
iran
who sponsored hezbollah
iran sponsored...
US troops in Iraq
2010-2011
Osama Bin Laden killed
2011
Syrian Civil War
2011-present
Rise of ISIS
2014
Hinduism
3rd largest religion
Mohammed is born;Islam faith created
632
Nearly 2/3s of Muslims live in
Asia-the Pacific
Death of Muhammad
-After death of Muhammed, no sons (problem with succession) -Number of closest advisors chose Abu Bakr (his father-in-law) as caliph (temporal and spiritual leader) of the Islamic community -Continued to make war on neighbors, those who did not convert had to respect Muslim law and pay taxes -Territorial expansion into N. Africa, Spain, Syria, Egypt, Persian Empire, Mesopotamia by 750 ce (Islamic Empire)
Spread of Islam
-Arabs did not listen to Muhammed initially, except own family/clan -In 622, moved to Medina in the north -Began to win support of people in countryside—submission to Allah and Muhammed became interchangeable -Muslims saw no difference between political and religious authority -Saw an easier way to get to "paradise"—can't gamble, drink alcohol, or eat pork -Returned to Mecca in 630 ce and conquered city, converted it to Islam, movement spread and most Arabs became Muslim -After death of Muhammed, Muslim scholar drew up code called Shariah (law based on Islam) to provide believers with set or prescriptions used to regulate their daily life
Rise of Islam
-Arabs:semitic-speaking people of near East who came to reside in the Arabian peninsula by 5th century CE(majority of Arabs consisted of Bedouin tribes-fiercely independent);parallel event:fall of Rome -Arabs were polytheistic, but supreme god was Allah -Born in Mecca was Muhammad(570-632 ce) *Born in merchant family, was caravan manager *Experienced visions around 610 CE(Allah revealed himself partially through Moses and Jesus, final revelations given to Muhammad *Out of these revelations, Qur'an was written
Creation of Israel
-Balfour Declaration (1917)-letter which described British support of Jewish State in homeland -UN partitioned British Palestine to split in 3 groups (Israel for jews, Palestine, international zone for Jerusalem) -extension of European colonization and expansionism, divide to arab world -arabs were violent and resistant and fought then won territory, jewish homeland expanded to 78% of territory
Golden Age:Ninth Century
-Became major astronomy center -Translated Classical Greek works into Arabic -Arabic became international language -Baghdad, Cairo, Cordoba became thriving urban centers of culture and academics -Passed on numerical system of India with zero -Created algebra -Held major discussions and research of disease and water sanitation
Christianity belief
-Believe Jesus was the son of god and the messiah but Jews believe the messiah has yet to come -Sects-Lutherans, Catholics, Christians, Eastern Orthodox
1990: Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait
-Bin Laden wants to use his forces(the newly formed Al Qaeda) to help Saudi Arabia, Kuwait remove Iraq from Kuwait -US also part of desert storm;helping Saudi Arabia and Kuwait -The royal family, in consultation with the US, refuses the offer from Bin Laden -Bin Laden tries to kill members of the royal family, take over government -Bin Laden expelled from country in 1991, he moves to Sudan, recruiting, trying to plan his next overthrow--West Bank becomes his major enemy("head of snake)-in mid 1990s-diverts attention to the US
After World War II
-Britain and France could no longer hold their colonies after the war because they weren't strong enough economically or in military -Many Middle East countries were given their independence
What should the American objective be?
-Continue to promote democracy -Advocate for civil liberties -Decent government
Nasser led Arab states in Six-Day War to destroy Israel
-Egypt led Arab states(Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Lebanon)into war to destroy Israel in 1967 -Israel routed armies(acquired now territory) *West bank, Gaza strip, and Jerusalem;Golan Heights(US International zone since 1973) Sinai peninsula(given back to Egypt in 1982)
Islam Core Text and Place of Worship
-Hadith was written by scholars after the death of Muhammad. Also describes his life as an example of pious behavior -Sunna _Quran contains versus in Arabi, that tells Muslims to worship one god to treat others properly -Mosque and holy day Friday
Why did 9/11 and other terrorist attacks occur?
-Humiliation and shame for nearly 80 years -western intervention since the end of WWI; drawing boundaries and colonization -didn't account for ethnic and religious beliefs -the Ottoman Empire was part of the loosing side in WWI, along with Germany, and Austria; empire divided by Western powers, specifically Britain and France
Why do they have oppressive regimes?
-Influence of oil: becomes new gold in 1920s -always money for army -secret police (bribery) no need for democracy -dont need to tax people to help with $ supply -no need to modernize -some regimes align themselves with islamic clerics to legitimize rule
Christianity history
-Jesus died in 33 CE -395 CE Theodosius made the whole empire christian -christians believe pope peter was the first pope -1055 west and east had the great schism/divide -Armenia, Georgia, Russia, and Greece divided -1517 Martin Luther made his thesis to protest against the church -Christian communities were often persecuted until emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 324 CE;it was then the Roman Empire became the Holy Roman Empire
Judaism Core Text/Place of Worship
-Jewish law is embodied in the torah completed in the 5th century BCE; pentatook -Also in the Talmud where they collected commentary on the torah;written rabbi -Not much said about afterlife -Rabbi and temple -Sinagog and day if worship is Saturday
A chance for new leadership
-Nasser per suited an anti-western form policy -Built oppressive autotracies, army offers seized power, built authoritarian states -Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser:Pan-Arab nationslists anti-western policy -needed arms to achieve goals, drew Egypt into soviet Union, other dictators followed -Nasser marginalized the muslim brotherhood -Egypt, Iraq, Syria(soviets moved in);Israel and US become closer
misconception of Islam
-Non anti-democratic, for human freedoms, treated with dignity -Not violent religion;believe in treating humans with dignity
History of Judaism
-Oldest surviving religion that started in the second millennium bce -Abraham is the first Jew to have made covenant with God -began in 2100 bce -god promised to bless Abraham and his early descendants if Abraham promised to follow the laws of god -1948 is the creation of Israel -10 Commandments
Are all Muslims Arab
-Only 15% of the Muslim population is Arab -90% of Arabs are muslim -384 million Arabs in the world
Result of Six Day War
-Result:Humiliation, rise of fundamentalist Islam, more oppressive dictators -Since 1993 Israel has allowed the Palestinians to have authority over the west bank
Marked major change in ideology around Arab world
-Saudi Arabia- absolute monarchy -clerics running govt. in Iran, Khomeini invents modern Islamic fundamentalism -revolution encouraged violence around Arab world islamic extremists (followers of Sayyid Qutb- inspired by bin laden) -Extremists killed Anwar Sadat for making peace w/ Israel -Men go to Afghan to help expel soviets- created al Qaeda in 1988 -CIA assistance in Afghan; assisted Myahideen (Taliban)
Islam belief
-Sects are Sunni and Shi'a -Day of judgement and Ramadan -Muslims believe that Allah(god) sent his revelation, the Quran, to the prophet Muhammad in the tenth century CE to proclaim to mankind -5 principles of Islam include;orally declaring their faith to god, praying 5 times a day, fasting in the daylight hours during the month of Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime
1979 Iranian Revolution: Ruhollah Khomeini(Ayatollah)-high ranking Islamic cleric
-Shi'ite not Sunni -Shi'ite cleric seized control, removed Shah from power -Only theocracy in the middle east -Created illusion of national pride and identity -Khomeini had tied to Muslim Brotherhood, wanted to restore true Islamic state -Major crimes of Shah(title of Iranian Kings)by emancipation of women -Supreme leader or Ayotolla: still in charge(Ali Khamenei) -He made head pieces mandatory, subjection of women, opposition crushed -Heavily restricted women's rights -Pahlri lost to him
Christianity Core Text/Place of Worship
-The old testament -The new testament -Bible -Churches/cathedrals -Holy scriptures -Containing the story of Jesus' life and other christian writings -Priest/Deccan/Minister/Pastor -Church and holy day Sunday
Islam history
-They spread a lot into more areas of the middle east -Began in 610 CE when Muhammad received his divine relation -Changes from polytheistic to monotheistic -MENTIONS CHRISTIANS AND JEWS IN QURAN
Saudi Arabia:Extremely conservative Islam
-Wahabism: strict fundamentalist interpretation of Islam:Sunni *Founded by Mohammed Ibn Al Wahhab(1703-92) *Enforce public attendance at prayers, forbid shaving and smoking tobacco *oppose modernity and progress;want an earlier more pure version of Islam *This ideology was indispensable to Osama Bin Laden
Tenets of fundamentalism islam
-a belief that Muslims have deviated from true islam and must return to "pure Islam' -the path to "pure islam" is only through a literal and strict interpretation of the Quran and Hadith -Muslims should individually interpret the original sources without being slavishly bound to the interpretations of islamic scholars -may advocate violence and justify terrorism against non-muslim to bring about reign of Allah
Similarities between the 3 religions
-all monolithic(believe in one god) -all recognize Abraham as their first prophet -all believe in an afterlife -all believe in divine revelations through divine scriptures -creation of world by divine god -different sects -all have a place of worship -Jerusalem is a holy city
By 1930's, new threat in Middle East: Nazi Germany
-allied with Germany (Britain and France were hated by the Middle East) -fostered anti-semitism -nazi's supported Palestinians in British Palestine -germany patron of anti-colonial cause -pro-axis regime in Iraq established by Germany (helped create subsequent Ba'athe party)
Ba'athe party
-founded in syria in 1940's -arab socialists Ba'athe party -pan-arabic in nature (nationalistic like nazi party)(oppressed Kurds) -highly regimes structure (militaristic) -saddam hussein in this party, how he ruled Iraq from 1979-2003 -the Kurds have led the fight against ISIS
Shar'ia: islamic law
-hadith, qu'ran, sunna -no pork, gambling, sexual practices -only modern day Iran and Saudi Arabia, women must cover up
Judaism Belief
-is a culture more than a way of life -living a good life is heavily stressed -sects include reform, consecutive, and orthodox -Orthodox Jews believe the Jewish law is unchanging and mandatory;Jewish law or hablakhah includes 613 commandments given by god in the Torah -Conservative Jews believe God's laws change and evolve over time -Reform Jews believe these laws are guidelines you can choose whether or not to follow -Special respect for Moses as the prophet; god gave Moses the Jewish law embodied in the Torah -Jewish law covers matters such as prayer and ritual, diet, rules regulating personal status, and observance of holidays
Fundamentalism
-is strict adherence to specific set of theological doctrines typically in reaction against the theology of Modernism--puritan Islam -mostly in Saudi Arabia, but also in Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt
Pahlavi
-ruling family -democratic rebellion -the Shah Reza(1950's-1979) -Lost to Ruholla Khomeini
Attatürk
-separated religion and politics, displacing sharia law -declared turkey as a secular region -launched war of independence in 1919 -modernized turkey and borrowed from the west -western dress, gave more freedom to women -separated church and state abolishing the caliphate -prohibited teaching of religion in school
faced with challenges of modernity, many looked to religion
-the way women are unveiled -the way women were working next to men
Emergence of Muslim Brotherhood (small group of educated Egyptians) deeply disturbed by colonists
-wanted to return to glorious Islamic Past; anti-colonialist (Britain had control of Egypt until 1954)
What do the terrorist groups want?
1.)Political power 2.)Spread ideology 3.)Creation of Palestinian State
Three reactions in Muslims World of past failure
1.)Return to past(Isamic fundamentalists) 2.)Arab Spring-revolution resulting in new governments(Tunisia, Egypt, Libya) 3.)Putting together best elements from West and their own culture(Turkey, Israel)
Two most significant factors to rise of Islam
1.)Western Intervention(partitioning land after WWI and creation of Israel) 2.)Dictatorship/authoritarian regimes-reduction of civil liberties
Muslim demographics
1.6 billion
Ottoman Empire
1300-1918
Jews demographics
14.4 million
WWI
1914-1918
Sykes-Picot Agreement
1916
Balfour Declaration
1917
End of WW1
1918
Oil discovered in Iraq Atatürk modernizes Turkey
1923
Oil discovered in Saudi Arabia
1938
World War II
1939-1945
Creation of Israel
1948
6-Day War
1967
Iranian Revolution
1979
Al-Qaeda is formed
1989
Iraq invades Kuwait- Gulf War
1990-1991
Taliban takes over in
1996
Taliban ruled Afghanistan
1996-2001
Christian Demographics
2.2 billion
9/11 terrorist attacks US troops in Afghanistan
2001
US troops in Iraq
2003-present
Thobe/Kufi
A _______ is clothing piece at ankle length. A ______ is worn in the Arabian peninsula and other Arabian countries. Men wear a traditional ankle-length garment, known as a "________", for the all-male ceremony which is usually performed at events such as weddings. A ______ is usually teamed with a colorful cotton keffiyeh headdress, it's standard formal attire in the Arabian Peninsula -- the equivalent of a Western-style suit. A ______ cap is the traditional hat for men. Older men wear a _____every day to symbolize their status as wise elders, religious people, or family patriarchs.
Islamic fundamentalism
A movement that has influenced Muslims to enforce Islamic law, including strict and brutal codes of behavior. They also target political corruption in Muslim nations. These ________ are very repressed by the governments of their own nations, such as Algeria, Egypt ,and Saudi Arabia. The followers of this belief target the United States and provide recruits for terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda (Dictionary). They believe that there should be no difference between religious and political life, a lifestyle that separates them between the modern democratic principle of the separation of church and state. People often mistake the idea that all mainstream Muslims are ______________.
Arab
A person whose ethnic or national background is from an Arab country; ethnic designation, Semitic-speaking people of the Near East (Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia, PalArabestine); came to reside in Arabian Peninsula during Greek and Roman Worlds by 5th century bce (Majority of ________ now live in Arabian Peninsula/Middle East)-Approximately 15% of Muslims in the world are ________
US war in Iraq
After explosions began in Iraq's Capital, Baghdad President George W. Bush announced that American forces were in the process to disarm Iraq, free its people, and protect the world from the danger they have and may continue to cause. President Bush and his advisors prepared for war with the thought that Iraq was building weapons that caused major destruction. Dictator Saddam Hussein was sure his army would win the war by faith and then he went into hiding, communicating with his people through an audiotape. America was able to capture three major cities in Iraq in three weeks. Soon after, the U.S hunted Saddam Hussein to arrest him and charge him for mass killings of his people. He was found guilty and then killed on December 30, 2006. (History) The war is still being fought to this day which causes disagreement all across America. Forty-eight percent of people say the US made the wrong decision in using military force in Iraq, while 43% say it was the right decision. People debate on who is responsible for isis gaining to much ground in Iraq over the years, was it Bush's fault for initiating invasion in the first place or is Obama at fault for withdrawing troops and not doing enough the end the fight?
Syrian Civil War
An ongoing armed conflict in Syria between forces loyal to the Syrian Ba'ath Party government and those seeking to oust it. The conflict began on 15 March 2011, with popular demonstrations that grew nationwide by April 2011. Protesters demanded the resignation of President Bashar al-Assad, whose family has held the presidency in Syria since 1971.Originally started out as a protest in 2011 but soon turned into _______ with more than 470,000 killed millions injured and millions fleeing for their lives. SInce the start of it 13,000,000 people need humanitarian aid and their president has been killed. U.S favors rebil side.(History.com)(CNN)(BBC) Bashar al-Assad is the president
Christian sects
Catholic 50.1% Protestant 37%
Why did 9/11 and other terrorist attacks occur by Islamic extremists?
D-all of the above
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Egypt's first president Mohamed Naguib argues that the new republic must become a democracy. But ________, who is wary of Neguib's popularity, insists that underdeveloped, unstable Egypt is not ready for democracy. __________ argument won the day. Neguib was ushered out of office and airbrushed from history. ________ succeeded him, presiding over the nationalisation of industry, ambitious welfare reforms, and the creation of a police state. Since then, military rule has continued almost uninterrupted in Egypt. To this day, its advocates and opponents echo the arguments made by _______ and Neguib more than 60 years ago. ________ led the 1952 overthrow of the Egyptian monarchy, touted and implemented socialist reforms, supported pan-Arab nationalism, and led a losing fight against Israel in the Six Day War. _______ established the region's first and much emulated military authoritarian regime.
T or F All Muslims are Arab
False
T or F Atuturk-Turkey
False
Hijab/Burka/Niqab/ Chador- include pictures-country specifics
Headscarves are worn to show a sign of modesty and a symbol of religious faith. The ________ is a scarf that covers the head and neck but keeps the face clear and is most commonly worn in the West by Muslim Women. _______ is a word that describes the act of covering up. The _______ is the most concealing of all Islamic veils. It covers the face and body and often just has a piece of mesh over the eyes for vision. The _________ is a veil for the face that leaves the area around the eyes clear and It is worn with a headscarf. The _________, worn by many Iranian women when outside the house and is worn with a full body cloak. It is also worn most often with a smaller head scarf underneath.
Headscarves are worn to show a sign of modesty and a symbol of religious faith. The ________ is a scarf that covers the head and neck but keeps the face clear and is most commonly worn in the West by Muslim Women. _______ is a word that describes the act of covering up. The _______ is the most concealing of all Islamic veils. It covers the face and body and often just has a piece of mesh over the eyes for vision. The _________ is a veil for the face that leaves the area around the eyes clear and It is worn with a headscarf. The _________, worn by many Iranian women when outside the house and is worn with a full body cloak. It is also worn most often with a smaller head scarf underneath.
Hijab/Burka/Niqab/ Chador- include pictures-country specifics
"War on Terror"
In the past, Barack Obama has held a white house summit with international leaders in an attempt to develop an urgently needed plan to tackle ________ and radicalization across the world. A Secretary of State John Kerry said that there needs to be a "shift in gears onto a path that will demand more from us ... politically, economically, and socially ... a truly comprehensive and long-term strategy to destroy ___________ very roots." Tens of thousands of fresh American troops are now on the move in Afghanistan, led by a new commander and armed with a counterinsurgency plan that builds on the lessons of Iraq. Troops are in Iraq to help end __________there
What country has a theocracy?
Iran
Muhammad
Is a prophet who was born in 570 C.E in the city Mecca. ______ grew to be a successful businessmen who was known for his trustworthiness and spiritual searches. Muslims believe that one day when _____ was meditating outside a cave a angel named Gabriel approached him and over 22 years gave him pieces of the qur'an. _______ is the last in a line of prophets after Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses,Elijah,John the baptist and Jesus. ______ was seen as threatening to the people in power in Mecca so _____took his followers to Medina. 10 Years after ______ left Mecca he had enough power to go back on concour it. He died in 632 C.E.
The dome of the rock
Islam
Western wall
Judaism
Al Qaeda
Led Osama Bin Laden, al-Qaeda is believed to have carried out many attacks across the globe, including those which destroyed the World Trade Center in New York on 11 September 2001. The group was formed around 1988 from elements of the international muslim brigades opposed to the 1979 Soviet invasion Afghanistan. It seeks to rid Muslim countries of Western influence, get ride of what it vies as "corrupt" regimes and set up a pan-Islamic caliphate. The network is thought to have links to radical Islamist groups in various parts of the world; predominantly Sunni Muslim. Believe that the Jihad must be waged on the "far enemy" (US, Israel, and other non-Muslim powers). Muslim brotherhood: The worlds largest and oldest Islamic political group. Founded in 1928 in Egypt by Hassan al Banna. Believe that "Islam is the solution." Claim to be conservative and non-violent but some believe they may have ties to terrorism.
Sykes-Picot Agreement
Mark Sykes(British Diplomat) and Francois Picot(France diplomat) meet secretly to determine how to divide Ottoman Empire- plans cemented by leadership at Cairo conference in 1921
Most populated Muslim areas
Middle East, North Africa, and South Eastern Asia
Wahabism is in...
Saudi Arabia
What role did Saudi Arabia play(if any) in the rise of Osama bin Laden
Saudi Arabia played a role in the development of Bin Laden's radicalism. The clerics and the rulers locked the state with archconservative views. In schools and other places they teach archconservative views such as segregation of women, intolerance of other faiths, unfailing adherence to doctrinal teachings, all rubber stamped by the house of Saud. Al Qaeda's world view was largely shaped by Wahhabi scriptures; and Saudi clerics were widely accused of encouraging a jihadist movement that grew throughout the 1990s with Bin Laden at its center
Iraq (sunni or shia)
Shi'ite
Iran (sunni or shia)
Shi'ite country
Hezbollah (sunni or shia)
Shi'ite group
US War in Afghanistan
Started because of the 9/11 attacks, entered to end terrorism and al Qaeda. The United States invasion of _________occurred after the September 11 attacks in late 2001, supported by close allies. Its public aims were to dismantle Al-Qaeda, and to deny it a safe base of operations in ________ by removing the Taliban from power. The Taliban want U.S. departure; the U.S. wants Taliban capitulation
Most Alawites live in
Syria
341 million muslims(93% of the population) lives in
The Middle East-North Africa region
Taliban
The Taliban originated as a moevment of hard-line religious students in Afghanistan and gained control of the country in the mid-1990s. The country had been devastated, first by the brutal war against the Soviet Union, and then in an even bloodier civil war that filled the vacuum that followed the Soviet departure;Islamic militant group, lost power in 2001 following 9/11;resurgence of Taliban continues in the Middle East
Arab Spring
The ______ was a series of pro-democracy uprisings that enveloped several largely Muslim countries, including Tunisia, Morocco, Syria, Libya, Egypt and Bahrain. The events in these nations generally began in the spring of 2011. The _______ was a loosely related group of protests that ultimately resulted in regime changes in countries such as Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. For many countries enveloped by the revolts of the ________, the period since has been hallmarked by increased instability and oppression. The _______ began in December 2010 when Tunisian street vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire to protest the arbitrary seizing of his vegetable stand by police over failure to obtain a permit. Bouazizi's sacrificial act served as a catalyst for the so-called Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia. The street protests that ensued in Tunis, the country's capital, eventually prompted authoritarian president Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to abdicate his position and flee to Saudi Arabia. He had ruled the country with an iron fist for more than 20 years. Activists in other countries in the region were inspired by the regime change in Tunisia—the country's first democratic parliamentary elections were held in October 2011—and began to protest similar authoritarian governments in their own nations. The participants in these grassroots movements sought increased social freedoms and greater participation in the political process. Notably, this includes the Tahrir Square uprisings in Cairo, Egypt and similar protests in Bahrain. However, in some cases, these protests morphed into full-scale civil wars, as evidenced in countries such as Libya, Syria and Yemen. Some unpredicted outcomes of this event include monarchies weather the storm, and the US is no longer in control.
Islamism/Islamist
The faith, doctrine, or cause of Islam. It is a far cry from the religion that is familiar to the 1.7 billion Muslims around the world. This means that people are advocating that Islam should guide political and public life. This seeks to tarnish all those who do not subscribe to their narrow interpretation of Islam as deviants, and in some cases declaring them as apostates -- an accusation that often comes with the threat of death. A example of this is when ISIS claimed of responsibility for the attack on the Palace of Westminster this week, it was another reminder of the violent and destructive nature of ________. Dramatic and violent events perpetrated by jihadi cells, such as the Madrid bombings of 2004 and the attacks on the London transport system the following year, have fostered a growing fear of Islamic extremism among many Europeans and others in the West.
Mujahideen
The original _________ was made up of strongmen who lived by tradition politics and conquered regions during the 1980's. Compared to today's taliban they had very different understandings of the Jihad (a holy struggle). The main difference is that the original obied by a more traditional type of Jihad that acted as a contest for control of resources by strong men who ruled their own armies. The current Taliban wants to establish a state for themselves so they can enforce The Sharia Law. The original _________ wanted resources while the Taliban wanted to live by their own religious beliefs (The Guardian). During 1996 the Taliban gained control of Kabul and introduces the new Islam where women cannot work and if found disobeying the new Islamic laws, you will be killed by stoning to death and amputations. A year later, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia find the Taliban's official rulers and they now control two- thirds of the country
how did the rest of the Middle East feel about Atatürk?
The rest of the Middle East felt that he was a traitor to his own religion and culture, calling him "the great satan"
Distinction between Arab and Muslim
The term Arab originally meant a member of the Semitic (group of related languages in Middle East-cuneiform, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic), race of people of the Arabian Peninsula east of Palestine. They were the nomadic Bedouins of the desert. Today, Arabs live throughout the world, including parts or all of North Africa, Palestine, Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon (Arab is an ethnicity) like Italian or Irish.
Six Days War
The war between Israel and the Arab states of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. Israel launched a pre-emptive attack on Egypt and battled Jordanian and Syrian forces the same day. It was a series of battles that would lead to Israel's capture of that territory. The meaning for the people of Israel was that for 2,000 years the people of Israel were in exile - persecuted, tortured, subjected to anti-Semitism. Those 2,000 years were over. In the end, Israel had taken control of Syria's Golan Heights, Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip and Jordan's West Bank -- which included the entire city of Jerusalem.
Hajj
This is also often referred to as a pilgrimage. If they are financially and physically able, Muslims are required to make a _______, to Mecca once during their lives. Mecca is in Saudi Arabia, and is the site of the Kaaba, the building Muslims believe was the first house of worship dedicated to one God. Several rituals are performed during _______: circling the Kaaba;running between the hills of Safa and Marwa(echoing Hagar's search for water for her son Ishmael); traveling to the plain of Arafat, outside of Mecca;and throwing stones at pillars to symbolize the devil. More than two million Muslims perform the pilgrimage annually. ______ occurs two months and 10 days after Ramadan ends, during the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah. People who have completed the pilgrimage may add the phrase al-______ or _____i (pilgrim) to their names
T or F Indonesia has the biggest muslim population
True
T or F Nasser and Egypt
True
T or F Over one billion Christians
True
More than 4/5s of Jews live in what two countries?
US 41% and Israel 41%
Balfour Declaration
United Kingdom foreign secretary, James Balfour, sent a letter to Walter Rothschild(leader of Britain's Jewish community) confirming support from Britain of Jewish state
Palestinians live in
West Bank and Gaza Strip
Sharia Law
is Islam's legal system. It is derived from both the Koran, Islam's central text, and fatwas - the rulings of Islamic scholars. The word _________ means "the path," or "a road that leads one to water." It refers to a set of principles that govern the moral and religious lives of Muslims. _______ acts as a code for living that all Muslims should adhere to, including prayers, fasting and donations to the poor. It aims to help Muslims understand how they should lead every aspect of their lives according to God's wishes. _________ divides offences into two general categories: "hadd" offences, which are serious crimes with set penalties, and "tazir" crimes, where the punishment is left to the discretion of the judge. Areas of daily life where Muslims may turn to _______ for guidance include family law, finance and business. ________is based on Islam's holy book, the Quran, and the life of prophet Mohammed
Ali Khamenei
is Islam's supreme leader. ________ is a Shiite Muslim he started the islamic republican party. 1980-1987 - Secretary-general and member of the central command of the Islamic Republic Party. June 1981 - Injured when a bomb placed in a tape recorder explodes at a press conference. October 13, 1981-August 3, 1989 - President of Iran. March 1985 - Survives when a suicide bomb detonates nearby. June 4, 1989-present - Is provisionally elected supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran after the death of Khomeini. Today, as Supreme Leader, ______ is the head of state of Iran and the commander-in-chief of its armed forces. For this reason, _______ is considered the most powerful political authority in the country.[22][23] As Supreme Leader, ______ can issue decrees and make the final decisions on the main policies of the government in many fields such as economy, the environment, foreign policy, and national planning in Iran
Caliphate/Caliph
is a Islamic State while a ______ is a political leader of a _______ and his power is absolute. A _________ Can also be a Islamic Empire. Many groups say that they are trying to establish the true ________ of Muhammad.
Mecca and Medina
is a city west of Saudi Arabia. Muslims believe that Abraham founded ________. ________ is the center of the Islamic world and where Muhammad the prophet was born. _______ is so important to the Muslims because Abraham built the Ka'aba in the city of _______, dedicating it to God. The Ka'aba sits in the middle _______ for millions of people to visit and worship each year.
Drone strikes* What are they? What is policy? Who used the most?
is a missle attack that is launched from an unmanned drone in the sky. ________ are typical used to survey and observe an area or group and take action if the opportunity arises. The current policy on _________ is broader than it used to be. Now the government can call drone strikes on foot soldiers, not just high level targets, and they can call _____ on places that the U.S. has not previously tried to counter terrorists before. But the government has been very strict about holding up a certain rule, making sure that no citizens are in a area of a possible _______. Donald Trump has been performing the most _______ out of the past 3 presidents. Trump has nearly doubled the amount of _______ that Obama performed in 2016. This is probably so because of Trump broadening the situations that would require a ______
refugee/refugee camps-sig. to Syrian Civil War
is a person who is displaced from their home country because they have fled war, violence, conflict, or persecution. ________ often have to leave with little preparation so they must leave behind everything. ________ camps are temporary shelters created to support these refugees in their time of need by providing, food and shelter. The Syrian Civil War is an ongoing war that has been going on since 2011, and about 1 out of every 43 citizens get killed in result of this war. Because of this outbreak of violence, many of the citizens have fled in fear of dying caussing a huge spike in the ________currently seeking shelter
Gaza Strip
is a small Palestinian territory, about twice the size of the District of Columbia, located along the Mediterranean coast between Egypt and Israel. It is kept in isolation by the Israeli military and ruled by Hamas, an anti-Israeli terrorist group. Israel still maintains extremely tight restrictions on trade in and out of _______, and ________ is not an independent country. Hamas aims to maintain control of the ________to facilitate Palestinian nationalist aims. Hamas is headquartered in ________
Ka'aba / Ka'bah
is a very sacred cubed shaped building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Millions of people every year gather in Mecca to worship the at the ________. All muslims are expected to make it to the ________ at least one time in their life so they can be apart of the annual celebration of Hajj. The _______ was built by Abraham. The ________ contains a sacred black stone and is the goal of Islamic Pilgrimage.
Persian Person
is someone who has either played a part in developing the Iranian (relating to Iran and or the people of it) Nationality or who once founded the empire of southwest Asia under rule of Cyrus (Webster). The unemployment rate of _________ is 13.1%, America's unemployment rate as of june 2018 was 4% (Statista). Islam is the second most popular religion in the world behind religion
Mosque
is the building in which Muslims worship God. Throughout Islamic history, the ______ was the centre of the community and towns formed around this pivotal building. Nowadays, especially in Muslim countries ________ are found on nearly every street corner, making it a simple matter for Muslims to attend the five daily prayers. In the West ________ are integral parts of Islamic centers that also contain teaching and community facilities. They can come in all shapes and sizes and very depending on where you go to worship.Also Men and Women are separated usually behind the men or separated by a curtin men on one side women on another
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
is the leader of the Islam terrorist group ISIS. ________'s family nicknamed him the believer because he would scold his relatives for failing to live up to his standards. He got his bachelor's degree in Islamic studies from the University of Baghdad in 1996, and a Master's and PhD in Koranic studies from Iraq's Saddam University for Islamic Studies in 1999 and 2007. US airforces arrested Baghdadi in 2002
Jihad
is the ongoing struggle within one's soul to be a better person by warding off temptation, doing the right thing, following God's commandments, and developing a closer relationship with Allah. In other words __________ is just the struggle of a man to fight off the temptation of sin and follow spiritual discipline
Imam
is the prayer leader of a mosque. Friday is the Muslim Sabbath, so people may gather in a mosque for the noon prayer that an _______ would lead. This is called jumma'a. (Webster Dictionary) (3-6 pages) People say the signs of his appearance will be The River Euphrates drying up, gold appearing in the Euphrates River, Bloodshed in Mina during Hajj or there will be a lunar eclipse twice and a solar eclipse once in Ramadan.
Qur'an/Koran
is what Muslims believe is the complete compilation of the revelation of Allah to Muhammad; some of it given through the angel Gabriel. The rest given through the prophet. The _______ was orginally told by word of mouth until it was eventually written down around 650 A.D by Caliph Uthman. The first _______ was written on parchment in the early form of Arabic script, but it was also written on other materials such as stone and camel bones
1920's: House of Saudi: In Saudi Arabia, worked with British
kingdom of Saudi Arabia established in 1932, royal family in Saudi Arabia
caliphate
office of caliph (caliph literally means "successor", temporal and spiritual leader of islamic community)
Ottoman Empire
ruled large areas of the Middle East, Eastern Europe and North Africa for more than 600 years. The chief leader, known as the Sultan, was given absolute religious and political authority over his people. Most western countries viewed them as a threat.Many historians say that they made important achievements in the arts sciences religion and culture. The _______ came came to be in 1229.In 1453, Mehmed II the Conqueror led the _______ Turks in seizing the ancient city of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire's capital. Thy ended up buying Syria, Arabia, Palestine, and Egypt under ______ control. At its height, the ________included the following regions: Turkey Greece Bulgaria Egypt Hungary Macedonia Romania Jordan Palestine Lebanon Syria Some of Arabia A considerable amount of the North African coastal strip.________ architecture also helped define the culture of the time. Elaborate mosques and public buildings were constructed during this period.Science was regarded as an important field of study. The ________ learned and practiced advanced mathematics,astronomy, philosophy, physics, geography and chemistry.Additionally, some of the greatest advances in medicine were made by the _______. They invented several surgical instruments that are still used today, such as forceps, catheters, scalpels, pincers and lancets.
Blight
something that weakens, damages, or destroys
Egypt (sunni or shia)
sunni country
Jordan (sunni or shia)
sunni country
Oman (sunni or shia)
sunni country
Saudi Arabia (sunni or shia)
sunni country
Yemen (sunni or shia)
sunni country
Al-Qaeda (sunni or shia)
sunni group
Hamas (sunni or shia)
sunni group
ISIS (sunni or shia)
sunni group
Taliban (sunni or shia)
sunni group
Marganilization
taking power
Crown Prince Mohammad Bin Salman
the crown prince of Saudi Arabia. ______ father became king in 2003. _______ has been seen poorly for starting war with Yemen. ______ got his bachelor degree at the university in Riyadh. ______ is suspected to be the one who murdered/had murdered Jamal Khashoggi
Persian Gulf War
was a conflict that lasted from August 1990 to February 1991 that was initiated by Saddam Hussein in hopes of taking over Kuwait's vast oil supply. Saddam justified this war to the people by claiming that Kuwait was part of Iraq, even though Kuwait was its own country before Iraq. Within 6 days of the war starting, Iraq had seized Kuwait. This caused many countries to become upset, but the most upset was the U.S.A. After the Iraqi forces refused to withdraw from Kuwait, the UN initiated an assault onto the Iraqi forces in January 1991. The U.S. had put troops in Saudi Arabia shortly before the U.N. declared war in case of an attack, this operation was code named Operation Desert Shield. The first stage of the assault was code named Operation Desert Storm, it was a huge bombing campaign that targeted an array of things, this bombing lasted a month. After the bombing was over the second and final assault stage was initiated, Operation Desert Sabre. With the Iraqi forces seriously worn down from the month of bombings they put up little fight against the U.N.., Operation Desert Sabre took only took 4 days to complete. On Febuary 28, 1991 George Bush called a cease fire after all of the Iraqi forces retreated from Kuwait, resulting in the end of the __________.
Jamal Khashoggi
was a journalist that was very critical of the Saudi Arabian government. _______ was very well known for covering the rise of Osama Bin Laden and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in Saudi newspapers. ______ took exile in the U.S. after falling out of favor of the Saudi Arabian government because of how he was critical of their government. ______ had to visit the Saudi consulate in Istanbul to obtain ______ divorce papers so that _____ could marry _____ fiance. ____ was told that ____ would have to come back 4 days later to obtain the papers. So on October 2nd _____ returned to the consulate, but ______ was never seen leaving the consulate after his meeting. _____ disappearance sparked many questions, but the Saudi Government denied any knowledge of what happened to______ for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks _____ was proven dead and 18 Saudi nationals were arrested in suspicion of his murder
Osama bin Laden
was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in either 1957 or 1958. ________ was the 17th of 52 children born from Mohammed ________. _________ was raised privileged and educated and like the average muslim got married and joined the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. During college his beliefs became influenced by Abdullah Azzam, a radical pan-Islamist scholar, who believed that all Muslims should rise up in jihad to create an Islamic state. During 1988, _______ started a group called "Al- Qaeda" that focused more on active acts of terrorism instead of military campaigns._______ caused a lot of destruction and killed many people. _______ started gaining enemies so in order to protect himself he moved his group from Sudan to Afghanistan in 1996. _______ hated America and was tired of it being the "master of the world" so ______ planned an attack on the Twin Tower in New York City on September 11, 2001. ______ was then placed on the FBI's most wanted list for more than a decade and was being searched for for almost ten years. ______ remained in hiding but would still send taunts over radios and television, ______ kept recruiting young Jihadis to play out his attacks. Finally on May 1, 2011, a team Navy Seals shot and instantly killed the al-Qaeda leader ________ at his hiding spot about 35 miles near Islamabad, Pakistan.
Jewish holy site
western wall- Temple Mount in Jerusalem, remnants of second temple(516-70bce)
counterinsurgency
working to prevent rebellion
