Module 13 test study set

Guillotine

-A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution -Executed around 40,000 people during the Reign of Terror

Tennis Court Oath

-A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly in 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution -they made this bc they were shut out of the Estates-General meeting

September Massacres

-Angry and fearful French citizens raided prisons and murdered over 1000 prisoners; included nobles, priests, and royalist sympathizers

France at War

-Austria + Prussia demand Louis is put back in power so similar revolts don't ruin their countries; French Legislative Assembly declares war -Prussia threatens to attack Paris, so French mob kills guards and jails royal family so they can't be saved by other countries -September Massacres occur: mob breaks into prisons and kills over 1,000 of the king's supporters and others -Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king and then dissolves -National Convention takes office in September, forming French republic

Economic Trouble

-Bad weather in 1780s caused bad harvests, raising price of bread significantly -King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette are known for extreme extravagance (Madame Deficit) -Louis doubles nation's debt, banks refuse to lend more money to them

First Estate

-Catholic clergy/church officials -own 10% of land and pay few taxes

Third Estate

-Common people (rest of the population) -97% are bourgeoisie, workers, or peasants -lack privileges of nobles, pay heavy taxes, want change

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

-French Revolution document adopted by the National Assembly that outlined the natural rights of all people and their rights as citizens -Reflects influence from Declaration of Independence -States "men are born free and equal in rights"

Emigres

-French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution -Wants Old Regime back in power

National Convention

-French radical legislative body called to write a democratic constitution. -Takes office in September, forming French republic

Maximilien Robespierre

-Jacobin revolutionary who led the Reign of Terror -Sets out to build "republic of virtue" by wiping out every trace of France's past -Changed calendar to banish Sundays; Radicals thought that religion was old-fashioned and dangerous, closed churches -He becomes the reader of Committee of Public Safety (a dictator)

King Louis' Escape

-King Louis attempts to escape France after he is warned of danger; but is caught by Revolutionaries near Netherlands border -This seals his fate; causing the people to believe he is treasonous and cowardly for trying to escape his own country he once ruled -He is tried for this offence and is found guilty of treason by one vote; is beheaded in 1793

Louis XVI

-King of France during the French Revolution -weak leader whose poor decisions and no patience cause more problems in France -he calls Estates-General: meeting of representatives from all three estates

Storming the Bastille

-King's poor treatment of National Assembly (third Estate) causes people to arm themselves against the French army -Mob seizes Bastille, kill guards on July 14, 1789 -Angry mob hacked commander and prison guards to death; parade heads on spikes around -July 14 becomes a national French holiday (Bastille Day)

Sans-culottes

-Lower class who want more change from the revolution

Legislative Assembly

-New body created by the constitution adopted in 1791 by the National Assembly -Made to pass laws limiting king's power -Later splits into Radicals (left), Moderates (middle), and Conservatives (right)

State-Controlled Church

-One of the National Assembly's reforms focused on the church -They seized Church lands (to pay off debt) and declared that clergy would be elected and paid as state officials. -This alarms peasants who are devout Catholics

Reign of Terror

-Period in France where Robespierre ruled; encourages eliminating any and all enemies to the revolution -40,000 people die by beheading during this time, including former allies who posed a threat to Robespierre's rule and Marie Antoinette -85% of those condemned are middle/lower class- people who the Revolution was supposed to benefit -George Danton is condemned by his friends, who were too afraid to stand up to Robespierre, and is beheaded

Jean-Paul Marat

-Prominent Jacobin who called for the death of the king's supporters -published a radical journal called Friend of the People -Is murdered in his own bathtub

Marie Antoinette

-Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular due to her extravagance and opposition to reform -Nicknamed "Madame Deficit" for her terrible spending problem

Second Estate

-Rich nobles -2% of population, owned 20% of land, payed NO TAXES

Great Fear

-Rumors and Panic spread through France -Great fear- attacks by peasants all over France -peasants destroy legal papers binding them to feudal system -in October 1789, thousands of Parisian women revolt after rising price of bread and March of Versailles -they demanded the National Assembly provide bread -they turned their anger towards the king and queen, killing some guards, and demanded the royal family return to Paris to shorten distance so they could no longer be ignored -few hours later, royal family leaves Versailles to never see their palace again

End of Terror

-Sick of Robespierre's constant threat to the safety and lives French people, members of the National Convention turn on him and demand his arrest and execution -Robespierre beheaded in July 1794, putting an end to the Reign of Terror -Public opinion is shifted away from Radicals -Moderate leaders write new Constitution (3rd since 1789) -A two house legislature and Directory (executive body of 5 men) are created

Estates

-Social classes of France's Old Regime -clergy, nobility, and commoners

Jacobins

-The most radical political faction of the French Revolution who were behind 1792 governmental changes -Some prominent Jacobins were Jean-Paul Marat (journalist), George Danton (lawyer devoted to Paris's poor) and Maximilien Robespierre -They, represented by Robespierre, ruled France during the Reign of Terror

National Assembly

-a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people -this was done bc the Third Estate had little power under old rules -make Tennis Court Oath-delegates decide to write new French constitution

Estates-General Meeting

-meeting called by Louis XVI to solve financial crisis (tax) -calls on representatives from all 3 estates

What did the September Massacres show about the mood of the people?

It shows that the people were on edge, and ready to fight. It also shows how angry and fed up the people were with the government.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Slogan of the French Revolution

Why did members of the National Assembly turn on Robespierre?

The members turned on Robespierre because they feared for their own safety.

Old Regime

The social and political system of France during the 1770s

How did differences of opinion on how to handle such issues as food shortages and debt affect the Legislative Assembly?

These differences caused the Legislative Assembly to split into 3 different groups, that would all sit in a different section of the meeting hall.

What major reforms did the National Assembly introduce?

They introduced many reforms focused on the Church. These Church reforms included taking over Church lands and declaring that Church officials and priests were to be elected and paid as state officials.

Why did Maximilien Robespierre encourage the Reign of Terror throughout France? a.) He believed that the Revolution had many enemies who needed to be eliminated. b.) Women rebelled throughout the country, demanding equal rights. c.) Young men refused to be drafted into the army to fight foreign wars. d.) He wanted to protect church property that was being destroyed by peasants.

a.) He believed that the Revolution had many enemies who needed to be eliminated.

The bourgeoisie lacked the privileges of the _____________, such as exemption from paying taxes, and believed they should have more political power on account of their economic support of the government. a.) nobles b.) farmers c.) bankers d.) tradespeople

a.) nobles

Which of the following events that occurred during the 1780s affected the poor living in France's cities? a.) A series of cholera epidemics caused by contaminated water supplies killed thousands. b.) A series of bad harvests caused the price of bread to rise significantly. c.) Politicians who were elected to government wanted to raise taxes. d.) Revolutionaries published pamphlets calling for the execution of the king.

b.) A series of bad harvests caused the price of bread to rise significantly.

How did the Constitution of 1791 change the French monarchy? a.) The Bourbons were forced to renounce their claim to the throne. b.) The power of the king was limited by a set of laws. c.) It gave legislative power to the king. d.) It replaced the Bourbons with the Hapsburgs.

b.) The power of the king was limited by a set of laws.

Why did the women of Paris demand that the royal family return to Paris with them? a.) They expected Marie Antoinette to distribute bread among the poor of the capital. b.) They wanted to establish a representative government that would meet in the Versailles Palace. c.) They felt that the distance from the capital allowed Louis to ignore their immediate needs. d.) They demanded Marie Antoinette answer charges of treason against the state.

c.) They felt that the distance from the capital allowed Louis to ignore their immediate needs.

What effect did Louis XVI's treatment of National Assembly delegates have on the people of Paris? a.) They called for the execution of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. b.) They supported the king and condemned the leaders of the Third Estate. c.) They responded by arming themselves against the king's soldiers. d.) They formed their own assembly to pick their own leaders.

c.) They responded by arming themselves against the king's soldiers.

Which reform did the members of the National Assembly adopt? a.) requiring all young men to serve in the military b.) outlawing slavery throughout the French Empire c.) men are born and remain free and equal in rights d.) taking away the privileges of the Third Estate

c.) men are born and remain free and equal in rights

When did the Reign of Terror end? a.) with the execution of Marie Antoinette b.) after Napoleon Bonaparte was appointed general c.) after Edmund Burke publicly condemned it d.) with the execution of Maximilien Robespierre

d.) with the execution of Maximilien Robespierre