Module 14: Infancy and Childhood

Olivia and Abigail are sisters. Olivia began walking when she was 10 months old. Their mother can expect Abigail to begin walking at what age?

10 months

In the United States, about ____percent of all babies are walking by age 11 months, ____ percent are walking within a week after their first birthday, and about ____ percent are walking by age 15 months.

25; 50; 90

A child's realization that others may have beliefs the child knows to be false BEST illustrates the development of:

A theory of mind

Psychologists use the word ____ to refer to an individual's close emotional bond with another person.

Attachment

Sharon's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Sharon's father has a/am ____ parenting style.

Authoritarian

With respect to parenting style, coercive is to confrontative as _____ is to ______.

Authoritarian, authoritative

Becky babysits two sisters, Jasmin and Erum. Last week when the two girls were eating cookies, Jasmin complained about how 'unfair' it was that Erum had more cookies than her. To solve the problem Becky took one of Jasmin's cookies and divided it in half. Jasmin then thought that the cookies were equal between her and her sister and was happy. Several months later Becky is babysitting them again. She fixed the girls brownies and Jasmin again complained that her sister had more brownies than her. Becky divided one of Jasmin's brownies in half and asked her if it was now fair. Jasmin replied, "No, all you did was cut it in half." Jasmin is now in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

Concrete operational

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:

Piaget

Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?

They forgot all of their classmates.

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

accommodation

Amir is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

Five-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy because he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:

conservation

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

Babies should be put to sleep on their backs to prevent:

crib death

Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind

Latoya is 3 years old and her favorite book is Are You My Mother?, a short story about a baby bird who hatches while his mother is away. The baby bird then leaves the nest in search of his mother. The baby bird follows the first thing he sees. When he is told that it is not his mother, he then begins to follow the second thing he sees, and so forth. Which of these attachment concepts is an aspect of this story?

imprinting