Module 15

Samantha and Gebriel have decided to take their son to Sea World. When they asked him two years later if he remembered going he answered no. Their son was probably less than ____ years old at the time of the trip.

3

children are active thinkers. Mind develops through series of universal, irreversible stages from simple reflexes to adult abstract reasoning. Children's maturing brains build schemas.

Piaget

_____refers to people's ideas about their own and others' mental states; that is, how feelings, perceptions, or thoughts might predict behavior.

Theory of mind

Imagine that 10-year-old children were shown photographs of 3-year-old preschoolers and asked to spot former classmates. What were the probable results?

They forgot all of their classmates.

Shelly's brother hid her favorite stuffed bear in a cabinet after Shelly had originally put the bear in her own toy chest. When she returns, she is able to find the bear in the cabinet. This illustrates Shelly's development of:

a theory of mind

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

accommodation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

assimilation

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

attachment

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

basic trust

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is most likely that Marcus will:

become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies.

At birth you will have the most _______ you will ever have.

brain cells

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

cognition

This week Andrea is babysitting twins, Cassy and Nikki. She fixed the girls brownies and Cassy complained that her sister had more brownies than her. Andrea divided one of Cassy's brownies in half and asked her if it was now fair. Cassy replied, "No, all you did was cut it in half." Cassy is now in which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory?

concrete operational

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the metal operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

concrete operational stage

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

conservation

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

critical period

in Piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

formal operational stage

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

imprinting

Hussein is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

infantile amnesia

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

maturation

Mary's inability to toilet train her 10-month-old infant is most likely due to:

maturation.

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

object permanence

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

pre operational stage

Every time 2-year old Rosa goes near the stove, her mother stops her and says, "No, hot!" Rosa's mother is:

providing her with a scaffold.

Samantha was physically abused by her father as a child. He was an alcoholic and would often come home from work in the evening drunk and angry. Samantha is now an adult. She attended college and is now a nurse. She is also a mother herself. Samantha has demonstrated which of the following?

resilience

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

schema

Three-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist's waiting room while his mother is in the room. However, if she briefly leaves he will be distressed. When she returns, he will go to her for reassurance. Then he will continue to play and periodically go to her side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of _____ attachment.

secure

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question "who am I?"

self- concept

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and major activities.

sensorimotor stage

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

stranger anxiety

people's ideas about their own and other's mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

theory of mind