module 2

Baby Olivia is 2 months old and sleeps 19 hours per day. About _____ in 20 infants sleep 19 hours each day on average.

1

Bergelson and Swingley's (2018) research indicates that by the age of _____, infants have learned the correct pronunciation of words in American English.

1 year

At the age of 2, Maude is 2' 8" tall. By the time she reaches adulthood, her height will likely be approximately: a. 4'10" b. 5' c. 5'6" d. 5'10"

c. 5'6"

Roberta has just advanced from touching the rattle that hangs above her to grabbing and holding it. Roberta is probably at LEAST _____ months old. a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

c. 6

Robert is a 24-month-old male measuring 3 feet 1 inch tall. Based on typical norms, Robert's estimated adult height would be _____. a. 5 ft 5 in b. 4 ft 8 in c. 5 ft 10 in d.6 ft 2 in

d. 6ft 2 in

The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

A stroke damages Ike's fusiform face area, leaving him unable to recognize the faces of the people he knows. Ike suffers from:

prosopagnosia

The idea that the human brain has changed over time to be extraordinarily plastic, so that human babies can learn everything they need within their culture, is consistent with _____.

evolutionary theory

Thomas and Richard are both English-speaking men but are from geographically distant regions. Thomas was brought up in Brisbane, Australia, and Richard in Indianapolis, Indiana. They both speak the same language but differ extensively in their accent, vocabulary, and inflection. Despite their cultural differences, they both developed language skills because language is _____.

experience-expectant

What is prosopagnosia?

face blindness

t/f A child's first word combinations—for example, "More cookie" or "My toy"—are called "holophrases."

false

t/f A child's grammar use becomes obvious when he or she begins to produce holophrases.

false

t/f A longitudinal study conducted by the Early Child Care Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development concluded that the social consequences of nonmaternal care are nonexistent.

false

t/f Henry is demonstrating his gross motor skills when he picks up small pieces of cereal from his high-chair tray.

false

t/f Perception takes place in the corpus callosum.

false

Abed is a typically developing toddler. By age ____ months, Abed should be able to combine two words, such as, "Daddy bye-bye."

18

Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his thumb. Freddy is at stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development.

2

Sarah weighed 7 pounds at birth and now weighs 28 pounds. She is MOST likely ______ years old.

2

Binocular vision appears between _____ months of age.

2-4

A typical child at 24 months weighs about _____ pounds.

28

Research has demonstrated that infants as young as _____ month(s) can remember a previous experience after two weeks if provided with a brief reminder session.

3

In 2017, worldwide, one infant in ____ died before the age of 12 months.

30

Toby is 2 years old. This means he is probably _____ times heavier than he was at birth.

4

Spoken vocabulary builds rapidly once the first _____ words are mastered.

50

Between ______, babies repeat certain syllables (e.g., ma-ma-ma) known as babbling.

6-9 months

Tristan's 17-month-old daughter has an extensive vocabulary and can create both two- and three-word combinations. B. F. Skinner would say that:

Tristian's repeated words reinforced his daughters attempt at language

"Truck!" baby Bea exclaims as she points to a toy. Bea is indicating that she wants to play with the truck. Bea's utterance is an example of:

a holophrase

At 15 months of age, Raul uses the word wawa to mean "I want some water." This is an example of:

a holophrase

At 17 months of age, Julie says "wada" whenever she wants a drink of water. Julie's utterance BEST exemplifies:

a holophrase

define percentile;

a number that ranks each person compared to others the same age

Which is NOT an experience-dependent event? a. communication b. co-sleeping c. listening to Johann Sebastian Bach d. breast-feeding

a. communication

A baby's visual cortex is not fully developed at birth, taking about 14 weeks to develop to the point at which babies can use both eyes. Luckily, babies do not need both eyes in the womb because: a. nothing is far enough away to require focusing both eyes on it. b. it is dark in the womb and they cannot yet perceive light. c. they are able to see through their mother's visual sense. d. they lack the ability to open both eyes simultaneously.

a. nothing is far enough away to require focusing both eyes on it.

Which term describes what occurs when the brain notices and processes a sensation? a. perception b. selection c. confusion d. sensation

a. perception

Two-month-old Maggie smiles indiscriminatingly at everyone she sees and puts everything she can grasp in her mouth. The reason she is NOT more selective is because _____ precedes _____. a. sensation; perception b. cognition; perception c. cognition; sensation d. perception; sensation

a. sensation; perception

Baby June is 14 months old. Like 90 percent of her peers, she can: a. stand alone. b. walk. c. run. d. walk well.

a. stand alone

On average, which skill does an infant develop last? a. standing alone without holding on b. sitting without support c. pulling up onto feet d. standing while holding on

a. standing alone without holding on

Parents are told that their newborn is in the 90th percentile for height. This means that their child is of:

above average height

According to Piaget, at what age do infants begin to anticipate and solve simple problems by using mental combinations? a. 24-36 months b. 18-24 months c. 12-18 months d. 6-12 months

b. 18-24 months

Which of the following was NOT identified by Piaget? a. At 18 months, infants search after a wait but not if they have seen the object put first in one place and then moved to another. b. At about 6 months, infants remove the cloth immediately after the object is covered but not if they wait a few seconds. c. By 2 years, children fully understand object permanence. d. Infants younger than 8 months of age do not search for an attractive object momentarily covered by a cloth.

b. At about 6 months, infants remove the cloth immediately after the object is covered but not if they wait a few seconds.

Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby's birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is 3 months old and drinks some formula when at daycare. Shirley wants to stop breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her? a. She should quit breast-feeding since it is only beneficial if the baby doesn't drink any formula. b. She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick. c. She can quit breast-feeding since all of its benefits are achieved within the first three months. d. She should keep breast-feeding until the baby begins to eat solid foods, which is the point at which breast milk loses its nutritional value.

b. She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.

Which of the following is NOT a way in which caregivers demonstrate natural pedagogy with their infants? a. calling their name b. focusing on reflexes c. referencing another person d. pointing to an object

b. focusing on reflexes

Perception is the mental processing of sensory information when the brain _____ a sensation. a. imagines b. interprets c. remembers d. detects

b. interprets

Sharon is just learning to speak. She says words like "da-da," "kitty," and "ma-ma." This is not unusual because whatever the language, when children begin to speak, they tend to use mostly: a. verbs b. nouns c. adjectives d. adverbs

b. nouns

Transient exuberance is the _____. a. high energy that toddlers experience following a nap b. rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life c. rapid growth of axons during the first few years of life d. friendliness that infants display prior to the onset of stranger wariness

b. rapid growth of dendrites during the first few years of life

According to recent research, bottle-feeding is recommended only: a. when the baby is at risk of developing asthma. b. when an infant's mother has some condition that makes her milk unhealthy. c. when cow's milk or goat's milk is unavailable. d. for mothers living in developing nations.

b. when an infants mother has some condition that makes her milk unhealthy

_____ is experience-expectant; all babies engage in it.

babbiling

Six-month-old Stannard is starting to say things like "goo-goo-goo" and "da-da-da-da." Stannard's utterances BEST exemplify _____.

babbling

The extended repetition of syllables by infants is called:

babbling

Susan Beal's hypothesis about _____ led to a campaign that lowered the SIDS death rate significantly in several countries.

babies sleeping on their backs

Linda and Gary, having returned home with their 1-week-old child after a difficult birth, believe they cannot separate from their baby at night. Consequently, they allow the baby to share their bed. This practice is called:

bed-sharing

Babies are able to learn language as early as _________ because they are familiar with the rhythm, sound, and cadence of their mother's voice.

before birth

from two weeks after conception to two years after birth, the ___ grows faster than any other organ.

brain

Three-month-old Nathan should have the LEAST difficulty focusing on the sight of: a. the family dog as it dashes past the nursery. b. stuffed animals on a bookshelf across the room from his crib. c. his father's face as he holds him in his arms. d. the checkerboard pattern in the wallpaper covering the ceiling of his room.

c. his fathers face as he holds him in his arms

The ____ growth trend means "head-down."

cephalocaudal

Most of young Omar's utterances consist of more than two words. Based on the textbook's discussion, Omar is probably about _____ months of age. a. 19 b. 20 c. 14 d. 26

d. 26

. Tanya is a 24-month-old female measuring 2 feet 7 inches tall. Based on typical norms, which would be the closest to Tanya's approximate adult height? a. 6 ft 1in b. 5 ft 10in c. 4 ft 6 in d. 5 ft 5 in

d. 5ft 5 in

Part of normal brain development is the loss of unused dendrite connections. This loss, however, is not a degradation of brain power because with it there is a corresponding improvement in the: a.blood flow to and from the heart. b. blood flow to and from the brain. c. simplification of implicit and explicit memories. d. areas of the brain that allow for further growth.

d. areas of the brain that allow for further growth.

When you experience pleasure or pain, you are likely activating your _____. a. prefrontal cortex b. pituitary gland c. hippocampus d. limbic system

d. limbic system

Within the first weeks of life, infants are able to recognize all of the following EXCEPT: a. their caregivers face b. their caregivers voice c. their caregivers smell d. their caregivers size

d. their caregivers size

The incidence of SIDS deaths has _____ in the United States since 1984.

decreased by more than half

Synapses are communication links where the axon of one neuron meets the _____ of other neurons.

dendrites

Following a stroke, Janine appears face-blind—she cannot recognize the faces of people she knows. The stroke may have damaged Janine's _____ face area.

fusiform

Ami is an infant and, compared to both children and adults, she is quicker to recognize a face that she has seen just once. This is related to which section of the brain?

fusiform face area

Word order, prefixes, suffixes, intonation, verb forms, pronouns, negations, prepositions, and articles are all aspects of _____.

grammar

By the second year of life, some toddlers are eager to explore and investigate their environment while others are more hesitant. This trait, referred to as _________ or persistent effort, is associated with learning throughout life.

grit

Large body movements, such as walking and jumping, are:

gross motor skills

Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?

information processing theory

When explaining cognitive development to her class, Dr. Calderon refers to memory as being stored in networks and compares memory to how computers analyze and store data. She explains how the network changes from day to day with experience in developing infants and toddlers. Dr. Calderon's explanation BEST exemplifies:

information-processing perspective

Professor Norman frequently uses examples of how computers analyze data to help the class understand how human memory works. Professor Norman evidently is an advocate of:

information-processing theory

Synapses are _____.

intersections where the axons of one neuron meet the dendrites of another neuron

The worst disease that is directly caused by malnutrition and which can result in death is:

marasmus

Piaget's sixth stage of sensorimotor intelligence is known as the stage of "_____."

mental combinations

A basic nerve cell in the central nervous system is called a(n) "_____."

neuron

Due to smell recognition, babies prefer to sleep _____.

nuzzled into their caregivers chest

Isaiah is 7 months old. His sister takes a toy and hides it behind her back. Isaiah cries and does not look for the toy. It is likely that he has not yet acquired:

object permanence

Babies have been shown to distinguish among faces from their own ethnic group. This is known as the:

own-race effect

Research indicates that most human learning occurs through words and, even in the early weeks of life, babies are able to distinguish the difference between the sound of _____ and ______.

pa; ba

According to B. F. Skinner, infant communication progresses because of:

parental reinforcement

Receptors that are highly sensitive to sweetness are active on Malia's tongue. Bitterness receptors are also active, but to a lesser extent. Malia recognizes the taste of cola and considers her resolution to reduce her soda consumption. Malia's recognition of the drink's taste is called:

perception

The phenomenon of infant amnesia was described by both Freud and:

piaget

Rebecca is very organized. She has set aside specific hours for studying and knows when she has had enough to eat. This behavior can be explained by a mature:

prefrontal cortex

The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called:

pruning

In 2017, the rate of mortality among young children was just under one-_____ of the rate in 1950.

quarter

Cries, movements, and facial expressions are examples of:

reflexive communication

According to Piaget, a child in stage five of sensorimotor development is like a _____.

scientist who experiments to see what will happen

Jean Piaget's term to describe the way infants think by using their _____ and actions is sensorimotor intelligence.

senses

Which characteristic must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

social awareness

It has been suggested that early sensation helps infants develop a connection with their caregiver and survive by meeting the requirement of:

social interaction

Four-year-old Mosola, who lives in western Africa, is short for his age. He often has only one bowl of yams a day to eat. Based on this information, Mosola is MOST likely suffering from the condition called _____.

stunting

_____ is the consequence of severe and chronic malnutrition in which children fail to grow to normal height.

stunting

At 1 month of age, Henry realizes that his foot is too big to fit into his mouth. He reacts by sucking on just his big toe. Piaget would describe Henry's behavior as:

the first acquired adaptation

What happens when a child is able to speak about 50 words?

the progression of language acquisition increases dramatically

t/f A typical 11-month-old baby is likely to display both fear of strangers and separation anxiety.

true

t/f An example of a fine motor skill is transferring an object from one hand to the other.

true

t/f Babies can be referred to as universalists because they hear the differences in any language.

true

t/f Growth during infancy is determined by multiple factors, including genes, nutrition, and birthweight.

true

t/f The space between neurons in the brain most likely contributes to complex thinking in humans.

true

t/f When a father makes a silly face and his infant widens her eyes in surprise, there is evidence of synchrony.

true

Studies on infant memory has shown that infants can remember if the researchers _____.

use special measures to aid memory retrieval, such as reminders

To determine whether an infant is developing as expected, doctors measure:

weight and head circumference