Module 2 Exam

Bacterial Characteristics

- Bacteria embedded in the protective biofilm (slime layer) are extremely difficult to remove or kill - Bacteria in the biofilm are up to 1500 times more resistant to chemical germicides than are planktonic (free-floating) bacteria - During use of the dental handpiece or air-water syringe, some bacteria already present in the incoming public water, as well as bacteria dropping off the biofilm, are carried out

Biofilm in dental waterlines

-DUWLs have a narrow tube (1/8 - 1/16 in) -forms on the inside of DUWLs as water flows through the unit.

Methods of reducing bacterial contamination

-cant fully eliminate biofilm but can minimize it by: self contained water reservoirs, chemical treated regimens, microfiltration, daily draining and drying of lines

cardiovascular system

-circulatory system, heart, lymphatic system -these systems provide life-sustaining capabilities for the survival of body cells and tissues

Body system

-composed of a group of organs working together to perform a major function ex.digestive system esophagus stomach small and large intestines

proteins

-composed of amino acids -only nutrient that can build and repair body tissues -there are 20 amino acids; 8 are essential in the adult for normal growth and maintenance of tissues (these must come from food) -a complete protein is one that contains a well balanced mixture of all 8 essential amino acids

Biofilm

-consists of bacterial cells and other microbes that adhere to surfaces and form a protective slime -can contain many types of bacteria as well as fungi, algae, and protozoa -viruses like HIV can multiply in the waterlines

appendicular skeleton

-consists of the upper extremities and shoulder girdle plus the lower extremities and pelvic girdle -protects the organs of digestion and reproduction

muscle function

-contraction is the tightening of a muscle, during which it becomes shorter and thicker -relaxation occurs when a muscle returns to its original form or shape (the muscles of the body are arranged in opposing pairs so that when one contracts, the other relaxes)

Background of waterlines (dental)

-dental workers are exposed to legionella bacteria at a higher rate than the public -exposed to contaminated waterlines through inhalation of materials. -1 fatality due to this recorded

cholesterol

-fat commonly found in saturated fats (from animal sources) -fat in the body is divided into two categories HDL= good LDL=bad -cholesterol should be limited to less than 250mg per day

Body Systems

-human body has 10 systems

Hazard communication program: written standard

-identify all employees exposed to HAZMAT -identify individual responsible -describe staff training

Cellulitis

-inflammation spreads through the soft tissue or organ -swelling develops rapidly, accompanied by a high fever -the skin becomes very red, and there is severe throbbing pain as the inflammation localizes -cellulitis associated with oral infections is potentially dangerous because it can travel quickly to sensitive tissues such as the eye or brain

Healthy people 2020 report

-issued by the US department of Human and Health Services (USDHHS) -healthy people 2020 has a renewed focus on identifying, measuring, tracking, and reducing health disparities through a "determinants of health" approach

cancellous bone

-lighter in weight, but not as strong as compact bone -it is found in the interior of bones

black hairy tongue

-may be caused by an imbalance of oral flora after the administration of antibiotics -the filiform papillae are so greatly elongated that they resemble hairs -these elongated papillae become stained by food and tobacco, hence the name

the structure of bone

-periosteum -cancellous bone -compact bone

My plate

-replaced by mypyramid as the USDA's familiar guide to primary food groups -visual cue to help consumers adopt healthy eating habits -emphasizes the fruit, vegetable, grains, protein, and dairy food gorups

mercury spill kit

-should be available in all dental offices in which amalgam is used -exposure to even small amount of mercury is very hazardous to the health of dental personnel -mercury can be absorbed through skin or through the inhalation of mercury vapors.

lymph nodes

-small round or oval structures that are located in the lymph vessels -they fight disease by producing antibodies; this is part of the immune reaction -major lymph node sites of the body include: cervical (neck), axillary (under the arms), inguinal (in the lower abdomen), lymph fluid

periosteum

-specialized connective tissue covering all bones of the body -responsible for the life of the bone and is capable of repair (outerlayer is a network of dense connective tissue containing blood vessels and the inner layer is a loose connective tissue containing osteoblasts)

muscle insertion

-the place where the muscle ends (inserts) -it is the more movable end, the portion of the muscle that is farther from the midline of the body, or both

National fire protection association labels

-use of 4 diamonds (blue, yellow, red, white) that are filled with numeric ratings from 0 to 4 Health hazard= blue flammability = red reactive = yellow oxy = white

Growth promoting factors

-water moves at a normal line pressure (slow) -intermediate stagnation of water inside the units typically occurs between patients, overnight, and over weekends, allowing planktonic communities to attach to the walls of the tube - bacteria become stabilized on a surface, and the nutrients in the water feed them

Leukoplakia

-white patch -lesions vary in appearance and texture from a fine white transparency to a heavy, thick, watery plaque -cause is unknown, but leukoplakia is commonly linked to chronic irritation or trauma -very often precedes the development of a malignant tumor

The life span of a nerve cell is

100 years

Sources of Microorganisms

2 types: 1. planktonic (free floating) exists in the water 2. other exists in the biofilm attached to the walls of the water lines

skeletal system

206 bones -divided into axial and appendicular skeletal systems

Which section of the SDS provides info on trade secret claim?

3

what is the life span of the blood elements responsible for blood clotting?

5-9 days

In community water, the number of waterborne bacteria is kept to fewer than ________ colony forming units (CFUs) per milliliter

500

Larynx

AKA the voice box, it contains the vocal bands, which make speech possible -protected and is held open by a series of cartilaginous structures -the largest cartilage forms the prominent projection in the front of the neck, called the "adam's apple"

Hazardous Chemicals

Any chemical that can cause a physical or health hazard. -considered hazardous if it can: ignite, react or explode with other substances, corrosive, or toxic

which gland releases a secretory product by pinching off pieces of epithelial lining at its inner surface?

Apocrine

clinical diagnosis

Based on the clinical appearance of the lesion including the color, size, shape, and location -examples of conditions diagnosed based on clinical appearance include: fissured tongue, maxillary and mandibular tori and/or torus palatinus, median rhomboid glossitis

Lichen Planus

Benign, chronic disease that affects the skin and oral mucosa -many factors have been implicated in this; cause remains unknown -patchy white lesions on the oral mucosa have a characteristic pattern of circles and interconnecting lines called Wickham striae

which connective tissue supplies nutrients to different parts of the body and collects waste products facilitating elimination of bodily waste?

Blood

pelvic cavity

Contains portions of the large and small intestines, the rectum, the urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

thoracic cavity

Contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

what is a possible side effect of iron toxicity?

Diabetes

Which section of the SDS is not regulated by OSHA?

Disposal Considerations

which condition is associated with an accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints?

Gout

Acute chemical toxicity

High level exposure to a chemical over a short period of time -frequently caused by chemical spill, in which exposure is sudden and a large amount of the chemical in question may be involved

Revision of the HCS Standard

In 2012 OSHA adopted the Globally Harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS)

According to the HCS which phase in date was established for chemical manufacturers to ensure compliance with all modified provisions to final rule?

June 1 2015

which gloves create a wicking action when exposed to chemical disinfectants?

Latex

lymphatic and immune systems

Lymph vessels, nodes, fluid, organs -drainage vessels absorb excess protein from tissues and return it to the bloodstream -lymphoid organs contribute to the immune system to assist with destruction of harmful mircoorganisms

Cartilaginous

Made of connective tissue and cartilage; ex. the joints between the bones of the vertebrae

which organelle aids in increasing the cells absorption capability?

Microvilli

Hazard Communication Standard

OSHA standard that requires employers to notify employees when hazardous chemicals are present in the workplace and to train employees to work with them safely.

which vitamin deficiency manifests as anemia, convulsions, muscular weakness, and skin cracks?

Pyridoxine

The label on a container reads, " needs to be treated by silver recovery system". Which material is in the container?

Radiographic fixer solution

Chronic Chemical Toxicity

Results from many repeated exposures, generally to lower levels, over a much longer time- months or even years

which mineral, along with vitamin E, is an antioxidant?

Selenium

which mineral, when ingested in excess, may result in physical defects in the fingernails and toe nails and severe hair loss?

Selenium

Candidiasis

Superficial infection caused by a yeastlike fungus (candida albicans) -occurs under conditions such as antibiotic therapy, diabetes, xerostomia (dry mouth), and weakened immunologic reactions -can be the initial clinical manifestation for patients with AIDS -diaper rash, vaginitis, and thrush are other common types of candidiasis

Self contained water reservoirs

Supply air pressure to the water bottle -air pressure in the bottle forces water from the bottle up into the DUWL and out to the hand piece and air water syringe -self contained water systems have two advantages: dental personnel can select the quality of water to use and maintenance of the water system is under the control of the dentist and staff

pernicious anemia

Vitamin B12 deficiency -show signs of anemia, weakness, pallor, and fatigue

which nutrient aids in the absorption of iron and will most likely be suggested for a person with anemia?

Vitamin C

General precautions for storing chemicals

a basic safe policy is to store dental medications and chemicals in a dry, cool, dark place where they are not exposed to direct sunlight -avoid exposure to light (light is the primary cause to the deterioration of sodium hypochlorite, epinepherine, and hydrogen peroxide/ change in color is a good sign the chemical has deteriorated) -use older products first

Lesions extending below mucosal surface: cyst

a closed sac or pouch that is lined with epithelium and contains fluid or semisolid material

Lesions extending below mucosal surface: Ulcer

a defect or break in continuity of the mucosa that results in a punched-out area similar to a crater

subcutaneous fat

a layer of loose connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying organs; insulates the body against heat loss and cushions underlying organs

Lesions extending below mucosal surface: abscess

a localized collection of pus in a circumscribed area

Which factor does not contribute to the formation of biofilm?

a maze of water lines

Lesions extending below mucosal surface: erosion of the soft tissue

a shallow defect in the mucosa caused by mechanical trauma

Fissured tongue

a variation of normal, and its cause is unknown -theories about it include vitamin deficiency and chronic trauma over a long period of time -the dorsal surface (top) of the tongue is marked by having deep fissures or grooves, which become irritated if food debris collect in them -patient with a fissured tongue is advised to brush the tongue gently with a soft toothbrush to keep the fissures clean of debris and irritants

PID is associated with which symptoms?

abdominal pain and foul smelling vaginal discharge

oral lesions

abnormal tissues int he oral cavity -can be a wound, a sore, or any other tissue damage cause by injury or disease -classified as to whether they: extend below or extend above the mucosal surface. lie flat or even with the mucosal surface

Carbs: simple sugars

absorbed first

Control of chemical spills

accidents and spills should not be common occurrences -refer to the SDS on how to manage spills

which body tissue provides energy, when needed, and insulates the body?

adipose

pharynx

after passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the pharynx, which is commonly known as the throat 3 divisions: 1.nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Trachea

air passes from the larynx to the trachea -the trachea extends from the neck into the chest, directly in front of the esophagus -it is protected and held open by a series of C-sharped cartilaginous rings

Aphthous Ulcers

aka aphthous stomatitis or canker sores -recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU) is a disease that causes recurring outbreak of blister-like sores inside the mouth and on the lips -minor RAU= episodes occur fewer than 6 times a year; lesions usually heal within 7-10 days -major RAU this form involves outbreaks of larger, deeper ulcers that take longer to heal

urinary system

aka excretory system -its principle function is to maintain fluid volume and composition of the body fluids -waste products leave the body in the form of urine, and the needed substances are returned to the blood

Lesions extending above mucosal surface: blisters

aka vesicles; filled with a watery fluid

Flushing waterlines

all DUWLs and handpieces should be flushed in the mornings and between patients

Lesions extending above mucosal surface: hematoma

also similar to a blister but containing blood

Minimizing Aerosol

always use the high volume evacuator when using the high speed handpiece, ultrasonic scaler, and air-water syringe -the high-volume evacuator may also reduce exposure of the patient to these waterborne microorganisms

Lesions extending above mucosal surface: plaque

any patch or flat area that is slightly raised from the surface

Types of Candidiasis: hyperplastic

appears as a white plaque that can not be removed by scraping

cortical bone

appears hard and dense

Tissues

are formed when many millions of cells with the same shape, size, structure, and function join together to perform a specific function for the body

Joints

areas where two bones come together

appendicular region

arms and legs

blood vessels

arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body -capillaries are a system of microscopic vessels that connect arterial and venous systems -veins form a lows pressure collecting system to return the waste filled blood to the heart

which cancer is the most common?

basal cell

digestion

begins in the mouth as food is masticated with saliva and then swallowed

lab diagnosis

blood chemistries and other lab tests, including urinalysis, can provide info that leads to a diagnosis -culture done in the lab can be used to diagnose types of oral infection

trabeculae

bony spicules in cancellous bone that form a mesh of intercommunicating spaces filled with bone marrow -appear as a weblike structure on radiographs

Adult stem cells

can be found in tissues of both adults and children -also found in blood, skin, dental pulp, retina, skeletal muscle, and the brain

female triad

can result in osteoporosis, amenorrhea, enamel decalcification, increased caries, periodontal and soft tissue inflammation

which statement describes cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles?

cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary in action where as skeletal is voluntary.

foods that cause tooth decay

cariogenic: any foods that contain sugars or other carbs that can be metabolized by bacteria into plaque -refined carbs such as candy and other sweets are cariogenic because their sugars are readily available - a major factor in the cariogenicity is how long the food stays in the mouth

nervous system

central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and the spinal nerves)

Sources of Carbs

cereal grains: what, corn, rice, barley, and buckwheat sweets: table sugar, honey, and maple and corn syrup Vegetables: green leafy vegetables, dried beans, and peas

which signs or symptoms are present in a patient who has a peptic ulcer?

change in appetite and burning sensation in abdomen

Neurons: neurotransmitter

chemical substance that allows the impulse to jump across the synapse from one neuron to another

Chemical agents

chemicals can reduce biofilm by : periodic or shock treatment with biocidal levels of chemicals and continuous application of chemicals to the system where they will damage the microorganism but not harm the human

movement

chewed food is subjected to peristalsis, the rhythmic wavelike contractions that move the food through the digestive tract

which food source would be recommended for a patient with gingivitis?

citrus fruits

Which location is the best place for an inline microfiltration cartridge to improve water quality to the dental handpiece?

close to handpiece

embryonic stem cells

come from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilized in a test tube and then are used for research purposes -not derived from eggs fertilized in a woman's body -currently no approved treatments or human trials using embryonic stem cells in the US

endocrine system

consists of ductless glands and tissues that help regulate the body's activities -the glands secrete hormones directly into the blood -these hormones affect metabolism, growth, and development -the hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, not through a duct

axial skeleton

consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and sternum -protect the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems -bones of the skull are of primary importance to the dental assistant

dermis

contains many free nerve endings and receptors, which allow for detection of touch, temperature, and pain

which tissue is effected by skin cancer?

covering epithelial

Types of Candidiasis: Pseudomembranous candidiasis aka thrush

creamy white plaque forms in the mouth

which food that contains complete proteins would be recommended for a mal nourished person?

dairy

Ventilation

dental offices are equipped with special exhaust systems in the lab and sterilization and darkroom areas for fumes and dust

digestive system

digestion of food, absorption of nutrients -functions under involuntary control

Microfiltration cartridges

disposable inline microfiltration cartridge can dramatically reduce bacterial contamination in dental unit water -device must be inserted as close to the handpiece or air water syringe as possible -use of filtration cartridges combined with water reservoirs ensures improved water quality

Dorsal cavity

divided into the cranial and spinal cavity

fibrous joint

do not move; ex. the sutures of the skull

Heart

each day the heart pumps 4000 gallons of blood at a speed of 40 mph through 70,000 vessels -is a hollow muslce with 4 chambers -size varies from individual to individual but is generally the same as a closed fist

which skin disorder is characterized by extreme itching and weeping vesicles

eczema

Eyewash Units

employees must be trained in the proper use of the eyewash station, and the unit should be inspected every 3 months to ensure that it is functional

which heart condition has symptoms that include high fever, chest and joint pain, difficulty breathing, heart murmur and blood clots?

endocarditis

which anatomical structure prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing?

epiglottis

laryngopharynx

extends from the level of the epiglottis above to the larynx below

oropharynx

extends from the soft palate above to the level of the epiglottis below

epithelial tissue

external (skin) or internal body surfaces (mouth, intestines, and so on)

female reproductive system

external: mons pubis, labia majora and minora, vulva, clitoris internal: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Historical Diagnosis

family histories are important because genetic disorders, such as dentinogenesis imperfecta, may be passed from generation to generation -melanin pigmentation of the gingiva is common in dark-skinned individuals -

which symptoms are most often associated with diabetes mellitus?

fatigue, increased urine output, and elevated blood glucose levels

which symptoms are associated with sinusitis?

fever and general malaise

which characteristic is most descriptive of neutrophils?

fight diseases by engulfing germs

ingestion

food is taken into the mouth

Organs

formed when several types of tissues become a group -organs perform a single function -contain all 4 types of tissues

which vertical plane lies at right angles to the mid sagittal plane?

frontal

Cytoplasm

gelatinous fluid inside the cell -contains organells -modify, store, and transport proteins and dispose of cellular wastes

muscular system

gives us ability to stand, walk, run, jump, move our eyes, smile, and frown -it is composed of more than 600 individual muscles -for muscles to make the body move, they must work together -each muscle consists of muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and vascular (blood) tissue

which structure makes proteins within the cell and packages them for export?

golgi complex

skin appendages

hair, nails, and glands

compact bone

hard, dense, and very strong -it forms the outer layer of bone, where it is needed for strength

axial division

head, neck, trunk

Heart chambers

heart functions as a double pump: the right side pumps blood to the lungs and the left side sends blood to the rest of the body -the coronary vessels supply blood to the heart muscle -each side is subdivided into an upper and lower chamber

pericardium

heart is enclosed in a double walled membranous sac known as the pericardium -pericardial fluid between the layers prevents friction when the heart beats

Which type of bacteria use an organic carbon as a source of nutrients?

heterotrophic

which action is incorrect regarding the proper filling of the bottles of a self contained water reservoir?

holding the bottle by the neck

which condition or disease has signs or symptoms that include difficulty in losing weigh despite regular exercise and a strict diet, inability to concentrate, mood swings, and drowsiness?

hypothyroidism

Inhalation Protection

if your job requires you to pour or mix chemicals frequently, or if you are sensitive or allergic to substances, you might require a mist respirator mask approved by the NIOSH

Stem Cells

immature, unspecialized cells in the body ( can be induced to become other cells in the body) -Two primary sources of stem cells: 1. embryonic 2. adult

fats (lipids)

important source of energy -provide essential faty acids -transport vitamins -provide heat insulation -components of cell membranes and myelin, the covering of nerve fibers -form protective cushions around the organs

elimination

in the large intestine, solid by products of digestion are eliminated from the body in feces

Connective Tissue

includes fat, tendons, and ligaments

Nerve tissue

includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Carbs: dietary fibers

indigestible and passes through the intestinal tract unchanged

which statement best describes osteomyelitis?

infected bone caused by bacteria, fungi, or contamination foreign material.

glossitis

inflammation and changes in the topography of the tongue

which statement describes acne?

inflammation of sebaceous glands

3 primary methods of exposure

inhalation, skin contact, & ingestion -gases vapors and dusts of chemicals can cause direct damage to the lungs

Minerals

inorganic substances that make up about 4% of the body's weight -14 essential minerals -minerals present in the largest quantities are sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, phosphorus, and magnesium -trace elements include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium, manganese, iodine, and fluorine

bone marrow

inside the spaces of cancellous bone are two types of bone marrow red marrow: filled with blood vessels. Marks red and white blood cells and platelets Yellow Marrow: contains mainly fat cells. Found primarily in the shafts of long bones

which class of food assists in the prevention of colon cancer?

insoluble fibers

which functions do adipose connective tissues perform?

insulates body and provides energy when needed

visceral, non striated, and involuntary are terms used to describe

involuntary muscle tissue

nasopharynx

is located behind the nose and above the soft palate

which purpose is served by using tablets in the water?

it prevents contamination

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

levels of intake of essential nutrients needed by individuals on a daily basis

Lesions even with mucosal surface

lie flat or even with the surface of the oral mucosa and are well-defined areas of discoloration -an ecchymosis, which is the medical term for bruising, is an example of this type of lesion

which tissue attaches one osseous tissue to another?

ligament

the appendicular region of the body consists of

limbs

when blood sugar level is low, which organ or gland converts glycogen back into glucose and releases it for the body's use?

liver

lymph vessels

lymph capillaries are thin walled tubes that carry lymph from the tissue spaces to the larger lymphatic vessels (similar to veins, lymphatic vessels have valves that prevent the backflow of fluid. Lymph fluid always flow toward the thoracic cavity, where it empies into veins in the upper thoracic region -specialized lymph vessels called lacteals, are located in the small intestine (lacteals aid in the absorption of fats from the small intestine into the bloodstream)

raised or flat lesions

modules, which may appear below the surface or may be slightly elevated, are small, round, solid lesions (when palpated, a nodule feels like a pea beneath the surface -granuloma, in dentistry, is often used to describe a nodule that contains granulation tissue -tumors are also known as neoplasms

Eating disorders

most who suffer from eating disorders are 14-25 years old, white, and affluent -more common in females; ratio of females to males is 10:1

synovial

movable joint, account for most of the joints in the body

smooth muscle

moves the internal organs, such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and secretion ducts leading from glands -involuntary muscle is under the control of the autonomic nervous system -visceral muscle is so named because it is found in the visceral (internal) organs, except the heart -it is also found in hollow structures such as the digestive and urinary tracts

Carbs: complex carbs

must be processed before they can be absorbed into the intestinal tract

Gray matter

nerves that do not have the protective myelin sheath make up gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

nose

nose and the respiratory system are lined with mucous membrane, a specialized form of epithelial tissue -incoming air is filtered by the cilia, which are thin hairs that are attached to the mucous membrane just inside the nostrils

respiratory system

nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, epiglotis, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

absorption

nutritional elements in the gastrointestinal tract pass through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream

heart valves

one way valves present the backflow of blood and separate the chambers of the heart by opening and closing with each heartbeat: the tricuspid valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The mitral valve has two cusps and lies between the left atrium and left ventricle -two semilunar valves have 3 crescent shaped flaps: pulmonary semilunar valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery Aortic semilunar valve allows blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Vitamins

organic substances that occur in plant and animal tissues -essential in minute amountes for the human body to maintain growth and good health -do not supply energy, but needed to release energy from carbs, fats, and proteins -to date, 13 vitamins have been discovered (4 fat soluble and 9 water soluble)

Epidermis

outer layer of the skin; has no blood supply of its own

which symptom is common for lymphedema?

painful swelling of limbs

the term that refers to the walls of a body cavity is

parietal

which disease is associated with an enlarged spleen and heart murmur?

pericarditis

which is a fibrous muscular tube connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx and esophagus?

pharynx

blood and blood cells

plasma is a straw colored fluid that transports nutrients, hormones, and waste products -plasma is 91% water -red blood cells contain the blood protein hemoglobin, which plays an essential role in oxygen transport -white blood cells, also known as leukocytes, have the primary function of fighting diseases in the body

male reproductive system

produces and transports steam\-in the male, several organs serve as parts of both the urinary tract and reproductive system consists of: excretory ducts, testes, prostate, seminal vesicles

reproductive system

production of new life

which testicular condition includes symptoms such as frequent urination, difficulty urinating, and urinary retention?

prostate caner

which nutrients make new cells and rebuild body tissues?

protein

which nutrients make new cells and rebuild body tissues?

proteins

which function is performed with the sudoriferous glands?

provide heat regulation

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

provide information about tolerable uptake levels and recommended intake by age group

Which is the primary source from microorganisms in dental water lines?

public water supply

radiographic diagnosis

radiographic images are excellent in providing information about periapical pathology, internal resorption, and impacted teeth

which term describes the process of creating, living functional tissues to repair or replace tissue or organ function using stem cells?

regenerative medicine

According to the EPA a tooth that was extracted that has amalgam on it is considered what type of waste?

regulated

which type of gland produces oil that keeps hair and skin soft?

sebaceous

which signs or symptoms are common for hypothyroidism?

sensitive to cold and decreased metabolism

Cell membrane

serves 2 purposes: 1. structural: surrounds the contents of the cell from the surrounding environment 2. semipermeable: allows nutrients to pass through and wast products to leave

Lesions extending above mucosal surface: pustule

similar in appearance to a a blister but containing pus

a patient's MRI report shows muscle and tendon damage in the right hand. which muscle tissue is most likely damaged?

skeletal

what is another term for the integumentary system?

skin

which anatomical structure stretches from the stomach to the first part of the large intestines?

small intestines

which noncardiac tissue, found in the walls of internal organs, contracts unconsciously, forms in thin spindle shaped layers, is non striated, and has a single nucleus?

smooth muscle

Types of Candidiasis: atrophic

smooth red patches may appear on the dorsal areas of the tongue and palate

striated muscle

so named because dark and light bands in the muscle fibers yield a striped, or striated, appearance -is known as skeletal or voluntary muscle -attached to the bones of the skeleton; makes bodily motion possible

Employee Training of HAZMAT

staff training is required: when a new employee is hired, when a new chemical product is added to the office -once a year for all continuing employees -keep records for 5 years

cardiac muscle

striated in appearance but resembles smooth muscle in action -forms most of the walls of the heart, and contraction of this muscle results in the heartbeat -it combines the power of striated voluntary muscles with the steady reliability of smooth, involuntary ones

a person experiences pain in the left leg during exercise. which tissue is most likely affected?

striated muscle

which body sections are divided by the transverse plane?

superior and inferior

which condition is associated with a vitamin C deficiency?

swollen or bleeding gums

which dense fibrous connective tissue attaches skeletal muscles to bones?

tendon

which structure is effected by orchitis?

testes

peripheral nervous system

the autonomic nervous system controls unconscious activities such as breathing, heart rate, body temp, blood pressure, and pupil size -the somatic nervous system controls conscious activities

Using protective barriers

the dental dam greatly reduces direct contact -the dam also greatly reduces the aerosolization and splattering of the patient's oral microorganisms onto the dental team

bone

the hard connective tissue that makes up most of the human skeleton -consists of an organic component (the cells and matrix) and an inorganic (mineral) component

organs of the urinary systems

the kidneys are the site of formation of urine, which caries waste materials away from the blood -the ureters transport the urine from the kidney -the bladder stores urine until it can be eliminated -the urethra is the conduit through which the bladder is emptied during the process of urination

epiglottis

the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx serve as a common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose -during swallowing, the epiglottis acts as a lid and covers the larynx so that food does not enter the lungs

Muscle origin

the place where the muscle begins (originates) -this is the more fixed attachment, the end of the muscle that is closer to the midline of the body, or both

Blood flow through the heart

the right atrium receives blood from the suprior and inferior venae cavae -blood flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle -the right ventricle receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary artery, which caries it to the lungs -the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the 4 pulmonary veins -the left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium

Blood typing and Rh factor

the safe administration of blood from donor to recipient requires typing and cross-matching -blood typing is based on the antigens and antibodies found in the blood -the most important classifications are A,AB,B, and O -patients who receive blood that is incompatiable with their own may experience a serious and possibly fatal reaction

integumentary system

the skin is the body's first line of defense against disease -helps regulate body temp -provides a barrier that prevents bacteria from entering the body -excretes liquids and salts -provides sensitivity to touch -uses ultraviolet rays from the sun to convert chemicals into vitamin D necessary for absorption of calcium

Neurons: synapse

the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor

Lungs

the trachea divides into two branches called bronchi -each bronchus leads to a lung, where it divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller branches; bronchioles are the smallest of these branches -alveoli are tiny grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole (exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood takes place in the alveoli

Ventral cavity

thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

which structures are endocrine glands?

thyroid, pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid

geographic tongue

tongue exhibits multiple areas of desquamation (loss) of the filiform papillae in several irregularly shaped but well-demarcated areas -the smooth areas resemble a map, hence the name -over a period of time whitish margins seem to migrate across the surface of the tongue by healing on one border and extending on another

Lymphoid organs

tonsils; masses of lymphatic tissue that are located in the upper portions of the nose and throat, where they form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue -nasopharyngeal tonsils are found in the nasopharynx -palatine tonsils are located in the oropharynx between the anterior and posterior pillars of fauces -lingual tonsils are located on the back of tongue -spleen: produces lymphocytes and monocytes, which are important components of the immune system. It also filters microorganisms and other debris not destroyed by the lymphatic system

Cartilage

tough, yet more elastic than bone -it is found where bones join together -nonvascular connective tissue -in addition to the ends of bone, cartilage gives form to the nose and ears

which condition is most likely to cause flu like symptoms in a female?

toxic shock syndrome

circulatory system

transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells and transporting carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells, as well as transporting hormones and antibodies throughout the body -regulating body temp. and chemical stability

which conditions have urinary retention as a symptom?

urinary incontinence

which method is not used to reduce biofilm in dental unit waterlines?

use of self contained water reservoirs

which physiologic mechanism is most likely responsible for persistent migraine attacks?

vasodilated blood vessels

antioxidants

vitamin E and C and beta-carotene can prevent cholesterol from oxidizing and damaging arteries -many fruits, vegetables, and certain seasonings contain naturally occurring antioxidants

Muscle Tissue

voluntary and involuntary

microscopic diagnosis

when a suspicious lesoin is present, tissue is removed and sent to a pathology laboratory, where it is evaluated microscopically (biopsy) -this procedure is very often used to make the definitive (final) diagnosis

Nerves covered with myelin are referred to as________

white matter

which mineral toxicity can cause hypocupremia?

zinc